To investigate the temperature-dependent development of Spodoptera litura, experiments were conducted at five constant temperatures: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35±1°C, with 60±5% relative humidity and a light/dark cycle of 16L : 8D. Daily observations were made of the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. The total developmental periods recorded were 182.0 days at 15°C, 78.2 days at 20°C, 46.2 days at 25°C, 34.3 days at 30°C, and 30.0 days at 35°C, indicating that higher temperatures accelerate development across the egg, larval, and pupal stages. Linear model analysis estimated the lower developmental threshold and thermal constant for the total immature period to be 11.0°C and 714.3 degree-days (DD), respectively. Nonlinear models provided estimates for the optimal developmental temperatures for the total period: 35.3°C for the Briere 1 model, 35.4°C for the Briere 2 model, 34.5°C for the Lactin 1 model, 33.8°C for the Lactin 2 model, 35.3°C for the Taylor model, and 34.2°C for the Logan6 model. Additionally, the developmental completion distribution was effectively described by a 3-parameter Weibull function, achieving a goodness of fit (R 2) of 0.81. Adult longevity was longest at 20°C, averaging 23.5 days for males and 21.0 days for females, while the shortest longevity was observed at 30°C, with males living an average of 10.2 days and females 9.7 days.

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the temperature development characteristics of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) across its various developmental stages. To this end, the insect was subjected to six constant temperature conditions (13, 17, 25, 27, 32, 34±1°C), relative humidity (RH) levels of 65±5%, and photoperiods of 16 : 8 h light/dark. The developmental time of larvae was longest at 13°C, and as the temperature increased up to 35°C, the developmental time tended to become shorter. At the pupal stage, all individuals developing at 13°C perished and were excluded from the calculation of the development period for the development model. To ascertain the relationship between temperature and development, a regression model was employed for analysis. The lower threshold temperature of the total immature stage was determined to be 9.4°C, and the thermal constant was found to be 454.5DD. In the analysis of the temperature-development experiment, the Lactin 2 model exhibited an optimal fit (R 2=0.90-0.98) for the total immature stage of P. operculella.

Temperature-dependent development models for Hydrochara affinis were built to estimate the ecological parameters as fundamental research for monitoring the impact of climate change on rice paddy ecosystems in South Korea. The models predicted the number of lifecycles of H. affinis using the daily mean temperature data collected from four regions (Cheorwon, Dangjin, Buan, Haenam) in different latitudes. The developmental rate of each life stage linearly increased as the temperature rose from 18°C to 30°C. The goodness-of-fit did not significantly differ between the models of each life stage. Unlike the optimal temperature, the estimated thermal limits of development were considerably different among the models. The number of generations of H. affinis was predicted to be 3.6 in a high-latitude region (Cheorwon), while the models predicted this species to have 4.3 generations in other regions. The results of this study can be useful to provide essential information for estimating climate change effects on lifecycle variations of H. affinis and studies on biodiversity conservation in rice fields.

Developmental characteristics of immature stages of Ostrinia scapulalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), which is a main insect pest against legume crops, were investigated at constant temperatures to prepare fundamental data for integrated pest management. Egg, larva and pupa could survive at temperatures from 16oC to 36oC. Developmental periods of those stages became shorter with increasing temperature between 16 and 31oC, 16 and 36oC, and 16 and 34oC, respectively. The lower developmental thresholds and degree-days(DD) were determined as 13.0oC and 56.9DD, 13.8oC and 277.5DD, and 14.2oC and 90.8DD using a linear regression model between temperature and development rate. Other parameters for explaining development of this species were estimated using a few non-linear models for developmental rate, distribution, and survivorship.

진딧물류의 기생성 천적인 쌍꼬리진디벌(Binozys communis)의 진딧물 밀도억제을 조사하기 위해 천적:진딧물을 1:15, 1:10, 1:5의 비율로 접종한 결과, 1:10으로 접종 시 5일차에 첫 머미가 발생하고, 진딧물의 총 개체수도 감소하기 시작하여 8일차부터 진딧물보다 머미의 수가 많아졌다. 쌍꼬리진디벌의 온도별 발육기간은 온도가 높아짐에 따라 알에서 머미까지의 발육기간은 짧아지며 20℃에서는 15.7, 25℃에서는 11.1일, 30℃에서는 10.0일이었고, 암컷 성충의 생육기간은 20℃에서는 3.1일, 25℃에서는 2.5일, 30℃에서는 1.5일이었다.