Climate change due to global warming causes a rise in atmospheric air temperature to rise and extreme shift in precipitation patterns. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is widely known as one of the major cause of global warming and accounts for about 72% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture is more vulnerable to climate change than other industries. Many studies have been conducted to investigate how agroecosystems, both natural and controlled, will respond to the rising level of CO2. Studies on the responses of crops and agricultural environments to climate change are crucial in predicting changes in agro-ecosystems. Research facilities for various types of CO2 treatment have been developed. The representative research facilities are SAR (Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research), OTC (Open Top Chamber), FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment System), and TGC & CTGC (Temperature Gradient Chamber & CO2-Temperature Gradient Chamber). Therefore, this study reviewed research data and their application in agriculture.

In this study, kombucha was prepared by adding 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of Orostachys japonicus as a natural functional source to broaden its usage and obtain valuable data for fermented beverage research. The kombucha’s pH and sugar content decreased during the fermentation period, but its acidity level increased during the same period. Additionally, its L value increased after decreasing, its a value decreased after increasing, its b value continued to increase, and its sugar reduction increased and then decreased. In the sensory characteristic strength evaluation, its color, fermented odor, and sour taste became stronger, but its sweetness became less. As a result of preference evaluation, fragrance and swallowing capability stood the highest in the 25% addition group, color and taste were the highest in the 50% addition group, and overall preference was highest in the 50% addition group. Total flavonoids, total polyphenols, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and reducing power increased until the third day of the experiment and decreased afterward. Therefore, the study determined that fermenting kombucha with 50% Orostachys japonicus extract for 9 days would increase its quality characteristics and provide the most palatability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) powder to make sponge cakes. The sponge cake batter was made by adding 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of air potato powder, and the resultant anti-oxidative properties and quality characteristics were analyzed. The study showed that the height, batter yield, and loss rate of sponge cakes decreased as increasing amounts of air potato powder were added, but the weight, viscosity, moisture content, and specific gravity increased. An evaluation of the color showed that the L and b values were highest in the control group but the a value was highest in the 40% group. There was no significant difference between samples in terms of cohesiveness, although the study showed a significant increase in the hardness, chewiness, and gumminess as the quantity of air potato powder in the sponge cakes increased. The total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased noticeably as more air potato powder was added to the sponge cakes. The results thus showed that the study groups with the addition of air potato powder showed higher antioxidant activity than the control group.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the possibility of using Korean purple yam (Dioscorea alata) as proximate composition, material, and antioxidant activity. In the proximate composition of the freeze-dried purple yam powder, the carbohydrate content was the highest at 86.67%, and in minerals, potassium showed the highest content at 1,765.69 mg/100 g. To study the antioxidant activity of purple yam, distilled water and 70% ethanol were used as extraction solvents. The total polyphenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin contents were 1.3~1.6 times higher in 70% ethanol extract, than in the distilled water extract. As a result of ORAC, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, SOD activity, and reducing power, the 70% ethanol extract showed higher antioxidant activity than the distilled water extract in all results. As a result of freeze-drying purple yam and measuring antioxidant activity by extraction solvents, it is concluded that purple yam can contribute to the food industry as a natural antioxidant and health functional material.

This study examined the antioxidant activity and quality of Jeung-pyun prepared with different concentrations of hardy kiwi powder at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. When the moisture content of Jeung-pyun was between 49.94-53.33%, the pH measurement showed a significant decrease with the increase of the hardy kiwi powder from 3.95 to 4.82. The L (lightness) values and the (redness) values decreased, whereas the b (yellowness) values increased with increasing amounts of hardy kiwi powder. The study showed a significant decrease in hardness, chewiness, and gumminess as the proportion of hardy kiwi powder in the Jeung-pyun increased. The total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased noticeably as more hardy kiwi powder was added to the Jeung-pyun. As a result, the study groups with added hardy kiwi powder showed higher antioxidant activity than the control groups. Based on the results, this study recommends hardy kiwi as a good ingredient for enhancing the functionality of Jeung-pyun.

