Background : Alpha-linolenic acid is a type of omega-3 fatty acid and has been reported to be found at a remarkably high content in seeds of perilla (Perilla frutescens). The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid compositions in 45 perilla accessions collected from Russia and recommend the potential genetic resources related to their fatty acid compositions. Methods and Results : The 45 accessions of perilla seeds which were collected from Russia were used for the study. Perilla seed oil was recovered using hexane in a soxhlet extraction method. The fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography. The total oil content was ranged between 28.39 and 46.89%. The compositions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid ranged from 5.57 to 7.09%, 1.16 to 2.27%, 11.83 to 19.55%, 11.92 to 16.71%, and 59.19 to 67.28%, respectively. Cultivars 'Dayu', 'Daeyu' and 'Anyu' showed lower linolenic acid composition compared to the average value of linoleic acid in perilla germplasms collected from Russia. Cluster analysis based on the fatty acid composition of the 45 perilla accessions segregated into three groups. Group Ⅰ characterized as higher palmitic, stearic and oleic acid compositions compared to other groups. Group Ⅱ which contained 12 accessions had high total oil and linoleic acid composition. Group Ⅲ characterized as a higher linolenic acid composition compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Oleic acid showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.825) with linolenic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 74.4% total variation. Conclusion : Our results indicated that accessions IT235818, IT235820, IT226739 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition could be useful to develop new functional vegetable oil materials.

Background : D. lablab is tropical vine grown as a garden annual belonging to Leguminosae, which is used in oriental medicine for coldness like a cooling disease, diarrhea and abdominal pain etc. when it is hot weather in summer and plenty of rainy seasons. In previous study, D. lablab showed an inhibitory activity for trypsin. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was produced by trypsin via a second protease-activated receptor. Therefore, it is considered that there are substances having antioxidant activity in D. lablab. Methods and Results : The seed of dried D. lablab was extracted hot water, and then partitioned with Et2O, EtOAc, n-butanol and aqueous. The aqueous layer was separated from silica gel and Diaion HP-20 liquid chromatography and HPLC-prep, resulting in confirmed two compounds. The two compounds was identified to C14H14N2O4 and stachyose from ESI-MS and 1H- and 13C-NMR. The two compounds was performed the intracellular ROS measurement and the expression of catalase and Cu/Zn SOD. The intracelluar ROS measurement was detected using DCF-DA in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cell. The results were shown that two compounds inhibited intracellular ROS levels to dose-dependent. And the expression of genes was detected quantitative real-time PCR in LPS-trated RAW264.7 cell. Although the two compounds were not significantly different towards the Cu/Zn SOD expression level, the expression level of catalase genes were indicated an increase rate of about 347% in C14H14N2O4 and about 242% in stachyose at 50 ㎍/㎖ compared with LPS-not treated cells. Conclusion : From the above results, both compounds significantly shown antioxidant activity in dose-dependent by examining the amount of intracellular ROS and the expression levels of SOD and catalase enzymes. As screening ROS inhibition of C14H14N2O4 and stachyose in vitro, they may be a good candidate for regulating the progression of human oxidant stress diseases and warrants further studies.

