Bethylus Latreille, a type genus of the family Bethylidae, is represented by about 32 species and is recorded fromthe Palaearctic and the Nearctic regions. In East Asia, the genus has been reported from Far Eastern Russia, China andJapan. The genus was well-known as ectoparasitoid of micro-lepidopteran insects including gelechiids, coleophorids.As results of taxonomic study on Korean Bethylinae, the distribution of Bethylus is newly confirmed in South Koreaand the species was identified as B. fuscicornis (Jurine, 1807). We provide the description, diagnostic illustrations of B.fuscicornis and a key to Korean genus of Bethylinae.

Monsoma is a small and rarely collected genus within Allantinae, consisting of four species widely distributed in Palaearcticand Nearctic regions: M. faustum Zhelochovtsev, 1961; M. inferentium (Norton, 1868); M. pallipes (Matsumura, 1912);M. pulveratum (Retzius, 1783). This genus is morphologically similar to Empria Lepeletier & Serville, however, can bedistinguished by the abdominal terga without pale detached paired patches, cross-vein m-cu present and cell M closedon the hind wing.In the present study, the genus Monsoma is reported from South Korea for the first time based on M. pallipes. Adetailed redescription, photographs of the diagnostic characters are provided.

Pyraustinae and Spliomelinae are one of the largest subfamily in the family Crambidae, They are reported more than5,000 species in the world. The majority of them is distributed in tropical regions, also some species discovered intosubtropical and warm temperate areas. Laos has a tropical climate because it is located in Southeast Asia. but Laos properlyhas not studied moths diversity by the present.In the present study, we provided a checklist of the subfamily Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae from Laos, including adultphotographs, distributions.

The subfamily Yponomeutinae Stephens belongs to the family Yponomeutidae, with over 270 described species in theworld. Among them, about 120 species are distributed in Palearctic Region. In Korea, a total of twenty five species havebeen reported from Korea. First recording of this subfamily species is reported Park (1983), with 6 genera 11 speciesin Illustrated Flora & Fauna of Korea, Vol, 27. Bae & Byun (2003) reported four known species of this group: Yponomeutakanaiella, Y. montanatus, Y. sociatus, and Y. yanagawanus.In the present study, we provided a checklist of the subfamily Yponomeutinae with a newly recorded genus, includingadult and genital photographs in each genus.

The antioxidant and antitumor properties of natural products, often recognized in traditional medicine systems, represent therapeutic modalities to reduce or prevent uncontrolled oxidation processes which in turn potentially ameliorate or tumor based symptoms of chronic diseases. We have studied the antioxidant and antitumor effects of Amanita muscaria (A. muscaria) in vitro and examined whether the A. muscaria has synergistic effects on antioxidant and antitumor properties. Although A. muscaria induced a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity, the latter has a consistently higher antioxidant effect. In mouse monocytes, the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced tumor necrosis- (TNF-) synthesis was significantly inhibited by A. muscaria in a dose dependent manner and synergistic effects were clearly demonstrated with the A. muscaria on TNF- inhibition. A. muscaria effect was also evident on inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B activity, cyclooxygenase-II activity, and lipid peroxidation in mouse monocytes. This presented results may be a starting point for a comprehensive characterization of biological effects of A. muscaria.

Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae family) is effective to cholesterol lowering effect, increased immunity effect and whitening effect. P. multiflorum root is used for medicinal herb that can be used as raw material for food. In this study, acetic acid fermentation was adding extracts of P. multiflorum root (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%) for the developing healthy beverage. In this study, we investigated the contents of free sugars, organic acids and inorganic components of P. multiflorum root. As a result of free sugars from P. multiflorum root analysis, three kind of free sugars were determined the glucose, sucrose and lactose by HPLC. Four kind of organic acids were found in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root. And oxalic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid were detected in organic acids. The content of lactose and lactic acid in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root was the highest among the free sugars and organic acids. The content of minerals were in high orders of sodium > calcium > magnesium in P. multiflorum by acetic acid fermentation. The content of inorganic components was highest in lactic acid fermented solution with 5% and proportional to the content of P. multiflorum

