AlN thin film is highly valued for use as a high-temperature material because of its excellent heat resistance, thermal conductivity and high mechanical strength. In addition, it is known as a replacement material for ZnO, because it can be applied to surface acoustic wave elements and high-frequency filters using piezoelectric properties or sound velocity. In this study, an alternating sputtering method was used to fabricate an AlN thin film with excellent film quality. The c-axis orientation and residual stress of the fabricated AlN thin film were measured using an X-ray diffraction method. Nitrogen gas pressure and target electrode conversion time are important deposition conditions when producing a thin film using the alternating sputtering method. The AlN thin film fabricated on the glass substrate using the alternating planar magnetron sputtering method exhibited a crystal structure in which the c-axis was preferentially oriented in the normal direction of the substrate surface. The c-axis orientation was better when the target electrode switching time was short under the condition of low nitrogen gas pressure. Residual stress is tensile stress in the very low nitrogen gas pressure range (PN ≤ 0.3 Pa), compressive stress in the low nitrogen gas pressure range (0.3 < PN < 0.9 Pa), and in the high nitrogen gas pressure range (PN ≥ 0.9 Pa), it becomes tensile stress. Residual stress shows tensile stress when the switching time is short, tensile stress decreases as the switching time increases, and becomes compressive stress when the switching time is sufficiently long (300 to 600 s). Compared to the simultaneous sputtering of two targets, the use of the alternating sputtering method can produce a high-quality thin film with excellent c-axis orientation and low residual stress.

The most comprehensive and particularly reliable method for non-destructively measuring the residual stress of the surface layer of metals is the sin method. When X-rays were used the relationship of sin measured on the surface layer of the processing metal did not show linearity when the sin method was used. In this case, since the effective penetration depth changes according to the changing direction of the incident X-ray,  becomes a sin function. Since  cannot be used as a constant, the relationship in sin cannot be linear. Therefore, in this paper, the orthogonal function method according to Warren’s diffraction theory and the basic profile of normal distribution were synthesized, and the X-ray diffraction profile was calculated and reviewed when there was a linear strain (stress) gradient on the surface. When there is a strain gradient, the X-ray diffraction profile becomes asymmetric, and as a result, the peak position, the position of half-maximum, and the centroid position show different values. The difference between the peak position and the centroid position appeared more clearly as the strain (stress) gradient became larger, and the basic profile width was smaller. The weighted average strain enables stress analysis when there is a strain (stress) gradient, based on the strain value corresponding to the centroid position of the diffracted X-rays. At the 1/5 max height of X-ray diffraction, the position where the diffracted X-ray is divided into two by drawing a straight line parallel to the background, corresponds approximately to the centroid position.

Using I-band images of 35 nearby (z < 0.1) type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) obtained with Hubble Space Telescope, selected from the 70-month Swift-BAT X-ray source catalog, we investigate the photometric properties of the host galaxies. With a careful treatment of the point-spread function (PSF) model and imaging decomposition, we robustly measure the I-band brightness and the effective radius of bulges in our sample. Along with black hole (BH) mass estimates from single-epoch spectroscopic data, we present the relation between BH mass and I-band bulge luminosity (MBH–MI,bul relation) of our sample AGNs. We find that our sample lies offset from the MBH–MI,bul relation of inactive galaxies by 0.4 dex, i.e., at a given bulge luminosity, the BH mass of our sample is systematically smaller than that of inactive galaxies. We also demonstrate that the zero point offset in the MBH–MI,bul relation with respect to inactive galaxies is correlated with the Eddington ratio. Based on the Kormendy relation, we find that the mean surface brightness of ellipticals and classical bulges in our sample is comparable to that of normal galaxies, revealing that bulge brightness is not enhanced in our sample. As a result, we conclude that the deviation in the MBH–MI,bul relation from inactive galaxies is possibly because the scaling factor in the virial BH mass estimator depends on the Eddington ratio.