Background : In ancient, roots of Rumex crispus, called wooi-daehwang, were used for various symptoms and diseases like cough, phlegm, bronchitis and hepatitis, caused inflammatory. As a part of ongoing research to elucidate and characterize anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals, solvent-partitioned fractions from R. crispus root were tested for their ability to suppress inflammation. In this study, NO synthesis inhibitory activity of solvent-partitioned fractions from R. crispus root on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages was evaluated. Methods and Results : The EtOH extracts were suspended in water. The aqueous layer was further partitioned in diethylether, ethylacetate and n-butanol, sequentially. RAW264.7 cells were seeded onto 96-well plates, and cells were allowed to adhere for 6 h and then were pretreated with the R. crispus root extracts for 24 h. Cellular nitric oxide (NO) production was stimulated by adding lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Absorbance was measured at 520 ㎚ by microplate reader. NO synthesis inhibitory activity potential of these fractions was evaluated by assessing NO production by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in the presence and absence of the solvent-partitioned R. crispus root fractions. NO synthesis inhibitory activity of diethylether fraction diluted in 50 ㎍/㎖, 25 ㎍/㎖, 12.5 ㎍/㎖, 6.25 ㎍/㎖, 3.125 ㎍/㎖ was 79.2%, 70.9%, 59.5%, 16.1%, and 11.8%, respectively. And NO synthesis inhibitory activity range of another fractions, EtOAc, n-BuOH and aqueous layer, were 0 - 30.2%, 0 - 20.1% and 3.8 - 22.4%, respectively. Conclusion : From the above results, it showed that diethylether fraction have strong NO synthesis inhibitory activity, it was suggested that R. crispus root have NO synthesis inhibitory effects. R. crispus root possesses anthraquinones, such as chrysophanol, parietin, and anthrones etc. According to previous studies, R. crispus semen extract has analgesic and hepatoprotective effect as anti-inflammatory, and extract of R. napalensis has cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, COX-1 inhibitory and free radical scavenging effect. Our present study has shown that R. crispus root extracts anti-inflammatory effects probably by suppressing iNOS expressions, and resulting in the inhibition of NO synthesis.

Background : As a part of ongoing research to elucidate and characterize anti-cancer nutraceuticals, extracts from many kinds of medicinal plants were tested for their ability to cytotoxicity on cancer cells so far. Datura stramonium is one of the plants known to contain various alkaloids such as hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine etc. Traditionally, it has been used as an analgesic, antispasmodic, and central nervous stimulant. Leaves are also known to be effective against asthma, cough, and chronic bronchitis. In this study, cytotoxicity of extracts from D. stramonium on human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), and HepG2 (liver) were evaluated and compared. Methods and Results : The extract was diluted with DMSO in the form of 10, 50, 250, 1,000 μg/ml for final concentration series respectively. The cell viabilities were examined by MTT assay. On HepG2 cell line, extracts of D. stramonium showed dramatic dose-dependent cytotoxicity on 10, 50, 250, 1,000 ㎍/㎖ concentrations series as 88.16%, 78.55%, 55.57%, 23.06% cell viability respectively. On A549 cell line, likewise, same concentration series showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect as 96.49%, 96.12%, 68.54%, 20.26% cell viability respectively. On A549 cell line, there was no difference in effect between 10 ㎍/㎖ and 50 ㎍/㎖. Conclusion : Above results, high concentrations of extracts are effective on two cancer cell lines. These results are expected to be used on further studies about the anticancer activity of D. stramonium as basic data. In order to confirm the anticancer effect of D. stramonium, it is anticipated that additional tests will be required to confirm the apoptosis assay and related protein expression.

Background : The Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual plant of African and Indian origin. and there are a lot of flavonoids in the leaves. To determine the most suitable method for extracting of Kenaf cosmetic ingredients, the data of changes in polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities were analyzed, based on concentration of Extraction Methods. Methods and Results : 200 ㎖ of distilled water (100% ethanol in the case of ethanol extraction) was added to 20 g of the leaves of Kenaf; G-1 from Israel were collected in 2016 and the collected leaves were dried and pulverized, and five extraction methods were performed. The extraction method and conditions are as follows: pressurized high temperature extraction (AE: autoclave, 121 degrees, 15 minutes), ultrasonic extraction (UE: ultrasonic bath, 60 degree hot water, 1 hour), Hot water extraction (SE: spidulina mayina. 100 degrees 6 hours), Ethanol Extraction (EE: ethanol, spidulina mayina, 80 degrees 6 hours), room temperature stirring extraction (WSE: wise stirring, room temperature 250rpm 24 hours). After extraction, the mixture was filtered using a filter paper, and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40℃ for lyophilization. And diluted to 1,000 ppm with 80% ethanol. Conclusion : Based on the test results, EE method showed the highest results. In the case of using water as the solvent, the SE method showed the highest result. However, the results of the SE and AE methods are not significantly different from each other. Therefore, it is expected that if the extraction conditions of AE method are adjusted, the result of AE method will be higher than that of the SE method.

