We aimed to develop and analyze the effectiveness of a “Room of Errors” simulation program for educating nursing students in patient safety management. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental method (two group, before and after evaluation) and enrolled 35 nursing students as the participants. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics and the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test using SPSS/WIN Statistics version 25.0. Results: After completing the “Room of Errors” simulation program, the participants’ score of intention and confidence in performance for patient safety management in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Conclusion: A “Room of Errors” simulation education program for nursing students effectively increased the intention and confidence in performance of nursing students in patient safety management.

Purpose: This study aimed to development and test the effects of patient safety/infection control simulation program based on a brain-based learning framework for nursing students. Methods: This pilot study used a one group pre-post test design. The study was conducted in one university in Korea. Participants were recruited using a convenience sample. Fifteen nursing students participated in this study. Results: The levels of perception of importance of patient safety management (Z=3.41, p=.001), confidence on patient safety (Z=3.30, p=.001), attitude toward personal protective equipment (Z=3.10, p=.002), and efficacy of personal protective equipment (Z=3.35, p=.001) were significantly increased. Conclusion: The application of brain-based learning framework in nursing simulation could be an effective education for nursing students.

Purpose: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical for protecting healthcare workers from COVID-19 outbreaks. Therefore, this study examined the effects of a nursing simulation education program on PPE use for COVID-19 among nursing students. Methods: We employed a non-equivalent control group post-test design. The experimental group (n=38) engaged in a nursing simulation education program on PPE use. The control group (n=36) received PPE and the opportunity to participate in the same program after the intervention. Further, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test. Results: The experimental group showed significant differences in attitude toward PPE (t=3.21, p=.002) and efficacy of PPE use (t=9.92, p<.001), but not in the intention to care for patients with COVID-19 (t=0.95, p=.343). Conclusion: Nursing simulation education for PPE significantly improved attitude and increased self-efficacy toward PPE among nursing students. However, the intention to care for COVID-19 patients was not changed. Thus, it is necessary to find a way to improve the nursing intention toward COVID-19 patients.

Purpose: This study developed an interprofessional education (IPE) program for elderly care, and analyzed its effect on healthcare college students. Method: The study was designed using a quasi-experimental method (single group, before and after). The participants were 60 students in the nursing, physical therapy, and biomedical engineering departments.Data were collected using a two-section self-reported questionnaire, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and a paired t-test using SPSS/WIN Statistics version 23.0. Results: Students’ interprofessional attitudes and readiness for IPE learning scores were significantly high. Conclusion: We established that an IPE program can effectively increase interprofessional attitudes and readiness for IPE learning among nursing, physical therapy, and biomedical engineering students.

Purpose: This study examines the effects of clinical nursing simulation education program based on problem-based learning (S-PBL) on clinical reasoning, confidence in handover reports, confidence in nursing performance, and simulation effectiveness in nursing students. Method: We used a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 4th-year university nursing students who had taken a core clinical nursing practice, and 90 students participated in the S-PBL program. Data were collected before and after the S-PBL program and analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests. Results: The S-PBL program significantly increased clinical reasoning, confidence in handover reports, and confidence in nursing performance. More than 90% of students were satisfied with the education program and the simulation education effectiveness was 2.54 on a 3-point Likert scale. Conclusion: The S-PBL program could be useful in clinical nursing education for nursing students seeking to become clinical nurses. It is necessary to develop various S-PBL programs and apply them to the curriculum.

This paper provided the information related to the removal of 2,4,6-tribromophenol using in-situ and stable liquid ferrates(VI). This research’s goal was to observe the differences of oxidation power between in-situ liquid ferrate(VI) and stable liquid ferrate(VI). The in-situ liquid ferrate(VI) (FeO4 2-) has been successfully produced with the concentration 42,000 ppm (Fe) after 11 minutes of reaction time. The stable liquid ferrate(VI) was also successfully produced following the modification method by Sharma with the produced concentrations 7,000 ppm. The stable liquid ferrate(VI) was stable for 44 days and slightly decreased afterwards. This research has been carried out using 2,4,6-tribromophenol as the representative compound. Both of ferrates(VI) have the highest oxidation capability at the neutral condition. Furthermore, the stable liquid ferrate(VI) has higher oxidation power than the in-situ liquid ferrate(VI).