The purpose of this study was to expand the utility of the Polygonum multiflorum. Also, we fermented P. multiflorum by mushroom mycelial, and analyzed for chemical compositions and biological active of fermented P. multiflorum root. The crude protein content did not show a significant difference between control and fermented P. multiflorum root, crude fat, ash and crude fiber content of fermented P. multiflorum root were lower than control. The content of soluble nitrogen free extract of P. multiflorum root was significantly higher than fermented P. multiflorum root. The major amino acids of P. multiflorum root were determined the arginine. The content of arginine and glutamic acid were 586.67 mg%, and 283.78 mg%, respectively. Sixteen kinds of amino acids were detected in fermented P. multiflorum root, and the major amino acids were determined the arginine and threonine. The total amino acid contents of control and fermented P. multiflorum root were 3,469.03 mg%, and 3,630 mg%, respectively. As the results of antioxidant activity test, the antioxidant capacity of fermented P. multiflorum had a higher than the control. As the mushroom fermentation progresses, it is confirmed that the amino acid content and antioxidant capacity were increased, and it is expected to develop the product using the fermented P. multiflorum using mushroom mycelials.

Lentinula edodes, a member of the Pleurotaceae, is a blood pressure and cholesterol lowering effect. Recently, research the reduction of irritation and the enhancement of function have been cultivation of natural resources using mushroom mycelium. For the development of food fermented with L. edodes mycelium of natural medicinal herb remnants, determined to be 20%, and the product were used after lyophilization. In this study, we were analyzed the contents of β-glucan and amino acids of fermented herb remnants by L. edoeds mycelials. β -Glucan is a type of polysaccharide that has immune-enhancing and is known to inhibit cancer cells. The content of β-glucan and total amino acids of fermented herb remnants by L. edoeds mycelials were 35.13% and 8,697.36 mg%, respectively. The content of essential amino acid from fermented herb remnants by L. edoeds mycelials was 3,226.85 mg%. Collectively, our findings suggest that fermented herb remnants by L. edoeds mycelials extract could be used as an chemo-preventive material for consumers.

β-glucan is a safe and highly potent biological response modifier that nutritionally activates the immune response through the Macrophage, Dendritic and additional immune cells to yield various therapeutic effects. Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) contanining β-glucans may be beneficial for human health; they have been used in the treatment of cancer, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels. The effect of different substrates and various developmental stages (mycelium growth, primordium appearance, and fruiting-body formation) on β-glucan production in the edible mushroom L. edodes was studied. The cap of the mature mushroom showed the highest β-glucan activity, and β-glucan activity seemed to be influenced somewhat by some well-known inducers or sawdust. In this study, we utilized five strains (JMI 10022, 10036, 10077, 10079, 10080) of L. edodes regardless of origin and growth conditions. This experiment showed that the expression of β-glucan was induced by glucose bond, and increased with the growing of L. edodes. Quantitatively, reverse transcription PCR utilized pairs of primers specific for β-glucan gene expression shows that expressed genes were most commonly indentified during the process of fruiting-body formation. We suggest that the results will provide valuable information to assist L. edodes industry.

There are about 15,000 kinds of mushrooms found worldwide and 2,000 kinds of edible mushrooms. There are about 1,500 kinds of mushrooms native to Korea, among which about 300 kinds of edible mushrooms are counted. In Korea, mainly Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom), Tricholoma matsutake (pine mushroom), and Sarcodon aspratus (Neungi mushroom) are edible, and they are imported from China due to insufficient production. The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional quality of Chinese and Korean frozen Tricholoma matsutake and Sarcodon aspratus. The crude fat content of frozen Tricholoma matsutake was 1.1 ~ 1.5% in Chinese and 0.5% in Korea. Korea products were lower than Chinese ones. The content of crude protein in Chinese was 16.4 ~ 20.9% and that of Korea was 21.2%. In crude ash content, there are some differences between regions. The crude protein content of frozen Sarcodon aspratus was 18.9% in Chinese and 19.4% in Korea. The crude fat content was 1.2% in Chinese and 0.9% in Korea. There was no significant difference in the contents of crude ash.