Background : Forsythia suspensa Vahl (Oleaceae) is such an antioxidant source which is a slimbing plant widely distributed in China, Japan and Korea. The extracts of the dried fruits have been used for a long time as traditional Asian medicines to treat gonorrhea, erysipedas, inflammation and pharyngitis. It was also reported that F. suspensa was able to suppress vomiting, resist hepatic injure, inhibit of elastase activity, and exhibit diuretic, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-endotoxin and antiviral effects. This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant and whitening effect of F. suspensa extract and fractions. Methods and Results : Firstly, extract the dried F. suspensa by methanol three times at room temperature and fraction for each solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). The DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured at 517 ㎚ by using a UV spectrophotometer. The gallic acid and quercetin were used as positive control of total phenol and flavonoid contents assay. Reducing power was conducted four concentration of samples and positive control, measured the absorbance at 700 ㎚. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest effect on DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenol contents, and reducing power. On the other hand, the highest level of total flavonoid contents indicated in butanol fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction indicated the highest percentage of enzyme inhibition at the tested same concentration. Conclusion : These results suggest that F. suspensa extract and ethyl acetate fraction could be utilized as a antioxidant. Further biological and phytochemical study is needed.

Background : Arctium lappa L., Compositae plant, has been consumed as a vegetable and beverage in China, Taiwan, and Japan for a long time. Several studies have reported for the burdock to include antioxidant activity, hepato-protective efficacy, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects, anti-microbial and antiviral activity. Thus, A. lappa is considered a promising plant for the treatment of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and AIDS and due to the increasing evidence of functional compounds contributions over a variety of health beneficial properties the A. lappa has received increasing scientific interest. The primary aim of the present study was determined antioxidant activities and analysis of standard compound in A. lappa. Methods and Results : There were five different solvent conditions (100% water, 30% EtOH, 50% EtOH, 70% EtOH, 100% EtOH), extract in the room temperature. Comparatively, 70% EtOH extract showed higher values of DPPH radical scavenging activity than others. As the increasing of EtOH percentage contents, we confirmed increase total phenol and flavonoid contents. The 2,4-di-tert- butylphenol as standard compound was detected by HPLC analysis based on the calibration curve: equation : Y = 8.17e + 003X – 1.43e + 005, R2 = 0.996227. The amount of standard compounds were similar in all each different solvent conditions, but not detected in water extract. Conclusion : These results showed that A. lappa could be used as potential materials of antioxidant, and should be need more study.

Background : Carotenoids are pigments that are found in plants, fruits, bacteria, and fungi. β -carotene and canthaxanthin are orange pigments among thousands of carotenoids that possess potent antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to determine β-carotene and cantaxanthin in 55 Kimchi cabbage germplasm using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Method and Results : 55 Kimchi cabbage accessions were sown in plug trays in the end of August, 2016. All the tissue samples were freeze-dried for 1 week and ground into fine powder and stored at -20℃ until analysis. Crude carotenoids from freeze-dried materials (100 mg) were extracted using 1 ㎖ of 100% (v/v) hexane in 10 minutes by using sonication bath followed by centrifugation. The average β-carotene contents was 1.43 ㎎·㎏-1 and ranged from 0.76 (IT 120045) to 2.25 ㎎·㎏-1 (IT 100378). The average canthaxanthin content in the entire domain of sample was 0.59 ㎎·㎏-1 with a range between 0.36 (IT 32746) and 1.08 ㎎․㎏-1 (IT 100386). Canthaxanthin content was significantly positively correlated with β-carotene (r = 0.65**) and leaf length (r = 0.63**). However, canthaxanthin was negatively correlated with cotyledon color (r = -0.41**). Principal component analysis results of the first two components (PC1 and PC2) explained 44.53% of the point variability. Conclusion : The resources with the highest β-carotene and canthaxanthin content are IT 100378, 100386, 100391, and 110828. This study could be useful to select a potential sources of health beneficial carotenoids (β-carotene and canthaxanthin) in Kimchi cabbage germplasm in nutraceutical formulations and for further applications as a breeding material and other research activities.

