This study was set up to get plants from anther culture of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) gardenmum cultivar “Yes Morning’ and potmum cultivar “Peace Pink” for breeding program. The induction of callus was quick and high on MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of 2,4-D + 2.0 mg/L of 6-BA + 4% W/V sucrose. Induction potential was slightly increased by addition of 250 mg/L Casein hydrolysate to the induction medium. Calluses were allowed to differentiate on MS basal medium + 2.0 mg/L of BA + 0.1 mg/L of NAA + 3%W/V sucrose. The rate of callus formation differed little between the cultivars. A pretreatment of anthers at 4℃ for 48h enhanced both the induction and differentiation ratio. Multiple shoots were initiated from most of the calluses and were shifted to MS basal medium + 0.1 mg/L of NAA + 3%W/V sucrose for rooting. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the soil. Some of the regenerated plants showed slow growth with little morphological difference.

This study histologically describes the intersexuality of Scomberomorus niphonius collected from the coastal area near Jeju Island. A total of 126 S. niphonius, collected from March to July 2012 with a total length of 62.4 cm (±17.5) and a total weight of 1,701.9 g (±1,528.9) were used for analyses. From a histological perspective, two types of intersex were confirmed. One type had scattered germ cells from the opposite sex within the gonad. The second type developed germ cells from the opposite sex in the connective tissue of the outer gonadal membrane. The intersexuality was 14.3% (n=18/126), with females (21.3%; n=16/75) exhibiting a higher rate than males (3.9%; n=2/51). There was no displayed correlation between intersexuality and the total length and weight.

ARGO-M is a satellite laser ranging (SLR) system developed by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute with the consideration of mobility and daytime and nighttime satellite observation. The ARGO-M optical system consists of 40 cm receiving telescope, 10 cm transmitting telescope, and detecting optics. For the development of ARGO-M optical system, the structural analysis was performed with regard to the optics and optomechanics design and the optical components. To ensure the optical performance, the quality was tested at the level of parts using the laser interferometer and ultra-high-precision measuring instruments. The assembly and alignment of ARGO-M optical system were conducted at an auto-collimation facility. As the transmission and reception are separated in the ARGO-M optical system, the pointing alignment between the transmitting telescope and receiving telescope is critical for precise target pointing. Thus, the alignment using the ground target and the radiant point observation of transmitting laser beam was carried out, and the lines of sight for the two telescopes were aligned within the required pointing precision. This paper describes the design, structural analysis, manufacture and assembly of parts, and entire process related with the alignment for the ARGO-M optical system.

This paper describes Declination interpolation method in the application of Digital Magnetic Compass(DMC) with small capacity memory for relatively low-priced system. The purpose of this study is to find accurate declination values using Declination Lookup Table(DLT) and Secular Variation Table(SVT) with the Bilinear interpolation method having four points data only. World Magnetic Model with Gauss coefficients produced by NOAA is used in the calculation of DLT and SVT at desired years. To verify the applicability of the proposed method, the simulation tests and the error analysis are carried out in this work. As results from tests, the interpolation error is within 0.01 degree that is much enough to implement high accurate DMC comparing with commercial DMCs on the market. In summary, the declination interpolation method, proposed in this study, can be useful in the application of DMC.

This study was done to characterize the anther derived regenerants (R1) including haploids and spontaneous diploids of minipaprika (cvs.‘Vine sweet-red’ ‘Vine sweet-yellow’ and ‘Vine sweet-orange’) in glasshouse. Eleven haploids (three, seven and one from red, yellow and orange, respectively) and sixteen spontaneous diploids (five, nine and two from red, yellow and orange, respectively) were grown in plastic pot with three (red, yellow and orange) anther donor (R0) F1minipaprika varieties. Regenerants were characterized for their plant and fruit characters as well as their fruit color and shape. The homozygosity of spontaneous diploid plants of each population was assessed using simple-sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. Haploid plants were characterized by reduced plant height, small leaves, short petiole and internode and small flower bud and all haploids showed the sterility and vice-versa in spontaneous diploid lines. The fruit biometrical traits exhibited greater variation within the spontaneous diploid plants and average value of quantitative traits is lower than standard varieties. MR-4 gave the highest yield (150.5 g) per plant followed by MY-6 (140.0 g) and MY-8 (130.5 g) and the lowest in MY-5 (31.5 g). Morphological marker such as fruit color further determinedthe microspore origin of androgenic diploids obtained in anther culture of ‘Vine sweet-red’. Of the fifteen spontaneous diploid plants, fourteen plants were identified as doubled haploids using microsatellite markers (SSR), and these homozygous lines are recommended to use in minipaprika breeding program.

