To obtain the safety evaluation of the ginseng, residues of heavy metals in culture environment of ginseng on Punggi and Sangju, Kyeongbuk are surveyed. The concentration for component of ginseng on Punggi and Sangju were 14.12 mg/kg and 15.74 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration for general component such as crude fiber, ash, crude lipid, crude protein, carbohydrate, of ginseng were coincided between Punggi and Sangju. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in soil on Punggi were 14.24 ppb, 43.13 ppb, 8.73 ppb and 0.82 ppb, respectively. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in soil on Sangju were 19.20 ppb, 54.82 ppb, 15.90 ppb and 1.04, respectively. Residual heavy metals are not polluted in the soil with culture ginseng on Punggi and Sangju. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg with ginseng on Punggi were 29.30ppb, 21.78 ppb, 1.32 ppb and 2.72 ppb, respectively. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg with ginseng on Sangju were 3.22 ppb, 24.43 ppb, 1.44 ppb and 4.74 ppb, respectively. Also the detection concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in ginseng were also lower than the Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory level for heavy metal in herbal medicines. Residual heavy metals are not polluted in the ginseng on Punggi and Sangju at Kyeongbuk, Korea.

본 연구에서는 식품의약품안전청고시에서 규제한 유기염소계 농약을 포함하여 다성분 동시분석법을 확립하였으며, 경상북도 상주지역 인삼자원의 재배토양 및 인삼 시료 중에서 유기염소계 농약의 잔류성을 검토하였다. α-BHC의 유지시간은 21.455분이었는데 이를 1.00으로 하였을때 β-BHC, δ-BHC, Quintozene, γ- BHC, Aldrin, Captan, o,p-DDE 및 α-Endosulfan의 상대적인 유지시간은 각각 1.025, 1.034, 1.038, 1.056, 1.143, 1.183, 1.199 및 1.218이었다. 또한 p,p-DDE, o,o-DDD, Dieldrin, Fenhexamid, Endrin, β- Endosulfan, o,p-DDT, o,p-DDD, p,p-DDT 및 Endosulfan-sulfate의 상대적인 유지시간은 각각 1.230, 1.242, 1.246, 1.261, 1.279, 1.283, 1.286, 1.329, 1.333, 1.338이었다. 피이크 분리가 정량분석하기에 지장이 없었으며, 따라서 19가지 유기염소계열 농약을 동시 다성분 분석 할 수 있었다. 최소검출농도는 α-BHC, Quintozene, Aldrin, Captan, α-Endosulfan, Dieldrin이 각각 0.95ng/g, 0.27ng/g, 1.04ng/g, 0.63ng/g, 0.55ng/g 및 0.62ng/g이었다. 또한 Fenhexamid, Endrin, β-Endosulfan, o,p-DDT, Endosulfan-sulfate도 각각 5.71ng/g, 0.61ng/g, 0.48 ng/g, 0.44ng/g 및 0.51ng/g이었다 상주지역의 인삼자원은 식품의약품안전청고시에서 생약의 잔류농약 허용기준으로 제시된 BHC, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin 및 DDT가 불검출되었다. 또한 재배토양에서도 불검출 되었다. 따라서 경상북도 상주 인삼 재배환경은 유기염소계 농약으로 오염되지 않았다.

The waterfront(W․F) region can be one of the most significant resources as to the characteristics of Busan region. The research aims to find the essential factors to read the region fitted to the best residential environment, figuring out the estimation of being satisfied with the residential environment. On the basis of the survey it could be revealed that what kind of value the region can have and what kinds of factors have to be emphasized on the region development. As a result the Waterfront residential region has more satisfying like sight views and residential environmental than the non-waterfront residential region, showing high quality of perceiving the future moving plan. Some positive opinions could be found in insisting to develop the waterfront region, but it should be kept continually to prevent senseless developments, to develop the region fitting the demand to the provision, to manage the region continually since, and to observe some conservation criteria in developing the region.

The concentration of heavy metal were studied for the estimation of quality in herbal medicines which is Bupleuri Radix, Paeoniae Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma and Astragali Radix in products of north Gyeongbuk area. And we collected soils from several area in Gyeongbuk, and determined heavy metal concentration of soils by ICP. We compared with herbal medicines in products of Gyeongbuk and their soils. For the heavy metals contents of Gyeongbuk area, in Gong Jung Ri, represented the higher level, it may be due to a near the road. The Cd contents in soil was not a wide difference. For the As and Pb contents in soil, Song Sa Ri (Bupleuri Radix) represented the higher level (0.68㎎/㎏, 1523㎎/kg). Heavy metal contents in cultured herbal medicines and their soils did not give reproducible results. But the degree of correlation between a few heavy metal contents of Dioscoreae Rhizoma and their soil showed the good transfer from the soil.