Background : The Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual plant rich in phenolics compound and antioxidant activity. Particle size has an enormous effect on extraction of plant bioactive compound. Therefore, to evaluate the optimum particle size on extraction of bioactive compound from Kenaf was investigated. Methods and Results : Three kind of kenaf leaves; EF-1 and G-1 from Israel and Korea were collected in 2016 and the collected leaves were dried and pulverized are sorted by particle size. After adding 50 ㎖ of 100% ethanol per 0.5 ㎎ of the powder, the powder is extracted in an ultrasonic bath at 30℃ for 1 hour and then stirred for 1 hour at 250 rpm in the wise stirring. After extraction, the extract was filtered using filter paper. In the total polyphenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity were higher in 100 to 200 ㎛ particle size of Gandae. On the other hand, phenolic compound, falvonoud and antioxidant were higher in 45 to 100 ㎛ particle size of EF-1 and G-1 Kenaf. Conclusion : Based on the results, the Israel varieties showed the best results compared to the Kenaf varieties of Korea. Among them, EF-1 had a particle size of 45 – 100 ㎛ Showed the higher antioxidant activity. It is believed that the smaller the particle size, the larger the specific surface area, which leads to an increase in the extraction efficiency of kenaf.

Background : Hippophae rhamnoides L. are known for antioxidant, immunodeficiency, skin protection, influenza infection and prevention of heart disease. This study was carried out to confirm the possibility of functional food by changing the antioxidant effect using H. rhamnoides L. leaf extracts to the Gamju (sweet rice drink). Methods and Results : A total of 12 samples were made of different processes. Briefly, the H. rhamnoides L. leaf were extracted at 60℃ in two different conditions (EtOH 100%, water 100%). Gamju was fermented into three different koji (Aspergillus oryzae – red, yellow, black). In addition, The addition of H. rhamnoides L. leaf extracts were mixed in two ways (simultaneous saccharification, mixed after saccharification). Antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) and reducing power assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. In this study, we found that Gamju mixed with H. rhamnoides L. leaf increased antioxidant effects and TPC than the control (original Gamju). Moreover, the anti-oxidant effects of the mixed H. rhamnoides L. leaf with Gamju after saccharification exhibited more activity than simultaneous saccharification in DPPH assay. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that samples of added to the H. rhamnoides L. leaf could be use as functional food.

Background : Oplopanax elatus Nakai. is distributed in Korea and China. In this study, we have used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to compare the internal standards contents [uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin (eleutheroside B) and scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin)], and compared the antioxidant activity. Methods and Results : Samples were prepared two different temperature conditions (90℃ and 100℃). Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were analyzed while gallic acid and quercetin were used as standard. Anti-oxidant activities were measured by determination of DPPH and reducing power assay. HPLC was reported as five standard compounds equivalent using the following linear equation based on the calibration curve. According to the results, the anti-oxidant effects of Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 90℃ water showed more activity than that of Chinese in DPPH assay. However, the amount of internal compounds was higher in Chinese O. elatus Nakai.. The anti-oxidant effects of Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 90℃ water showed more activity than Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 100℃ water in DPPH assay. In this study, we had found that, at over the 100℃ temperature all the anti-oxidant effects of O. elatus Nakai. extracts were reduced. However, all five standard compounds were detected at similar value. Conclusion : These results suggests that Korean O. elatus Nakai. has higher anti-oxidant activities which can be use for bioactivity assay.

