At the end of the twentieth century the decline of the domestic knitting craft was of paramount concern to the yarn companies and retailers that served this market sector. As demand reduced in the UK so did the number of specialist retailers. This was as detrimental to the yarn companies as it was to the craft. Research undertaken in 1999 by the author suggests that it is probably true to say that the knitting craft was at that point in time at its lowest point of popularity throughout the entire twentieth century. Throughout the twentieth century in the UK the popularity of crafts as domestic leisure pursuits fluctuated. Increased interest is reported to be primarily related to economic recession, where necessity is identified as being the greatest motivation for craft engagement; and craft engagement declines when the economy is more buoyant. There is evidence to support claims that the popularity of crafts in general experienced rise and fall throughout the 20th century correlating with times of austerity during economic downturns, thus suggesting that crafts were still largely taken up then as a necessity which could be contested. This paper reports briefly on the reasons behind the rise and fall of the hand knitting craft’s popularity throughout the last century in the UK before focusing on the latter decades in order to expose the factors related to the more serious decline of the craft in the 1990s. It discloses the perceptions of the craft at the end of the century and provides the foundation for the next stage of the research project which will involve an investigation of the craft in the early decades of the twentieth-first century. The paper draws predominantly on company and trade reports such as Keynote and Mintel and on previously unpublished survey materials from the late 1990s that were designed to explore the state of the hand knit craft at the close of the twentieth century.

Until the late nineteenth century, the history of international law was remarkably Eurocentric. In the early twentieth century, however, a number of Chinese intellectuals examined and demonstrated existence of international law through the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period in China. They used international law as a symbol of civilisation to express a gesture of resistance toward the Western imperial oppression and cultural invasion. In this way, Chinese intellectuals hoped to maintain, publicise, or even resurrect China’s rich cultural tradition in a global order governed by the West. Their endeavour represented an important variable in the European imperialist expansion process and constituted political interaction with western ideas to create a truly universal discourse. Unfortunately, most of their efforts have almost been forgotten. What the readers could perceive from these faded writings are not only academic assertions, but also the final splendour of an aged empire.

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This article chronicles key shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century as they related to the commercialization of academic research. The institutionalization and growth of scientific research in the research university in the twentieth century and the increasing awareness of its potential to promote technology innovation and economic growth posited an important question of the ownership of knowledge created in the academic setting, where knowledge was traditionally regarded as a common property among academic researchers. This paper shows the ownership of academic knowledge emerged as a key public policy and legal issue in the latter half of the twentieth century for academic researchers and government officials who pursue the commercialization of academic knowledge for private gain and public benefit. The resulting institutionalization of patent management in the research university and shifts in federal patent policy in turn opened a new legal avenue for the establishment of the private ownership of academic knowledge and the expansion of intellectual property rights in academia, especially in the area of biological and biomedical research. Reflecting upon historical shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century, this paper suggests recent controversies regarding ownership of biological knowledge and profit sharing in developing counties are linked to critical issues pertinent to the welfare of indigenous population, utilization of new natural resources, and sustainable development for humanity.

It is the purpose of this study to document the decline of voice leading concept for the twentieth-century tonality.In this essay I shall try to show how Shostakovich achieves a sense of unity through the association of interval structures made up of linear melodic patterns and of the voice leading provided by accompanimental harmonic figures.Some twentieth-century music seems to invite the use of traditional analysis.Lots of music by Stravinsky, Bartok, Berg, and even Schoenberg has a kind of tonal sound, at least in certain passage. But on closer inspection, we generally find that tonal theory has little to tell us about most twentieth-century music. When twentieth-century composers create a tonal sound, they usually do so by using non tonal means. And for a piece to be tonal, it must have two things: functional harmony and traditional voice leading. But, a piece is not tonal, does not mean it can't have pitch or pitch-class centers. All tonal music is centric, but not allcentric music is tonal.Post-tonal voice leading models are 3 patterns. The first has its bases in the theories of Heinrich Schenker. The second has its the pitch-class set of Allen Forte and others. The third has its bases in recent theoretical work by David Lewin. The prolongational analysis identifies some tones as structural and others as embellishing. Associational analyses linear projections of harmonic type from musical surface. Transformational model shifts our attention from the chords themselves operations, transformations, that connect them.Nowadays, many composers are again exploring the possibilities of synthesis of tonal and atonal procedures. The time is ripe to approach voice leading techniquesanalytically.