The study investigated the chemical components, antioxidant activities, and glucose-regulating enzyme activities of red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). On a dry weight the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate were 7.36, 28.0, 4.33, 19.63, 10.84 and 40.52%. The contents of mineral were Na (772.39 mg/100 g), K (5,686.03 mg/100 g), Mg (307.48 mg/100 g), Ca (804.94 mg/100 g), Fe (8.61 mg/100 g), and P (1,145.24 mg/100 g). Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll (793.80, 363.06, 1,156.86 mg/100 g,), total carotenoid (171.82 mg/100 g), and anthocyanin (79.49 mg/100 g) contents were measured. Antioxidant activities were analyzed for water and 70% ethanol extract. The polyphenol contents 23.67, 32.58 GAE mg/g, and flavonoid contents were 18.15, 28.76 RE mg/g, respectively. The DPPH scavenging activity IC50 was 694.48, 76.12, μg/mL, and the ABTS scavenging activity IC50 1,154.90, 566.00 μg/mL, respectively. In reducing power, the 70% ethanol extract showed a higher reducing power. In α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activity IC50, the 70% ethanol extract (5.87, 17.91 mg/mL, respectively) showed a higher than water extract (8.87, 100 < mg/mL, respectively). This study is expected to provide basic data for developing functional food ingredients for red chicory.

Paddy fields are important habitats for maintaining the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems. Recently, as the need for safe food and biodiversity conservation has increased, the rice cultivation methods have undergone changes. This study was conducted to investigate the fish fauna in Environmentally Friendly Paddy fields (EFP) and Conventional Paddy fields (CP), and compare the characteristics of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Aphyocypris chinensis populations in EFP and CP. A total of 2,703 fish were collected and classified into six families and 13 species. Our results showed that there was a difference in the proportion of fish populations in the two paddy fields, and the number of individuals in EFP was higher than in CP. The weight values of M. anguillicaudatus were higher in EFP than in CP, and the total length, body length, and weight values of A. chinensis were higher in EFP than in CP. Conditional factor (K) values also showed similar trends in EFP and CP. Our results indicate that the farming practices in paddy fields have a significant effect on the characteristics of M. anguillicaudatus and A. chinensis populations, and the results of this study can be used as basic data for securing biodiversity in future agricultural ecosystems.

This study evaluate the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of muffins prepared with the addition of Cirsium nipponicum powder in the ratio of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% and confirm the possibility of using Cirsium nipponicum as a functional food. As the proportion of Cirsium nipponicum powder increased, the specific gravity of the muffins increased while their height, specific volume, moisture content and pH decreased. The baking loss rate of the samples prepared with the addition of Cirsium nipponicum powder was higher than in the control group. The ‘L’ and ‘b’ values decreased with the increase in the Cirsium nipponicum powder content, while the ‘a’ value increased. The evaluation of texture showed that hardness, chewiness, and gumminess increased with an increase in the Cirsium nipponicum powder content. As per the results of the consumer acceptability test, the 4-6% Cirsium nipponicum powder group showed higher scores than the other groups in the characteristics of color, flavor, taste, and texture, and the 4% group secured the highest score for overall acceptance. Also, with the increasing addition of Cirsium nipponicum powder, the antioxidant activity levels increased, as indicated by the total phenolic content, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power. Based on these study results, muffins prepared with the addition of 4% of Cirsium nipponicum powder showed the best functional and sensory qualities.