Background : Coffee is one of the favorite brewed drink in the world where is distributed in Latin America, Southeast Asia, Southern Asia and Africa. Coffee has an effective antioxidant ability and reported about that. In this study, it was analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to establish the method about content of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid in coffee. Methods and Results : Coffee was extracted with 70% EtOH in room temperature and evaporated at 45℃. All standard and sample extract were melted and diluted with 15% MeOH. Mobile phase was prepared using water with 0.01% phosphoric acid and MeOH. All standard and sample were analyzed with gradient elution (0 min : 15% MeOH, 35 min : 30% MeOH). The chromatograms were monitored at 272 and 320 ㎚. HPLC reported linear equation that based on the calibration curve for each standard compound (caffeine : Y = 1.04e + 004X – 3.21e + 003, R2 = 0.999890. chlorogenic acid : Y = 2.86e + 004X – 8.24e + 003, R2 = 0.999891. caffeic acid : Y = 2.07e + 004X – 1.21e + 004, R2 = 0.999894. p-coumaric acid : Y = 3.24e + 004X – 1.10e + 004, R2 = 0.999897). Standard compounds were determined with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The retention time of each peak of standard compounds were separated by chromatogram. Conclusion : In this study, we determined that the analysis method of compounds in coffee. In addition, we have confirmed that separation about the retention time of each peak of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in different solvent condition depending on acid buffer. This method can be use to determine standard compound in coffee.

Background : Alpinia Officinarum Rhizome (高良薑) is recorded as a roots of Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae) in Korea Pharmacopoeia and there is no established confirmation test and method for quantitative determination using marker compound. Using the six marker compounds, pinocembrin, (5S)-5-hydroxy-7- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -1-phenyl-3-heptanone, pinocembrin, galangin, kaemferide, galangin 3-methyl ether, A simultaneous analysis method was developed to utilize the quality control. Methods and Results : In this study, YMC-pack column (ODS C18, 250 × 4.6 ㎜, 5 ㎛) from YMC was used and the temperature was set at 30℃. A soultion of 0.1% formic acid was using water (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile B), respectively, and the mobile phase B was set to 15 - 35% for 0 - 15 minutes and 35 - 40% for 15 - 60 minutes. And 270 ㎚ was set as the detection wavelength. The order of the components is pinocembrin (1, Rt: 23.2 min), (5S)-5-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (2, Rt: 37.8 min), pinocembrin (3, Rt: 44.9 min), galangin (4, Rt: 46.7 min), kaemferide (5, Rt: 48.6 min), galangin 3-methyl ether (6, Rt: 52.8 min) and Based on the retention time, ultraviolet spectrum and MS value, it was confirmed by comparison with standard compounds. Conclusion : In this study, we developed the simultaneous analysis method by six marker components of the Alpina officinarum Hance extract to develop a quality test method to scientifically identify Alpinia officinarum Hance.

Background : The reference standards of herbal medicine is used to quality control for herbal medicines. It is important that National Reference Standards maintain high stability of herbal medicines during all periods from the manufacture to the storage. In order to control quality of herbal medicines, the control reference standards (CRSs) have been produced by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, starting from 2002. The designated CRSs are essential tests and assays to be carried out in accordance with the official compendium such as the Korean Pharmacopoeia and the Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Methods and Results : The aim of this study is to perform a stability testing for 80 national reference standards to ensure the reliability of standards. For example, there are reference standards of Sweroside, Liquiritin, Wogonin etc. First of all, We randomly select three samples of CRSs and weight them and mobile phase is made suitable for the experimental conditions. We analyzed the purity value of each CRSs in calculating absolute peak area percent, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) based on the method in the official compendium. And the result showed that 80 evaluted CRSs were revealed more than 95% purity value. The stability of the CRSs under storage condition (4℃) were tested annually for 3 randomly selected samples. Conclusion : There are no significant difference among observed contents. The results of stability assessment represent suitable for quantitative analysis: less than 5% uncertainty of measurement. Even though this statistical analysis identified that stability was maintained for most of the products, some of them still need to be continuously monitored.