Recently, hair loss regarded as a mere means of middle-aged men due to stress and environmental pollution. The market for hair loss in Korea is about four trillion won and it is growing continuously. It is mainly made by mixing natural extracts such as medicinal plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 70% ethanol extracts of Phellinus linteus on the growth of fibroblasts, dermal papilla cells and lipid precursors, We want to try to make a materialization. The 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus on the cell viability of Human follicle dermal papilla cell (HFDPC), adipocyte (3T3-L1), fibroblast (CCD-986sk). The result the cell viability of HFDPC was increased according to the contents of ethanol extract of P. linteus. But the 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus showed weak inhibit activity in CCD-986sk cell growth. Also, the 70%　ethanol extract of P. linteus did not inhibit the growth of 3T3-L1 cells. As a result of this study, in-vitro hair growth activity of herbal medicines for hair material development was not shown to be toxic to HFDPC and 3T3-L1 cell. As a result, the 70% ethanol extracts of P. linteus have potential to developing hair-related product. Acknowledgement : This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE), Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region(R0005473)

Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae family) is effective to cholesterol lowering effect, increased immunity effect and whitening effect. P. multiflorum root is used for medicinal herb that can be used as raw material for food. In this study, acetic acid fermentation was adding extracts of P. multiflorum root(0%, 1%, 3%, 5%) for the developing healthy beverage. In this study, we investigated the contents of free sugars, organic acids and inorganic components of P. multiflorum root. As a result of free sugars from P. multiflorum root analysis, three kind of free sugars were determined the glucose, sucrose and lactose by HPLC. Four kind of organic acids were found in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root. And oxalic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid were detected in organic acids. The content of lactose and lactic acid in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root was the highest among the free sugars and organic acids. The content of minerals were in high orders of sodium> calcium> magnesium in P. multiflorum by acetic acid fermentation. The content of inorganic components was highest in lactic acid fermented solution with 5% and proportional to the content of P. multiflorum

This study was conducted to examine the effect of corn (Zea mays L.) - soybean (Glycine max L.) silage prepared by intercropping method on the nutritive value of the silage, in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, dry matter degradability, as well as milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. In a couple of experiments intercropped corn-soybean silage (CSBS) was compared with corn silage (CS) and/or Italian ryegrass hay (IRG). Numerically, CSBS had higher crude protein, ether extract, and lactic acid contents compared to CS. In vitro rumen fermentation analysis demonstrated that up to a 24-h incubation period, both CS and CSBS showed higher total gas production, ammonia N concentration, and dry matter degradability compared to IRG (p<0.05). The investigation on animals was conducted in a commercial dairy farm located in Gyeongju, South Korea, employing 42 Holstein cows that were divided into 2 group treatments: CS and CSBS in a completely randomized design. Although no significant difference was observed in milk yield, animals fed on CSBS showed significantly higher milk protein (p<0.05) and milk fat content (p<0.01), compared to animals fed on CS. Taken together, our findings indicate that corn-soybean silage that is cultivated, harvested, and prepared through intercropping can improve the protein content of the silage, and can also enhance in vitro rumen fermentation, dry matter degradability, and performance of dairy cattle.

Xenotransplantation is proposed as a solution to the problem of organ shortage. However, transplantation of xenogeneic organs induces an antigen-antibody reaction in α-1,3-gal structure that are not present in humans and primates, and thus complement is also activated and organs die within minutes or hours. In this study, we used FasL gene, which is involved in the immune response of NK cell, and US11, which suppresses MHC Class I cell membrane surface expression, to inhibit cell mediated rejection in the interspecific immunity rejection, and also hDAF(CD55) was introduced to confirm the response to C3 complement. These genes were tranfeced into Korean native pig fetal fibroblasts using pCAGGS vector. And cytotoxicity of NK cell and human complement was confirmed in each cell line. The US11 inhibited the cytotoxicity of NK cell and, in addition, the simultaneous expression of US11 and Fas ligand showed excellent suppress to T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, hDAF showed weak resistance to cytotoxicity of natural killer cell but not in CD8+ CTLs. Cytotoxicity study with human complement showed that hDAF was effective for reducing complement reaction. In this studies have demonstrated that each gene is effective in reducing immune rejection.

Al/expanded graphite was successfully synthesized through a facile method including ultrasonic and heat treatment. In the well-designed three dimensional structure, expanded graphite(EG) works as a conductive matrix to support coated Al particles. The effects of the fabrication parameters on the microstructures and thermal conductivities of these composites were investigated. As a result, it was found that composites with graphite volume fraction of 17.4-69.4% sintered at 600 oC/45 MPa exhibit in-plane thermal conductivities of 380-940 W/mK, over 90 % of the predictions by rule of mixture. According to the non-destructive analysis results, the synergistic enhancement was caused by the formation of efficient thermally conductive pathways due to the hybrid of the differently sized EG. The structure integrates the advantages of expanded graphite as a conductive support, preserving the electrode activity and integrity and improving the electrochemical performance.