The stability of liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) produced by an innovative method was confirmed and the degradation characteristics of cyclic compounds(Benzene, Aniline, Toluene, 1,4-Dioxane) by liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) were investigated under the same reaction conditions. When it was compared with the ferrate manufactured by the wet oxidation method, the liquid ferrate was more stable. And the stability of liquid ferrate was tested at the storage temperature. As a result, only 17.7% of liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) has decomposed at the storage temperature(4˚C) for 28 days. Among the cyclic compounds, the aniline was rapidly degraded compare to other cyclic compounds, which seems to be due to the electron-donating ability of the substituent, -NH2 group. Especially, when 1,4-dioxane was compared with benzene, the decomposition rate of 1,4-dioxane was lower than that of benzene, suggesting that oxygen atoms hinder the electrophilic reaction. Among 4 cyclic compounds, it was observed that aniline has the highest rate constant than those of other cyclic compounds.

This study analyzed the correlation between Chl-a and water quality factors using characteristics of climate data, water quality factors, and various statistical analysis techniques during the summer season in the Nakdong River during the 2-year period. The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for establishing water quality management policy in the Changnyeong-Haman weir section. From the end of July to the middle of August when algae mainly occur, both the years 2015 and 2016 are in the temperature range of 25 ~ 30 °C, and the total precipitation of 2015 is less than that of 2016 in this period. As a result of comparing the concentration of Chl-a, the average Chl-a concentration of 2015 was higher than that of 2016, which seems to be related to the total precipitation in the occurrence of algae. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the correlation with PO4-P was significant at most points. As a result of the factor analysis, the first principal factor group classified PO4-P, NH3-N, TP, pH, flow rate, TN and this section seems to be influenced by phosphorus and nitrogen and flow rate.

본 연구의 목적은 전문대학생이 지각한 사회적 지지와, 사회적 기술이 구직효능감에 영향을 주는지를 확인하고, 사회적 지지와 구직효능감간의 관계에서 사회적 기술의 조절효과를 검증하는 것이다. 연구대 상은 경기지역의 전문대학교 남, 녀학생으로 구성된 231명이었다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회적 지지, 사회적 기술, 구직효능감 관계에서는 정적 상관이 있었다. 둘째, 사회적 지지수준을 높게 지각할수록, 높은 구직효능감을 보였으며, 사회적 기술의 수준이 높을수록 구직효능감의 수준이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째. 사회적 기술 중에 하위요인인, 협동 사회적 기술, 자기조절 사회적 기술은 사회적 지지와 구직효능감과의 관계에서 조절효과를 나타내지 않았으나, 공감 사회적 기술과 주장성 사회적 기술의 경우, 사회적 지지와 구직효능감간의 관계에서 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 공감 사회적 기술과 주장성 사회적 기술의 특성을 많이 가진 학생들이 사회적 지지와 상호작용하여 구직효능감을 상승시키는 효과를 가져오는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과의 의의와 제한점에 대해 논의하였다.

인도네시아 자카르타의 판타이무티아라 지역은 연간 20~25cm씩 지반침하가 발생하고 있다. 이 지역은 매립지로서 기초지반공사를 시공할 때 지반안정화 공사의 미비로 인하여 지반침하 현상이 발생하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 지반침하를 예방하는데 소요되는 비용과 지반침하를 예방함으로써 얻을 수 있는 편익을 계산하여 보고자 한다. 또한 계산된 비용과 편익의 비율을 토대로 조사지역을 보존할 가치가 있는지에 대하여 논의하고자 하였다.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki KB100 isolated from the domestic soil have the most effective activity against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua larva. The tannic acid as protease inhibitor might be increased the efficacy of sublethal concentrations of B. thuringiensis. The tannic acid was identified as a protease inhibitor that could increased the efficacy of sublethal concentrations of B. thuringiensis. Mixture of B. thuringiensis and tannic acid was investigated the mortality of S. exigua larva in the laboratory and field. When B. thuringiensis treated to 2nd larva of S. exigua, mortality was shown 54.4%. However, mixtures of B. thuringiensis with 4 and 40 mM tannic acid were increased mortalities to 2nd larva of S. exigua as 64.0 and 95.5%, respectively. Also, synergy effect of mixture of B. thuringiensis and 40 mM tannic acid was increased the mortality of S. exigua 3rd larva to 93.3%, even though 60.0% mortality with only B. thuringiensis treatment. On the other hand, the mortality of mixture with B. thuringiensis and 80 mM tannic acid was 53.3% lower than B. thuringiensis single treatment. In the welsh onion field, the accumulated mortalities of 3 times replicated with mixture of B. thuringiensis and 40 mM tannic acid were 83.9, 89.4 and 66.8% compare with 61.8, 80.4 and 47.3% as only B. thuringiensis treatment, respectively.

