The toxicity of cade oil (Juniperus oxycedrus), its constituents and structurally related compounds toward adult house dust mite Dermatophagoides farina was examined. Results were compared with two commercially available acaricides, benzyl benzoate and deet. The cade oil constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Citral (LC50, 1.13 μg cm–2) and methyleugenol (LC50, 5.78 μg cm–2) were the most toxic compounds, followed by eugenol (LC50,12.52 μg cm–2), nerol (LC50, 21.4 μg cm–2) and terpinen-4-ol (LC50, 29.55 μg cm–2) were shown significant mortality against adult of D. farina. Toxicity of citral, methyleugenol were higher than that of benzyl benzoate, and above listed compounds was all more toxic than deet. Given the result of vapour-phase mortality tests that these compounds were more toxic in closed containers than in open ones, we concluded that vapour action plays a great role in their mode of delivery. Cade applied as 3 and 4% experimental sprays provided 96 and 100% mortality against the mites respectively, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/l spray treatment resulted in 17% mortality. Cade oil, and its constituents shown their potentials as effective alternatives for harmful synthetic acaricides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants in contact and therefore illustrated the need for further study of this essential oil.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of presenile and senile dementia. Human β-amyloid precursor cleavage enzyme (BACE-1) is a key enzyme responsible for amyloid plaque production. We assessed anti-BACE-1 and behavioral activities of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa, curcumin (CCN), demethoxycurcumin (DMCCN), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMCCN) against AD fly models. Neuro-protective ability of curcuminoids was assessed using fly model system overexpressing BACE-1 and its substrate APP in compound eyes and entire neurons. BDMCCN has the strongest inhibitory activity toward BACE-1 with 17 μM IC50, which was 20 and 13 times lower than those of CCN and DMCCN respectively. Expression of APP/BACE-1 resulted in the progressive and measurable defects in morphology of eyes and locomotion. Supplementing diet with either 1 mM BDMCCN or CCN rescued APP/BACE1 expressing flies and kept them from developing both morphological and behavioral defects. Structural characteristics and hydrophobicity appear to play a role in determining inhibitory potency of curcuminoids on BACE-1.

An assessment is made of the anti-proliferative activity of cicada slough-derived materials against 10 human cancer cell lines, including PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines, using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results were compared with those of the commercially available anticancer agent with broad spectrum cisplatin. The ethanol extract of Cryptotympana spp. slough was proved to have anti-proliferative activity against A549 lung, AGS stomach, PC-3 and DU145 prostate, Hela cervix, HT-29 colon, MCF-7 breast, and SK-Hep-1 liver cancer cell lines except for Hep-2 larynx and SK-OV-3 ovary cancer cell lines. The biologically active constituent was characterized as the nonprotein α-amino acid theanine [2-amino-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyric acid] by spectroscopic analysis, including EI-MS and NMR. Theanine was isolated from the cicada slough as a new cytotoxic principle. Fifty percent inhibition concentration (IC50) values of the constituent against PC-3 was 6.52 μg/mL, respectively. The activity of theanine (IC50,6.52μg/mL) did not differ significantly from that of the anticancer agent cisplatin (IC50,7.39μg/mL) toward PC-3. In conclusion, further studies on the cicada slough-derived materials containing theanine as potential anticancer products or a lead molecule for the prevention or eradication from human prostate cancer.

Lung cancer caused by diverse changes in cells resulted by exposure to carcinogens found in tobacco smoke, the environment, or sequential accumulation of genetic changes to the normal epithelial cells of the lung. An assessment was made of the anti-proliferative activity of constituents from silkworm feces against 11 human cancer cell lines, including A549 and H727 lung cancer cell lines, using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The ethanol extract of silkworm feces was proved to have anti-proliferative activity against all 11 species of human cancer cell lines. The biologically active constituent was characterized as vomifoliol (blumenol A) (1) and stigmasterol (2) by spectroscopic analysis ,including MS and NMR. In conclusion, global efforts to reduce the level of antitcancer agents justify further studies on the silkworm feces-derived materials containing vomifoliol and stigmasterol as potential anticancer products or lead compounds for the prevention or eradication from human lung cancer.

이상의 실험결과들을 요약하면, CFA를 안면영역 피하로 주입하여 발생한 염증성 통증 행위반응은 P2X 수용체의 억제제의 투여로 감소할 수 있었다. 특히 P2X7 수용체 억제제를 투여하면 진통작용 뿐 아니라 활성화된 신경아교세포 발현을 억제하였다. 이러한 실험 결과는 P2X7 수용체가 신경아교세포에 영향을 미쳐 안면에서 발생하는 만성 염증성 통증의 발생과 유지에 관여하고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 따라서 중추신경계의 신경아교세포를 조절할 수 있는 중추성 P2X7 수용체 작용기전은 임상에서 만성 염증성 통증을 보다 효과적으로 치료할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시해 줄 수 있다고 생각된다.