Global warming has a major impact on the Earth’s precipitation and temperature fluctuations, and significantly affects the habitats and biodiversity of many species. Although the number of alien plants newly introduced in South Korea has recently increased due to the increasing frequency of international exchanges and climate change, studies on how climate change affects the distribution of these alien plants are lacking. This study predicts changes in the distribution of suitable habitats according to RCPs climate change scenarios using the current distribution of the invasive alien plant Conyza sumatrensis and bioclimatic variables. C. sumatrensis has a limited distribution in the southern part of South Korea. Isothermality (bio03), the max temperature of the warmest month (bio05), and the mean temperature of the driest quarter (bio09) were found to influence the distribution of C. sumatrensis. In the future, the suitable habitat for C. sumatrensis is projected to increase under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios. Changes in the distribution of alien plants can have a significant impact on the survival of native plants and cause ecosystem disturbance. Therefore, studies on changing distribution of invasive species according to climate change scenarios can provide useful information required to plan conservation strategies and restoration plans for various ecosystems.

This study evaluated the quality and antioxidant activities of pork patties after adding Cirsium nipponicum powder in a ratio of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, and the potential of Cirsium nipponicum as a functional food. The moisture content increased with an increase in the Cirsium nipponicum powder content while the pH, cooking loss rate, diameter loss rate decreased. The L and b values decreased with increase in the Cirsium nipponicum powder content while the a value increased; this trend was observed before and after heating the patties. The hardness, chewiness, and gumminess increased with increase in the Cirsium nipponicum powder content. Consumer acceptability test revealed that the 2% Cirsium nipponicum powder group had a higher score than the other groups in respect to color, flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptance. Notably, as the Cirsium nipponicum powder content increased, there was an increase in the antioxidant activities; increased total pheonlic, flavonoid, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Based on the present study results, adding 2% of Cirsium nipponicum powder into pork patties achieved the best functionality and sensory qualities.

화산섬인 울릉도는 내륙과는 다른 기후, 토양, 지형 특성을 가지고 있으며, 농업 또한 차별화된 특징을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 울릉도 농경지에 출현하는 식물종의 종조성 및 그 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 식물상 조사는 2016년 5월과 2020년 7월과 8월 총 3차례, 37개 지점에서 수행되었다. 그 결과, 울릉도 농경지에 출현하는 관속식물은 53 과 132속 160종 14변종 5아종, 1잡종으로 총 186분류군으로 조사되었다. 과별 분포현황은 국화과가 가장 많은 33 분류군을 차지하였고, 다음으로 벼과 25분류군, 마디풀과 12분류군, 콩과가 12분류군, 마디풀과 11분류군, 백합과 9 분류군으로 나타났다. 울릉도 농경지에 출현하는 식물의 생활형 유형은 일년생식물-단립식물-중력산포형-직립형 (Th-R5-D4-e)으로 나타났다. 희귀식물로는 섬고사리, 섬기린초, 섬나무딸기, 섬바디, 섬쥐똥나무, 섬쑥부쟁이, 물엉겅퀴, 섬말나리, 왕둥굴레 등 9분류군이 확인되었다. 생태계 교란 식물은 애기수영, 환삼덩굴 2분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 13과 33속 44종 1변종으로 총 45분류군이 확 인되었고, 도시화지수는 13.9%, 귀화율은 24.2%를 나타냈다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate of black carrot on the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of Sulgidduk. Sulgidduk was prepared with different amounts (0, 1, 2, 3, 4%) of black carrot. As the amount of added black carrot increased, the moisture content (p<0.05) and pH were decreased (p<0.001). Sugar content results showed the increase with the addition of black carrot (p<0.01). L (lightness) values and b (yellowness) values decreased whereas a (redness) values increased with an increased concentration of black carrot powder (p<0.001). The mechanical texture of Sulgidduk was decreased by the addition of black carrot considering hardness, chewiness and gumminess (p<0.001) while those of springiness, cohesiveness increased. Consumer acceptability test revealed that the 2% black carrot groups had a higher score than the other groups in respect to color, flavor, taste, texture, overall palatability. To examine antioxidant activities of Sulgidduk, total phenolic, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and total anthocyanin were tested. Total phenolic, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and total anthocyanin showed good vitality as amounts of black carrot powder increased (p<0.001). Based on the various aspects of results, 2% of black carrot added into Sulgidduk showed the best functionality and sensory qualities.