Background : Recently, there has been an increase in the use of herbal drugs for healthcare. The reference standards of herbal medicine is used to quality control for herbal medicines. It have been produced and re-evaluated by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, starting from 2002. In this study, we re-tested the quality of a variety of Herbal Reference Standards (HRS). We analyze the HRSs with identification test by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). All test is based on experimental method of the Korean Pharmacopoeia, the Korea Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Methods and Results : To check the stability of reference standards of herbal medicine, we annually performe real-time monitoring under storage condition (4℃). The aim of this study is to perform a stability testing for 200 national reference standards to ensure the reliability of standards. For example, there are reference standards of Osterici Radix, Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Lithospermi Radix etc. It was achieved by comparing the colors and Rf values of the bands in TLC with those of the marker compounds using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Tests for each item are based on experimental methods of the official compendium or the previous study on establishment of HRSs. Through re-test system, we confirm stability and reliability of HRSs condition. Also, based on the results, these HRSs will be continuously supplied as Herbal Reference Standards of MFDS. Conclusion : As the result, the HPTLC results showed the same TLC patterns as compared with previous reports. Based on the all results that we will update the each certificate of analysis. We want to contribute for quality control of herbal medicines.

Background : To select potential plant resources as natural antioxidants and functional materials, e valuation of N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS) in 43 safflower accessions collected from South Asia was conducted. Method and Results : CS and FS were analyzed by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). The mean CS content was 32.74 ㎎/g dried extract (DE) with a range from 3.44 to 83.30 ㎎/g DE, and the FS content ranged from 1.43 to 34.53 ㎎/g·DE with a mean of 12.69 ㎎/g DE. The mean of TPC of 43 safflower accessions was 55.22 ㎍ GAE/㎎·DE. The average values of antioxidant activities based on DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP assay showed 48.77 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, 97.62 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, 70.22 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, and 50.01 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, respectively. The 43 safflower accessions were classified into two groups based on the complete linkage cluster analysis using their CS, FS, TPC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP. Group Ⅱ showed higher CS, FS and antioxidant activity than Group Ⅰ (p < 0.05). K185245 and K185247 were included in Group Ⅱ, K185245 had the highest CS and FS, and K185247 was the highest in TPC, DPPH, and ABTS. CS had significant positive correlation with FS (r = 0.849**). Significantly high correlation coefficients were recorded between TPC and antioxidant assays including DPPH, ABTS, and RP. The first two principal components had accounted for the 80.46 % of the total variance. Conclusion : These results showed that K185245 and K185247 could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials and could be useful to develop new functional materials.

Background : The purpose of this study is to select potential genetic resources from safflower germplasm collected from India based on their oil compositions and agronomic characteristics. Methods and Results : The agronomic characteristics were measured during the growing period of the safflower. Total oil contents were recovered by Soxhlet extraction and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by using gas chromatography. The mean of plant height, leaf length and leaf width were 100.19 ㎝, 20.49 ㎝, and 7.29 ㎝, respectively. The percentage of leaf margin with serration was 95%, and 2% of the total resources didn’t have spines on the involucral bract. K185681 had no spines on the involucral bract and the plant height was the smallest. 73% of the flower of safflower was yellow. 68% of safflower germplasm changed flower color from yellow to red. Total oil contents of 267 safflower accessions showed a significant variability among the entire domain of collections and ranged from 5.81 to 38.91%. Palmitic and stearic acid were ranged from 4.98 to 6.65%, and 1.82 to 2.73%, respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid showed a wide variation which ranged from 10.53 to 22.27%, and 69.46 to 81.26%, respectively. Linolenic acid was ranged from 0.06 to 0.13%. K185639 and K185639 had the highest total oil contents and linoleic acid, respectively. Cluster analysis based on oil composition and agronomic characteristics data divided the germplasm collections into three groups. Group Ⅲ having 114 accessions contained accessions with taller plant height than the other groups. Group Ⅱ having 68 accessions, the main color of flower was white but the other groups were yellow. Oleic acid showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.9691**) with linoleic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the oil compositions and agronomic characteristics data revealed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) together explained 36.28% total variation. Conclusion : These results showed that K185681, K185639 and K185639 could be useful to develop breeding and functional food.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) has been utilized as a traditional medicine in Asia. However, the development of varieties is limited and the climate is changing gradually. Therefore, it is required to develop a superior lineage suitable for this. So we have secured several species, and it is necessary to confirm the cytotoxicity of various kinds of cells for its safety and to secure safety for further utilization. Methods and Results : 11 cultivars and 21 lineages of RG were collected from Rural Development Administration (RDA) at Eumseong of Chungcheongbuk-do and national farmhouse. They were cultivated in test-research farm in RDA and used as materials. Human (THP-1 cell, human leukemia monocytic cell line) and rodent-derived immune cells (RAW264.7, murine monocyte/macrophage cell line) and hepatocytes (HepG2, human liver cell line) were used to assess cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was determined by using MTT assay. As a result of evaluation of cytoxicity, 11 cultivars and 21 lineages of RG were not shown cytotoxicity range from 250 - 1,000 ㎍/㎖ concentration in THP-1 cell, RAW264.7 cell and HepG2 cell. Conclusion : Development of RG with superior lineage suitable for changing climate is required. We selected a good lineage (21 ea), and result of the cytotoxicity evaluation from low to high concentrations in immune- and liver-derived cells, there was no toxicity at all. Therefore, if these excellent lineages are distributed to farmers, they can help farmers. And it can help research on immunity and liver function in the future.