Aerodynamic coefficients of a reentry bodyin hypersonic flowfiled are calculated by using a three-dimensional flow solver. The high temperature real gas effects, thermal excitations and chemical reactions of air, are accounted for in the calculation. The reasonable agreement between the calculated aerodynamic coefficients and the Apollo AS-202 flight date are obtained. The effects of thermochemical nonequilibrium on the aerodynamic predictions are shown to be non-negligible.

이상의 실험 결과들을 요약하면, 포르말린을 측두하악관절 내로 주입하여 발생한 염증성 통증 행위반응은 QX-314의 투여로 감소할 수 있었다. 저농도의 QX-314의 진통작용은 TRPV1 통로를 이용하여 세포막 내로 이동하여 작용이 나타났으며 고농도의 QX-314는 TRPV1 통로와 무관하게 진통작용을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 측두하악관절 장애로 인해 발생되는 염증성 통증에 QX-314가 효과적인 치료제로 사용할 수 있다는 것을 말해주며, 특히 고농도의 QX-314가 세포막을 이동하는 경로에 대한 연구가 더 진행된다면 임상에서 QX-314가 진통제로서 사용할 수 있는 계기가 될 것으로 판단된다.

An estimation of indices for potential process capability (Cpk) and/or overall process performance (Ppk) is considered in order to gain insight into the statistical process control. The similarity and the difference of the two indices are discussed in some detail to clarify the meaning and usage of the two indices. It is demonstrated that the short term variance can be estimated within the framework of analysis of variance (ANOVA). Theoretic background is examined and followed by a simple numerical example, with a view to the implementation of the concept in the industrial fields.

The toxicity of bay leaf (Pimenta racemosa) and palmorasa (Cymbopogon martini) essential oils, and its constituents, and structurally related compounds to adult American house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae was examined. Both bay leaf (24 h LC50, 131.95 μg/cm2) and palmorosa (24 h LC50, 116.10 μg/cm2) essential oils were toxic to mites. The most active principles were determined to be citral, methyleugenol, eugenol, and geranyl acetate from both bay leaf and palmorosa oils. Citral (24 h LC50, 1.13 μg/cm2), methyl eugenol (5.78 μg/cm2), eugenol (24 h LC50, 12.52 μg/cm2) and geranyl acetate (24 h LC50, 18.79 μg/cm2) were the most toxic. The toxicity of these compounds was more toxic than that of commercially available acaricides such as, benzylbenzoate (LC50,8.41μg/cm2) and deet (37.67 μg/cm2). Potent toxicity was also observed with nerol, linalool and geraniol (LC50, 21.44–54.61 μg/cm2). These compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. Both bay leaf and palmorosa oil, and their constituents shown their potentials as effective alternatives for harmful synthetic acaricides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants in contact and therefore illustrated the need for further study of these essential oils.

Caterpillars, the larvae of butters and moths(Lepidoptera), are enormously important in terrestrial food webs. They are not only the preferred grub for insects, birds, fishes, reptile and amphibian but also engineers of nutrient cycling processes and are the largest natural consumers of vegetation. Even though their major role in the ecosystem, details of biology are poorly known for most species. HECRI(Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution) has been carried out to identify larvae and to acquire useful biological information of primary endemic insect larvae through rearing from 1997 to 2013. Of these this study is the result about special caterpillars feeding on the foliage Oak Trees (Quercus spp.) which composed 60-70% of broad-leaved forest thereby important component for forest in the Korean Peninsula. Total 297 species belonging to 23 families were collected and identified 101 species belonging to 21 families. Among them Oak Trees-dependent monophagous caterpillars are 247 species belonging to 20 families and polyphagous caterpillars are 50 species belonging to 11 families. The dominant family is Noctuidae(83 species), second is Geometridae(67 species) and followed by Notodontidae(33 species).