Lately, Raman spectroscopy has become powerful tool for quality assessment of graphene analogues with identification of intensity ratio of Raman active D-band and G-band ( ID/IG ratio) as a vital parameter for quantification of defects. However, during chemical reduction of graphitic oxide (GrO) to reduced GrO (RGrO), the increased ID/ IG ratio is often wrongly recognized as defect augmentation, with “formation of more numerous yet smaller size sp2 domains” as its explanation. Herein, by giving due attention to normalized peak height, full-width half-maxima and integrated peak area of Raman D- and G-bands, and compliment the findings by XRD data, we have shown that in-plane size of sp2 domains actually increases upon chemical reduction. Particularly, contrary to increased ID/ IG ratio, the calculated decrease in integrated peak area ratio ( AD/AG ratio) in conjunction with narrowing of D-band and broadening of G-band, evinced the decrease in in-plane defects. Finally, as duly supported by reduction induced broadening of interlayer-spacing characteristic XRD peak and narrowing of ~ 43° centered XRD hump, we have also shown that the sp2 domains actually expands in size and the observed increase in ID/ IG ratio is indeed due to increase in across-plane defects, formed via along-the-layer slicing of graphitic domains.

Metal three-dimensional (3D) printing is an important emerging processing method in powder metallurgy. There are many successful applications of additive manufacturing. However, processing parameters such as laser power and scan speed must be manually optimized despite the development of artificial intelligence. Automatic calibration using information in an additive manufacturing database is desirable. In this study, 15 commercial pure titanium samples are processed under different conditions, and the 3D pore structures are characterized by X-ray tomography. These samples are easily classified into three categories, unmelted, well melted, or overmelted, depending on the laser energy density. Using more than 10,000 projected images for each category, convolutional neural networks are applied, and almost perfect classification of these samples is obtained. This result demonstrates that machine learning methods based on X-ray tomography can be helpful to automatically identify more suitable processing parameters.

We report X-ray timing and spectral properties of the pulsar PSR J0205+6449 measured using NuSTAR and Chandra observatories. We measure the pulsar's rotation frequency v = 15:20102357(9) s-1 and its derivative v = -4.5(1) X 10-11 s-2 during the observation period, and model the 2~30 keV on-pulse spectrum of the pulsar with a power law having a photon index Γpsr = 1.07 ± 0.16 and a 2~30 keV flux F2-30 keV = 7.3±0.6 X 10-13 erg cm-2 s-1. The Chandra 0.5-10 keV data are analyzed for an investigation of the pulsar's thermal emission properties. We use thermal and non-thermal emission models to t the Chandra spectra and infer the surface temperature T1 and luminosity Lth of the neutron star to be T∞ = 0.5 - 0.8 MK and Lth = 1 - 5 X 1032 erg s-1. This agrees with previous results which indicated that PSR J0205+6449 has a low surface temperature and luminosity for its age of 800{5600 yrs.

In the manufacturing industry, sparks occur during operation due to collisions of metals, and strong sparks and arcs are generated even during welding works. X-rays are generated when high-speed electrons from outside collide with electrons in a metal. Thus, the objective of this study proposes the risk of sparks and arcs that can generate X-rays. We developed the spark generator using the electrostatic principle and constructed the arc generating device using the high voltage. The X-rays are measured when sparks and arcs are continuously generated between the anode metal target and the cathode metal. The measured X-rays were found to be harmful to humans when exposed for a long period. Therefore, workers exposed to workplaces with frequent sparks and arcs need to protect themselves.

As a case study on aspect ratio behavior, Kaolin, zeolite, TiO2, pozzolan and diatomaceous earth minerals are investigated using wet milling with 0.3 pai media. The grinding process using small media of 0.3 pai is suitable for current work processing applications. Primary particles with average particle size distribution D50, ~6 μm are shifted to submicron size, D50 ~0.6 μm, after grinding. Grinding of particles is characterized by various size parameters such as sphericity as geometric shape, equivalent diameter, and average particle size distribution. Herein, we systematically provide an overview of factors affecting the primary particle size reduction. Energy consumption for grinding is determined using classical grinding laws, including Rittinger's and Kick's laws. Submicron size is obtained at maximum frictional shear stress. Alterations in properties of wettability, heat resistance, thermal conductivity, and adhesion increase with increasing particle surface area. In the comparison of the aspect ratio of the submicron powder, the air heat conductivity and the total heat release amount increase 68 % and 2 times, respectively.

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is an economically important pest, which harms various kinds of important agricultural crops, such as tomato. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ionizing radiations (electron beam, X-ray, gamma-ray) on the development and reproduction of H. armigera and to determine the optimal dose of three ionizing radiations for the construction of quarantine technology applicable to tomato export.