지형과 고도가 논둑에 서식하는 토양성거미의 군집과 다양성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 지형의 영향평가를 위해 벼재배기에 산간지와 평야지에서 비교한 결과 거미의 군집구조가 달랐으며 발생밀도는 산간지보다 평야지에서 높았다. 늑대거미과가 가장 우점하였으며 이사고늑대거미 (P. isago)의 발생밀도는 산간지보다 평야지에서 높았다. 거미군집의 발생은 국지 (100 km2) 및 지역 (1,000 km2) 범위에서 유사하였다. 고도의 영향과 관련하여 휴한기에 지형이 유사한 장수와 정읍 지역을 비교한 결과 발생밀도는 지역 간 차이가 없었으나, 긴마디늑대거미속 (Pardosa spp.) 3종의 발생밀도는 정읍에서 높았다. 이러한 결과는 지형과 고도가 군집 수준에서 토양성 논거미의 다양성지수에 미치는 영향은 크지 않으나, 종 수준에서 논에 의존적인 늑대 거미과의 우점종에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 보여준다

밭 경작지는 다른 유형의 경작지보다 다양한 작물이 재배되고 있으며, 이모작 등 영농활동에 의한 교란 정도가 상대적으로 크며 건조한 환경조건을 가진다. 본 연구에서는 국내 밭 경작지에 출현하는 식물종의 종조성 및 생활형 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 식물상 조사는 전국을 대상으로 36개 지역에서 2015년 6월과 8월 두 시기에 수행되었다. 그 결과, 우리나라 밭 경작지에 출현하는 관속식물은 100과 322속 483종 9아종 37변종 1품종 2잡종으로 총 532분 류군으로 조사되었다. 과별 분포현황은 국화과가 가장 많은 75분류군을 차지하였고, 다음으로 벼과 68분류군, 콩과 34분류군, 마디풀과 21분류군, 장미과 19분류군, 백합과 17분류군으로 나타났다. 종별 출현빈도는 깨풀과 쑥이 100%로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 환삼덩굴, 속속이풀, 망초, 개망초, 왕고들빼기, 닭의장풀, 바랭이, 돌피, 금방동사니, 괭이밥, 쇠비름, 명아주, 개비름, 콩, 주름잎, 왕바랭이 등이 높게 나타났다. 우리나라 논 경작지에 출현한 식물의 생활형 조성은 일년생식물-단립식물-중력산포형-직립형 (Th- R5-D4-e)으로 나타났다. 희귀식물로는 주목, 목련, 할미밀망, 쥐방울덩굴, 벼룩아재비, 개지치, 애기담배풀, 두메부추, 물잔디 등 11분류군이 확인되었다. 생태계교란 식물은 환삼덩굴, 애기수영, 가시박, 돼지풀, 단풍잎돼지풀, 서양금혼초, 가시상추, 양미역취, 미국쑥부쟁이 등 9분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 24과 68속 97종 1변종으로 총 98분류 군이 확인되었고, 도시화지수는 30.5%, 귀화율은 18.4%를 나타냈다.

Temperature-dependent development models for Hydrochara affinis were built to estimate the ecological parameters as fundamental research for monitoring the impact of climate change on rice paddy ecosystems in South Korea. The models predicted the number of lifecycles of H. affinis using the daily mean temperature data collected from four regions (Cheorwon, Dangjin, Buan, Haenam) in different latitudes. The developmental rate of each life stage linearly increased as the temperature rose from 18°C to 30°C. The goodness-of-fit did not significantly differ between the models of each life stage. Unlike the optimal temperature, the estimated thermal limits of development were considerably different among the models. The number of generations of H. affinis was predicted to be 3.6 in a high-latitude region (Cheorwon), while the models predicted this species to have 4.3 generations in other regions. The results of this study can be useful to provide essential information for estimating climate change effects on lifecycle variations of H. affinis and studies on biodiversity conservation in rice fields.