Temperature is one of important factors to determine insect phenology. Based on the bioclimatic law, the relationship between climate change and ecosystem change was studied from 2008 to 2013 in HECRI by monitoring the spring emergence patterns of three Papilionidae species (Papilio xuthus, P. machaon, and Sericinus montela). The overwintering pupae were set on the wood plate and adult emergence were monitored and recorded in every morning. The first spring emergence of P. xuthus, P. machaon and S. montela in 2013 were Apr 19th, May 1st and Apr 22th, respectively. And peak time of three species were May 7th, May 11th and May 9th, respectively. Study on temperature-dependent development was conducted to investigate the temperature effect on adult emergence of overwintering S. montela pupae at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14(L:D). The low temperature threshold of female, male and both sexes combined were 12.39, 12.16, and 12.37°C, respectively. Developmental period of overwintering pupae to adults decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 30°C. Thermal constant of female, male and both sexes combined were 220.26, 192.31, and 200.18DD, respectively. The relationship between thermal constant and cumulative adult emergence was predicted by temperature-dependent development. Estimate through 7 times on the highest temperature was equal and results were distinctively divided into two pattern(2008～2010 and 2011～2013). The relationship between observed and estimated values was presented by linear regression (r2=0.97)

The genera Acruliopsis Zerche and genus Xylodromus Heer contain four species and 13 species worldwide, respectively. In East Asia, all species of Acruliopsis are distributed and two of Xylodromus are described, which are new to the Korean Peninsula. Little is known about the habitat of Acruliopsis species, but our specimens were collected under bark of log or by flight intercept trap. The Xylodromus species is found in leaf litter of forest, in nests of the mammals or birds, or sometimes in granary. In this paper, we report Acruliopsis ussuriensis Zerche and Xylodromus daimio (Sharp) for the first time in the Korean fauna. We provide the habitus photographs, illustrations of diagnostic features and a key to the genera of the tribe Omaliini MacLeay in Korea.

A cladistic analysis of the subtribe Homalotina Heer is presented. They are hypothesized to be a monophyletic group consisting of nine genera (Anomognathus Solier, Cephaloxynum Bernhauer, Holisomimus Cameron, Homalota Mannerheim, Neomalota Cameron, Stenomastax Cameron, Thecturota Casey, Homalotina gen. 1 new genus, Homalotina gen. 2 new genus), based on two synapomorphies: complete postoccipital sutures on head and macrosetae present on postero-lateral margin of metacoxa. The data set for phylogenetic analysis comprised 83 characters representing 248 character states derived from adult morpholgy. These data were analysed using equal weighting (EW) and implied weighting (IW) (k=1– 6) and supported the monophyly of the subtribe based on two unique characters (complete postoccipital sutures on head and macrosetae present on postero-lateral margin of metacoxa) and two homoplastic characters (head as wide as pronotum and antennal insertion on head slightly anterior to a line drawn between anterior margin of eyes). The topology of the IW trees with k=2–4 was the same and differed with the EW trees. The clade (Homalotina sp. 3 (Homalotina sp. 1, Homalotina sp. 2) was supported in all analyses and the clade ((Neomalota (Homalota flavomaculata (Stenomastax nigrescens, Stenomastax sp. 1))) was supported in all analyses except for the IW (k=2–4). The monophyly of genus Homalota was not supported at all and genus Stenomastax formed a monophyletic group only for the IW (k=2–4) resulting in a new combination [S. flavomaculata (Bernhauer) comb. nov.]. Also, we present two new genera resulting in two clades (Homalota intrusa, Homalota sp. 1) and (Homalotina sp. 1, Homalotina sp. 2)

Coastal Bryothinusa Casey, the most species rich genus among all the coastal aleocharine genera, contains 30 species worldwide. Members of Bryothinusa occur along the coasts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans including their neighboring seas. In Korea, four species were recorded from the western and southern coasts of the Korean Peninsula by Ahn and Jeon and most species are found mainly under stones, seaweeds, and debris on mud flats and sandy beaches. While studying the Korean coastal Staphylinidae, we have accumulated sufficient specimens of Bryothinusa species that look different with the known species previously. After examining the specimens thoroughly, we identified them as two new species including one species new to the Korean fauna. They correspond well to the diagnostic characters of Bryothinusa: body parallel-sided; labrum as long as wide; mandible elongate; lacinia with setae interdigitating with spinose scales; lacinia and galea remarkably elongate; ligula short, not divided; anterior angles of mentum prolonged into spinose processes, two long medial setae present on mentum; mesocoxal cavities very closed, not margined posteriorly; mesoventral process sharply pointed; tarsal formula 4-4-5; apical lobe of paramere long. A total of seven species including two new species and one species newly recorded in Korea are recognized. Here, we describe two new species (B. brevipennis and B. littoralis) with illustrations of diagnostic characters, compare the new species with related species, and report B. algarum Sawada for the first time in Korea.