토양에서 분리한 B.thuringensis 균주 들 중 Spodoptera litura에 활성이 높은 CAB133을 선발하였다. H serotype을 동정한 결과 혈청형이 3abc인 kurstaki로 동정되었다. 전형적인 이중 피라미드형의 결정성 내독소 단백질과 형태적인 유사성을 보였고, S. litura 유충에 대한 생물활성 결과 kurstak HD-1균주에 비해 높은 활성을 보였다. 혈청학적으로 동일한 균주일지라도 각각의 균주가 생산하는 결정성 독소단백질의 유전자가 다르기 때문에 해충의 살충성에는 차이가 나타나므로 분자생물학적인 특성을 알아보았다. 내독소 단백질 특성을 비교하기 위하여 SDS-PAGE를 수행한 결과, kurstak HD-1은 130kDa과 약 60kDa의 주요 단백질 밴드를 나타내었으나 CAB133균주는 130kDa의 주요 단백질 밴드만을 가지고 있었다. 균주의 전체 plasmid profile을 분석한 결과 kurstak HD-1균주는 7개, CAB133균주는 10개의 plasmid를 포함하고 있었으며 crystal을 형성하지 못하는 Cry-균주를 배양하여 확인한 결과 Cry+와 하나의 밴드가 없는 9개의 plasmid를 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 균주의 crystal toxin을 확인하기 위해 usual primer로 PCR을 수행한 결과 kurstak HD-1은 cry1Aa,cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1I, cry2 gene을 CAB133은 cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1D, cry2 gene이 있음을 확인하였다.

파밤나방은 파, 배추, 수박 등에 다 발생하여 큰 피해를 주는 대표적인 농업 해충이며 화학농약에 대한 저항성이 강한 대표적인 해충으로, 본 연구에서는 생물적 방제인자로 방제하고자 Bacillus thuringiensis(이하 Bt) 균주를 선발하여 살충효과를 검정 하였다. 파밤나방의 살충효과검정에서 내성이 강한 해충과 비슷한 양상으로, 나비목 해충과 다르게 Bt에 대한 살충활성이 늦게 나타나는 지효성을 나타냈다. 이러한 원인으로 유충 중장 프로테아제에 의해 Bt의 cry 독소가 과분해 되는 것으로 가정하고 protein inhibitor로 알려져 있는 tannic acid를 선발하여 실내 실험과 야외 포장 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 Bt 단독처리보다 Bt와 tannic acid를 혼합처리 했을 때 더 높은 사충율을 나타냈다. 이 같은 결과에 대해 원인을 규명하고자, 가설을 세워 실험을 수행 하였다. 중장 프로테아제가 130kDa의 불활성 독소를 60kDa의 활성 독소로 분해한 후, 더 과분해 하는 것을 tannic acid가 억제할 것이다 라고 가설을 세운 후 실험을 수행 하였다. SDS-PAGE를 하여 tannic acid의 억제정도를 확인했고, 이 결과를 토대로 40mM tannic acid를 전 처리 한 후 Bt처리를 한 결과 동시처리보다 약 5% 더 높은 사충율을 나타냈다. Bt와 중장 프로테아제, tannic acid의 반응에 있어서 형태적인 면을 확인하기 위해 전자현미경을 관찰 하였다. 중장 프로테아제의 증명을 위해 자이모그램 실험을 수행 하였다.