To obtain the residual organochlorine pesticides in the coastal environment, the methods of analysis for BHC's isomer, Kelthane, Orthocide and Endrin by GC-ECD are surveyed. The relative retention time for α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC and δ-BHC is 1.00, 1.18, 1.24, 1.31 and it's of Kelthane, Orthocide, Endrin is 1.56, 1.70, and 2.02, respectively. The BHC isomers, Kelthane, Orthocide and Endrin are separated on the base line. The plate height(H) for α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC and δ-BHC is 50mm, 35mm, 32mm and 29mm, and it's of Kelthane, Orthocide, Endrin is 81mm, 68mm and 48mm, respectively. The qualified defection concentration for α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC and δ-BHC is 0.26, 0.36, 0.37 and 0.39ng/g and it's of Kelthane, Orthocide, Endrin is 0.55, 1.39 and 0.56ng/g, respectively. BHC's isomer, Kelthane, Orthocide and Endrin are not detected in soil environment on South Cheju Island. Also residual organochlorine pesticides are not detected in the sea water and sediment in the ocean environment.

The growth and heavy metal experiments revealed oppositive interactions between toxic metals(Zn and Cd) and Mn when the coastal diatom T. pseudonana were used. Cd and Zn inhibited the algal growth rate only at low Mn ion concentrations and this effect could be accounted for an inhibition of cellular Mn take by the toxic metals. Mn and Zn inhibited cellular Cd take and this indicated a reciprocal effects among the metals with respect to metal take. Saturation kinetics modeling of the take data was consistent with two metals competing with each other for binding to the Mn take system and with both Cd and Mn being transported into the cell by that system. Mathematical modeling of Mn and Cd take data revealed evidence for a Cd efflux system.

황섬유의 최저손실 파장영역인 1.55μm에서 고출력으로 안정하게 농작하는 광센서용 광원인 반도체 레이저를 제작하기 위하여 이론적인 해석을 수행한 후 제작하였다. 활성영역과 SCH층의 재료는 Ln1-xGaxAsyP1-y를 사용하였다. 광센서용 광원으로 사용되기 위해서는 넓은 스펙트럼 폭을 가지며, 가간섭 길이가 짧은 특성을 가지는 조건을 만족해야 한다. 따라서, 반도체 레이저에서 레이징을 억제시켜 줌으로써 넓은 스펙트럼 폭을 가지도록 설계를 하였고, 광섬유와 결합효율을 높일 수 있도록 tapered 형태의 스트라입 구조를 채택하여 마스크 패턴을 형성하였다. 또한, 레이징을 억제하기 위하여 후면에 윈도우 영역을 두었고, 측방향으로 경사각을 두어 반사도를 낮추도록 설계 및 제작하였다. 7도와 15도의 측면 경사각을 가지는 구조와 굽은 스트라입 구조를 가지는 소자를 제작하여 특성을 측정한 결과, 광센서용 광원으로서 적용이 가능한 광출력 특성과 넓은 스펙트럼 폭을 가졌다.

Carbamate 농약에 대한 cholinesterase(ChE)활성저해 관계를 규명 하고자 in vivo와 in vitro 실험을 하였다. ChE의 최적 pH는 8.0이었다. 병아리 혈장의 ChE 활성은 기질로 acetylcholin를 사용할 경우 24.6 μmol/min/g protein이었다. in vivo에서 BPMC을 0.32 mg/kg 경구 투여한 15분 후에 ChE 활성이 60% 까지 저해되었으며 그후 12시간 후에 97% 까지 회복이 일어났다. in vitro에서 효소 활성이 50%로 저해되는데 필요한 농도인 I50이 Phenyl N-methylcarbamate계에 XMC는 329 μg/ℓ였고, metolcarb은 214 μg/ℓ였다. BPMC는 111 μg/ℓ, propoxur는 107 μg/ℓ, isoprocarb는 104 μg/ℓ 이었다. Aromatic N-methylcarbamate계에 속하는 carbaryl의 I50은 280 μg/ℓ이었고, carbofuran 114 μg/ℓ이었다.