The coastal Aleochara fucicola Sharp species complex include A. fucicola Sharp, A. hayamai Yamamoto and Maruyama, A. puetzi (Assing), and A. segregata Yamamoto and Maruyama. To clarify the delineation and phylogenetic relationships of the A. fucicola species complex, we conducted phylogenetic analyses based on molecular characters and detailed morphological characters by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The dataset comprised two mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase I and COII) and three nuclear protein coding genes (CAD, EF1-a, and Wingless) for 34 populations of four species of A. fucicola species complex. We found strong disagreement between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees. Two species, A. puetzi and A. segregata, were not distinguished by mitochondrial DNA data, but distinguished by nuclear DNA data and SEM characters. A multilocus phylogeny and SEM images revealed four well-supported species lineages. Based on a multicolus phylogeny and SEM images, we conclude the following the taxonomic status of the Aleochara fucicola species complex with four species (A. fucicola, A. hayamai, A. puetzi, and A. segregata).

The Gyrinidae are water beetles with very unique lifestyle - adult rapidly gyrate and whirl on surface of water hunting for prey. They are found in stagnant or slowly running water and prefer clean oxygen-rich habitats. Members of the family are characterized by the following characters: compound eyes divided completely with one pair on the dorsal surface of the head (above the water line) and another on the ventral surface of the head (below the water line); antenna short with a broad, cup-shaped scape, subtriangular pedicel and elongate but compact flagellum; meso –and metathoracic legs broadly expanded and fringed with setae for swimming. In this paper, a taxonomic review of the Korean Gyrinidae Latreille is presented. Seven species in three genera are recognized, one of which (Gyrinus pullatus Zaitzev) is reported for the first time in South Korea. We also discovered that G. curtus Motschulsky previously recorded in Korea was misidentification of G. japonicus Sharp. Habitus photographs, keys, redescriptions, and diagnostic characters with illustrations of the species are provided. The specimens used in this study are deposited in Chungnam National University Insect Collection (CNUIC), Daejeon, Korea.

The genus Paraloconota was described as a subgenus of the genus Atheta by Cameron (1939) including seven species and he noted that it is similar to Aloconota Thomson, but can be distinguished by transverse impression of abdominal tergite IV and absence of tubercle of male tergite VII. Since then, Coiffait (1982) first treated it as a genus and described a new species. Pace (1993) proposed it as a subgenus of the genus Liogluta Thomson, 1858. Later, however, he (1998) treated it as a different genus related Liogluta. Smetana (2004) followed Coiffait (1982) and Pace (1998), and listed a subgenus Paraliogluta Pace of Liogluta as a synonym of Paraloconota. Members of the Paraloconota can be distinguished from other aleocharine genera by combination of the following characters: infraorbital carina incomplete or absent; labium with ligula divided in 2 lobes at base, lateral pseudopores absent on prementum; mesoventral process reaching to half length of mesocoxae, pointed at apex; metaventrite not produced between metacoxae narrowly separated; pubescence relatively long; legs long; empodial seta distinctly longer than claw; male tergite VII without tubercle; median lobe of aedeagus narrow apically in ventral aspect. (Cameron 1939, Pace 1991) The genus Paraloconota contains 26 species with a limited distribution in the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Smetana 2004) and they are usually found in the long moss attached to boulders in swiftly running mountain streams (Cameron 1939). While studying on Korean Athetini, the genus Paraloconota and a new species, P. koreana sp. n., are identified for the first time in Korea. Also we found that they are in agreement with the diagnostic characters of the tribe Geostibini Seevers, 1978 presented by Elven et al. (2012). In this study we transfer from Athetini to Geostibini and provide a habitus photograph and illustrations of the diagnostic characters of Paraloconota koreana sp. n..

In this paper, a mathematical model is developed for finding a degree of influence of risks affecting the project. At risk identification step, all risks are structured in forms of block diagrams after risks of project activities are identified. At risk analysis step, reliability functions are derived based on block diagrams of risks. Reliability function represents the probability of the project success. Based on the derived reliability functions, risks importance is defined as a criterion for expressing a degree of influence of each risk affecting the success of the project, which is. Risks importance includes the structural importance of risk, the probability of risk, and the impact of risk. It could be applied to determine the priorities of risks which should be controlled, and the use of such priorities could guarantee successful project activities. Finally, examples of the proposed mathematical models will be given.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the grip strength by the girth of upper arm and forearm and their muscle activities by duration of grip strength. The subjects were consisted of 20 healthy adults(10 males & 10 females) who had no medical history of neurological and surgical problems with their arms. Girth of upper arm/ forearm and maximum grip strength for 4sec and 30sec were measured. Muscle activity was by wireless electrode EMG system. Co-relation of girth of upper arm/ forearm was significantly high. Upper arm's muscle activity performed for 4sec and 30sec was significantly high. In this study. It suggests that training of upper arm should be performed with the training of grip strength because both of upper arm and forearm affected grip strength.