국내에서 분리된 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai CAB109균주는 나비목 해충에 활성을 보이는 것을 확인 하였다. 특히 우리나라에서 난방제 해충으로 알려진 담배거세미나방과 파밤나방에 동시에 독성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. B.t. CAB109 균주의 활성정도를 비교하기 위해 혈청형이 aizawai이면서 생물농약으로 시판중인 T제품과 S제품을 조사한 결과, B.t. CAB109, T제품, S제품은 담배거세미나방 2령충에 대한 반수치사농도(LD50)가 각각 1.3x105cfu/ml, 2.3x106cfu/ml, 5.2x105cfu/ml으로 나타났고 파밤나방 2령충에 대한 반수치사농도는 1.8x104cfu/ml, 1.3x106cfu/ml, 1.5x106cfu/ml으로 나타나 두 종 해충 모두에서 B.t. CAB109 균주가 독성이 더 높은 것을 볼 수 있었다. B.t. CAB109가 이미 알려져 있는 aizawai와 비교해 새로운 유전자를 소유하는지 확인하기 위해 Plasmid DNA를 추출하여 전기영동 한 결과 B.t. subsp. aizawai HD-133과 다른 패턴을 보이는 것을 확인 할 수 있었고 Cry1~Cry5의 primer를 사용하여 PCR을 진행한 결과 B.t. subsp. aizawai CAB109균주는 Cry1Aa, 1Ab, 1C, 1D를 B.t. subsp. aizawai HD-133은 Cry1Aa, 1Ab를 가지고 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. Plasmid DNA의 여러 밴드에서 어떤 부분이 해충에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하기 위해 B.t.가 생장하기 어려운 조건을 만들어 배양한 결과 이전과 다른 B.t. 내독소단백질을 가지고 있지 않은 strain을 만들 수 있었다. 이두 CAB109 strain의 플라스미드 DNA를 확인한 결과 밴드의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 Cry- strain은 모 stain이 가지고 있는 Cry gene을 가지고 있지 않음을 확인 할 수 있었고 생물 활성결과 독성을 보이지 않음을 확인하였다. 이후 다른 B.t. CAB109가 다른 Cry gene을 가지고 있는지에 대한 PCR을 더 진행할 예정이며 새로운 Cry gene여부에 대한 연구도 더 진행해나갈 계획이다.

For the environment-friendly control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, in spring onion fields, we have examined an alternative application method. Twenty-five insecticides registered for spring onion were tested for control effect against the beet armyworm in the laboratory, then the best 9 chemical and a single biological insecticides were selected and compared with 2 new isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis in a polyvinyl house. After that, 4 chemical and 3 B. thuringiensis treatments were used in the field for the control of beet armyworm in the spring onion. Two application methods are used: one is triple treatments with the same chemical and the other is alternative application with different chemicals and B. thuringiensis for 7 days intervals. Indoxacarb WP – chlorfluazuron EC – B.t. var. kurstaki CAB141 and indoxacarb WP – methoxyfenozide + spinosad SC – Chlorfluazuron EC – B.t. var. aizawai CAB109, B.t. var. kurstaki CAB141 showed greater than 78% mortality of beet armyworm larvae and greater than 43% damage decrease in spring onions infested by beet armyworm. These results showed that alternative applications had higher control effect than any other applications. It was suggested that alternative applications with microbial biological agents such as B. thuringiensis might minimize the development of insecticide resistance and might be used as the environment-friendly control of the beet armyworm.

분리된 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai CAB109균주는 나비목 해충에 활 성을 보이는 것을 확인 하였는데 특히 우리나라에서 난방제 해충으로 알려진 담배거세미나방과 파밤나방에 동시에 독성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. B.t. CAB109 균주의 활성정도를 비교하기 위해 혈청형이 aizawai이면서 생물농약 으로 시판중인 T제품과 S제품을 조사한 결과, B.t. CAB109, T제품, S제품은 담배거세미나방2령충에 대한 반수치사농도가 각각 1.3×105cfu/ml, 2.3×106cfu/ml, 5.2×105cfu/ml으로 나타났고 파밤나방2령충에 대한 반수치사농도는 1.8×104cfu/ml, 1.3×106cfu/ml, 1.5×106cfu/ml으로 나타나 두 종 해충 모두에서 B.t. CAB109 균 주가 독성이 더 높은 것을 볼 수 있었다. B.t. CAB109가 이미 알려져 있는 aizawai와 비교해 새로운 유전자를 소유하 는지 확인하기 위해 Plasmid DNA를 추출하여 전기영동 한 결과 B.t. subsp. aizawai HD-133과 다른 패턴을 보이는 것을 확인 할 수 있었고 Cry1-Cry5의 primer를 사용하여 PCR을 진행한 결과 B.t. subsp. aizawai CAB109균주는 Cry1Aa, 1Ab, 1C, 1D를 B.t. subsp. aizawai HD-133은 Cry1Aa, 1Ab를 가지고 있음을 확 인 할 수 있었다. 이후 다른 B.t. CAB109가 다른 Cry gene을 가지고 있는지에 대한 PCR을 더 진행할 예정이며 새로운 Cry gene여부에 대한 연구도 더 진행해나갈 계획이다