pH(H2O), pH(KCl), CEC(cation exchange capacity), O.M.(organic matter) and exchangeable cations(K, Na, Ca, Mg) of paddy soil, upland soil and forest soil in Kumi city were investigated for the purpose of knowing soil acidification and the correlation between soil acidification and leaching of inorganic salts. The mean pH(H2O) values of paddy soil were 5.23(surface soil) and 5.69(subsoil), and those of upland soil were 6.37(surface soil) and 6.11(subsoil), and those of forest soil were 4.67(surface soil) and 4.74(subsoil). The mean pH(KC1) values of paddy soil were 4.59(surface soil) and 4.98(subsoil), and those of upland soil were 5.48(surface soil) and 5.04(subsoil), and those of forest soil were 3.82(surface soil) and 3.89(subsoil). The acidification of forest soil was more rapid than that of paddy soil and upland soil. The total mean amounts of exchangeable cations(K, Na, Ca, Mg) in paddy soils were 6.14me/100g(surface soil) and 5.64me/100g(subsoil), and those in upland soils were 6.86me/100g(surface soil) and 6.65 me/100g (subsoil), and those in forest soils were 4.06me/100g(surface soil) and 3.34me/100g (subsoil). The contents of inorganic salts in forest soil were much less than those of paddy soil and upland soil. The correlation coefficients(r) between pH(H2O) values and the total amounts of exchangeable cations in soils were 0.6635** (surface soil) and 0.6946** (subsoil), and those between pH(KCI) values and exchangeable cations in soils were 0.6629** (surface soil) and 0.5675**(subsoil).The correlation between soil acidification and leaching of inorganic salts in soil was positively significant at 1% level.

To study the residue of organophosphorus pesticides in the ocean environment on the Cheju island, EPN[O-ethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate] and monocrotophos [Dimethyl-1-methyl-2-methy] carbamoylvinylphosphate] of organophosphorus pesticides are surveyed on coastal environment of Cheju city and Wimi in May and October 1996. The qualified limit detection of EPN and monocrotophos are 0.005ng/mL and 0.006ng/mL., in the water by GC-FPD, respectively. The qualified limit detection of EPN and monocrotophos are 0.010ng/g and 0.012ng/g in the solid such as sediment and sea organism by GC-FPD, respectively. EPN and monocrotophos are not detected in seawater and sediment. Moreover EPN and monocrotophos are neither detected in seaweed cava (Ecklonia cava), Agar (Gelidium amansii), turban sell(Batillus cornutus) and sea urchin(Anthocidaris Crassispina). EPN, monocrotophos used in the farm on the Cheju island are not residued in the coastal environment in the Cheju island.

The adsorption and leaching of organophosphorus pesticides (phenthoate, diazinon, methidathion) were investigated in Namwon soil(black volcanic soil), Aewol soil(very dark brown volcanic soil) and Mureung soil(dark brown nonvolcanic soil) sampled in Cheju Island. The Freundlich constant, K value, was 52.4, 31.3 and 27.7 for phenthoate, diazinon and methidathion in Namwon soil, respectively and decreased in the order of phenthoate, diazinon and methidathion among the pesticides. The K value of phenthoate was 52.4, 15.9 and 5.9 for Namwon, Aewol and Mureung soil, respectively and was the highest for Namwon soil with very high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity(CEC). The Freundlich constant, 1/n, showed a high correlation with organic matter content, i.e., its value was less than unity for organic matter rich soil(Namwon soil) and greater than unity for organic matter poor soil(Mureung soil). Total recoveries of pesticides in soil and leachate with leaching in soil column, were in the range of about 74∼86%. The leaching of pesticides was less for phenthate with high K values, and more for methidathion with low K values among the pesticides. It was slower for Namwon soil with high K values, and faster for Mureung soil with low K values among the soils.

Purification of the isocitrate lyase extracted from Microbacterium laevaniformans was investigated. The isocitrate lyase was purified 43.6 folds by the following continuous treatment with ammonium sulfate fraction, DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-sephacel and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The purified isocitrate lyase was showed to be a single protein band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified isocitrate lyase was estimated 54,000 Da by the SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Km and Vmax values for isocitrate were estimated to be 0.83mM and 0.33units/㎖, respectively. Activity of isocitrate lyase was inhibited by cystein-HCl and glutathione.

The effects of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides were examined inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity in the chicken brain with enzyme - inhibition methods. The acetylcholinesterase activity in chicken brain determined by the Ellman method was 167 μmol/min/g protein. The optimum pH of acetycholinesterase was 8.2. pI_50 of acetycholinesterase by some organophosphorus were 3.80M of phosphorodithioate, 4.04M of phosphorothioate, 6.33M of phosphate, and 6.60M of phosphrothiolate. pI_50 of acetycholinesterase by some carbamates were 5.10M of XMC, 5. 90M of carbofuran, 6.16M of isoprocarb, 6.30M of carbaryl, 6.47M of BPMC, and 6.77M of propoxur. pI_50 of carbamates selected was similar to that of phosphorothioate and phosphate organophosphates