Background : Domestic use of cosmetics has largely been dependent on imports for the opening of cosmetics raw materials, but research has been progressing actively on natural ingredients to develop new materials. Methods and Results : The extracts of hot–water and ethanol extracts from Stachys sieboldii were tested cytotoxicity, inhibition of melanin biosynthesis and NO production activity. The cytotoxicity of the hot water extract of S. sieboldii were 98.4, 95.0, 93.9 and 90.6%, respectively, when treated with 10, 50, 100, 500 ㎍/㎖. Cytotoxicity of S. sieboldii ethanol extract was 97.1, 95.3, 94.6 and 94.4%, respectively, at the concentrations of 10, 50, 100 and 500 ㎍/㎖. Melanin biosynthesis inhibitory effect of α-MSH at 100 μM increased to 118.1% in melanin, but decreased to 92.3% in S. sieboldii ethanol extract. NO production inhibition increased to 109.2% when treated with LPS and was 103.3% at 500 ㎍/㎖ of hot water extract and 105.9% at 500 ㎍/㎖ of ethanol extract of S. sieboldii. Conclusion : The ethanol extract of S. sieboldii did not showed the cytotoxicity, and reduce NO production. Therefore, ethanol extract of S. sieboldii had an potentials for developing whitening cosmetics.

Background : Brain waves are generated by the neurons in the brain. Many scientists fixed the electrodes of the electroencephalogram (EEG) on the scalp to record the signal expression of continuous cerebral activity. EEG is widely used in clinical diagnosis. It can be used to screen epilepsy, depression, ementia, stroke, encephalitis, ADHD and other brain diseases. Also, many local and foreign studies on aromatherapy focused on the discussion of human skin absorbing essential oils. This study discusses the level of relaxation efficacy of inhaled essential oils via the human olfactory organs. Thus, this study intended to observe the effects of essential oil of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma on EEG activity. Methods and Results : We evaluated the effects of essential oil of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma, on human EEG activity. For this purpose, essential oil was extracted from Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma by the supercritical extraction method. The effect of its inhalation on EEG activity was evaluated by measuring the EEG power spectrum in 20 healthy participants. EEGs signals were recorded using QEEG-8 system (LAXTHA Inc., Daejeon, Korea) from 8 grounding electrodes. The subjects were instructed to sit quietly, close their eyes and to breathe normally during the measurement. The fragrance stimulus was dipped in a paper (14 ㎝2) then placed about 3 cm in front of the subject's nose. EEG was recorded before and during the fragrance exposure for 30 seconds. The mean power values (μV) calculated for fast fourier transform (FFT) analysis indicators. The results were as essential oils of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma decreased the overall brain relative theta (θ waves), but increased relative beta (β waves), absolute gamma (γ waves), spectral edge frequency (SEF) and spectral edge frequency 95% (SEF95). Conclusion : The changes in the EEG activities following inhalation of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma suggest that the oil can improve psychological well-being by increasing attention and relaxation.