Purpose: This study aimed to identify the educational needs that should be considered in developing a simulation-based program to enhance patient safety competency among nursing students. Methods: The participants included 38 nursing students and 38 practicing nursing professionals. Data were collected from March 5 to 19, 2025, using a structured self-report questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0, employing descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA), and Borich’s needs assessment. Results: A significant difference was observed between the current and required levels of educational needs across all items related to developing a simulation-based program to enhance patient safety competencies among nursing students and professionals. According to the results of the IPA and Borich needs assessment, “Clinical reasoning” and “Medication safety” emerged as the highest priority for nursing students and professionals, respectively. Conclusion: These findings are expected to provide foundational evidence for developing a simulation-based program aimed at enhancing patient safety competencies in nursing students.