논 경작지는 인위적 습지로서 생물다양성 유지에 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 국내 논 경작지에 출현하는 식물종의 종조성 및 그 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 식물상 조사는 전국을 대상으로 33개 지역에서 2016년 6월과 8월 두 시기에 수행되었다. 그 결과, 관속식물은 51과 219 속 350종 4아종 30변종 5품종으로 총 389분류군으로 조사 되었다. 과별 분포현황은 벼과가 가장 많은 76분류군을 차지하였고, 다음으로 국화과 61분류군, 콩과 32분류군, 사초과 27분류군, 마디풀과 15분류군, 현삼과 12분류군으로 나타났다. 종별 출현빈도는 바랭이와 돌피가 100%로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 깨풀, 미국가막사리, 뚝새풀, 속속이풀, 여뀌바늘, 좀개구리밥, 주름잎, 자귀풀, 한련초, 닭의장풀, 쑥, 개망초, 금방동사니, 사마귀풀이 높게 나타났다. 우리나라 논 경작지에 출현한 식물의 생활형 조성은 일년생식물- 단립식물-중력산포형-총생형 (Th-R5-D4-t)로 나타났다. 희귀식물로는 쥐방울덩굴, 낙지다리, 벗풀, 물질경이, 물잔디, 창포 6분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 15과 54속 76종 3 변종 1품종으로 총 80분류군이 확인되었고, 도시화지수는 24.8%, 귀화율은 20.6%를 나타냈다.

다년생 작물을 재배하는 과수원의 식물상은 일년생 작물을 재배하는 경작지와는 다른 특성을 나타낼 것이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 과수원에 출현하는 식물종의 종 조성 및 그 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 식물상 조사는 전국을 대상으로 36개 지역에서 2014년 5~6월과 8~9월 두 시기에 수행 되었다. 그 결과, 관속식물은 91과 278속 420종 2아종 39변종 4품종 1잡종으로 총 466분류군으로 조사되었다. 과별 분포현황은 국화과가 가장 많은 66분류군을 차지하였고, 다음으로 벼과 51분류군, 콩과 28분류군, 사초과 18분류 군, 마디풀과 17분류군, 십자화과 16분류군, 꿀풀과 14분류 군으로 나타났다. 종별 출현빈도는 바랭이가 100%로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 깨풀, 닭의장풀, 개여뀌, 냉이, 개망초, 주름잎, 쑥, 금방동사니, 쇠별꽃, 별꽃, 돌피가 높게 나타났다. 우리나라 과수원에 출현한 식물의 생활형 조성은 일년생 식물-단립식물-중력산포형-직립형 (Th-R5-D4-e)으로 나타 났다. 희귀식물로는 벌개미취, 녹나무, 쥐방울덩굴, 새박, 백량금, 금떡쑥 6분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 23과 58 속 80종 4변종 1품종으로 총 85분류군이 확인되었고, 도시화지수는 26.3%, 귀화율은 18.2%를 나타냈다.

서식지 이질성은 복잡한 구조를 가진 서식지일수록 생물다양성이 증가된다는 개념으로 농업생태계에서도 적용이 가능하다. 특히 농업생태계에서 해충 조절과 같이 포식자로 기능하는 거미를 이용할 경우 농업생태계의 전반에 관한 이해의 폭을 넓힐 수 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라 농업 생태계의 대표적인 재배 유형인 밭과 논에서 거미의 다양성이 공간 스케일에 따라 어떠한 특성을 나타내는지 확인하고자 수행하였다. 함정트랩을 설치하여 밭에서 24개 샘플을, 논에서 24개 샘플을 수집하였다. 공간 스케일에 따른 밭과 논의 종수는 누적 곡선과 추정 곡선을 통해 평가하였다. 전체 조사 지점들에서 종수는 밭에서 높게 나타났고 조사 지점별 평균 종수는 논에서 높게 나타났다. 이를 통해 작은 공간 스케일에서는 서식지 구조의 복잡성이, 큰 공간 스케일에서는 작물 종류의 다양성이 거미의 다양성에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.