The goal of this study is to get a better understanding of the relationship between online customer reviews (OCRs), product returns and sales after returns in online fashion. Furthermore, we generate deeper insights about the moderating role of mobile shopping usage, product involvement and brand equity in this context. We answer our research questions by empirically analyzing a unique data set from a European fashion e-commerce company. This study links a wide range of transaction data (2.5 billion page clicks, 46 thousand different products, 700 brands, 40 product categories, 72 million sold and 33 million returned items) with a large set of OCRs (0.9 million). Our results show that positive OCRs can lead to higher sales, lower returns, and better conversion rates. Considering higher search costs on mobile devices, we reveal a weaker impact of OCRs in the mobile than in the desktop sales channel. Furthermore, in line with involvement theory, we see a significant impact of product involvement in this context such as the influence of positive OCRs is stronger for high-involvement products than vice versa. Moreover, we find strong support for statements from brand signaling literature, that OCRs matter more for weak than for strong brands.

Over the last decades, the global luxury business has become dominated by large conglomerates. Backed by the financial power of their parent companies, formerly small and often family-owned brands have expanded their presence around the globe. They have established themselves in some of the most expensive shopping districts, acquired illustrious testimonials, and sponsored prestigious events. Almost overwhelmed by the omnipresence of luxury, consumers are said to have begun looking for the “genuine” and “unique,” favoring smaller, less homogenized and more intimate luxury brands not necessarily known to the larger public. This study thus looks beyond the well-known players in the luxury market and explores the differentiating strategies used by independent niche luxury companies. It aims to identify factors contributing to their success in a global market otherwise dominated by ever-growing luxury giants.

E-commerce is a global phenomenon that reshapes retailing and the appropriate multinational corporations. The goal of this study is to get a better understanding of the relationship between online customer reviews (OCRs), sales and sales after returns in the cross-national and cross-cultural context. We discuss our hypotheses by empirically analyzing a large and unique data set from a European fashion e-commerce company. This study links a wide range of transaction data (0.8 billion page clicks, 17 thousand different products, 499 brands, 50 product categories, 22 million sold and 11 million returned items) from six different countries (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland) with a large set of OCRs (0.7 million). Our results show that positive OCRs can lead to higher sales and sales after returns with considerable cross-country differences. We argue that differences in culture provide a substantial explanation for these effects by using Hofstede's cultural framework.

The objective of this paper is to: (1) examine the feasibility of using psychophysiological methods in luxury marketing; (2) compare the capability of psychophysiological methods to capture emotion beyond those measured by self-report methods; and (3) better under luxury consumers’ emotion processes. Measuring consumers’ emotion with self-report methods has remained a challenge in luxury marketing (Atwal & Williams, 2009; Kumar & Garg, 2010). In comparison to self-report measure, psychophysiological methods promise to provide a scientific, objective and sensitive measure of the neurophysiological basis of emotional processes (Karmarkar & Yoon, 2016; Li, Scott, & Walters, 2014; Wang & Minor, 2008). Yet, few studies in luxury marketing have used these methods. In this study, brain wave analysis, heart rate, skin conductance, and facial expression will therefore be used to investigate consumers’ emotional response toward luxury marketing stimuli. The findings of this study will therefore provide both researchers and managers a test of concept to apply multiple psychophysiological methods in luxury marketing. This provide potential avenues for managers to better understand and manage the unobservable psychological processes that underlie luxury consumers’ behaviour.

A growing number of authors state that in recent years the notion of luxury has become all too common. Many say that authenticity is the real rare good in today’s luxury marketplace. Overwhelmed by the omnipresence of luxury and its homogenization, consumers are said to start looking for the genuine and unique, favoring smaller, more intimate and independent luxury brands. This study looks beyond well-known global players in the luxury marketplace, exploring the identities of independent niche luxury companies, their differentiating characteristics and in particular the role of authenticity. Keywords: corporate identity; corporate image; authenticity; luxury brand management; niche luxury brands; independent luxury brands