Reliable and precise techniques for targeting modification of plant genomes have been explored in plant breeding communities. Initiated in the animal genome first, now the genome editing tool using a nuclease has been reported in some plant species including Arabidopsis, Maize, Tobacco, and other model systems. When the artificial nuclease is introduced into a plant cell and breaks the genomic sites randomly, endogenously operating DNA-repair mechanisms including non-homologous end joining(NHEJ) or homologous recombination(HR) are anticipated, leading to insertion of foreign DNA or deletion of the target locus, which collectively allows changes in plant traits of interest. Traditionally custom designed for induction of double-strand DNA break(DSB) at a predetermined locus was based on zinc-finger nuclease which contains nonspecific cleavage domains with target specificities of DNA binding zinc finger domains(three to four). The binding domains containing more than 20 DNA bases with high affinity to the target gene enable recognition of the locus efficiently. From this project, we focus on a petunia chalcone synthase(CHS) as a model system. The engineered nuclease will target the CHS gene, which is expected to be modified either constitutely or transiently. The derived transformed plants will be genetically or phenotypicly screened, along with molecular confirmation analysis by using various tools. We eventually extend the tools to various crop species and target genes, which makes the brand-new breeding technique more reliable and robust.

The plant family chrysanthemum is known for its medicinal, ornamental, and economic purposes. Owing to its economic and biological significance to the difficult identification based on morphological characters, it is useful to develop DNA barcodes. DNA sequence data enable not only the inference of phylogenetic relationships but also provide an efficient method for species-level identifications under terms DNA barcoding or DNA taxonomy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of DNA barcoding in discriminating Chrysanthemum species. Four cpDNA regions (matK, rpoC, rpoB, trnH-psbA) and one nuclear (ITS) marker have sequenced from 28 specimens of 11 species from 4 genera of Chrysanthemum which were collected from 5 provinces in Korea. Comparisons of within and between species levels of sequence divergence showed that genetic variation between species exceeds variation within species.

Allele mining in starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) has facilitated the discovery of desired natural sequence variations for eating quality in rice. This study investigated the sequence variations from 10 SSRGs, and further evaluated their relationship with the amylose content (AC) and rapid viscosity analysis profiles in a global collection of rice accessions by association mapping (AM). In total, 83 sequence variations were found in 10 sequenced amplicons, including 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), eight insertion-deletions (InDels) and two polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Four subpopulations were identified by population structure analysis based on 170 genome-wide SSR genotypes. AM revealed 11 significant associations between three phenotypic indices and three sequence variations. One SNP with a g/c transversion at the 63rd nucleotide downstream of the OsBEIIb gene termination codon on rice chromosome 2 was significantly associated with multiple trait indices in both the general linear and mixed linear models (GLM and MLM), including the final viscosity (p < 0.001, R2 = 23.87%) in both 2009 and 2010, and AC (p < 0.01, R2 = 11.25%) and trough viscosity (p < 0.01, R2 = 20.43) in 2010. This study provides a new perspective of allele mining for breeding strategies based on marker-assisted selection.

최근 생물다양성 협약의 발효로 유전자원 사용에 제한이 있게 되면서 국내 재래종 유전자원에 대한 유전변이 평가를 통한 육종소재로 활용 가능한 유용유전자원 확보는 대단히 중요한 과제로 대두 되었다. 그 중 벼 육종에 있어서 도열병 저항성은 재배안전성 측면에서 가장 중요한 형질 중의 한가지로서 많이 연구 되었는데 효율적인 수단으로는 저항성이 증대된 신품종을 육종하는 것이 가장 효율적인 방법이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 재래종 벼 품종들에 대해 주요 도열병 저항성 유전자를 탐색 하고 재래종 벼의 유전적 특성을 분석하여 벼 품종육성의 기초자료로 제공하고자 수행하였다. 선행연구에서 보고된 도열병 유전자 정보를 이용하여 국내 재래종 벼를 대상으로 분석한 결과, 홍도, 홍사도, 사두초, 앵미, 효성재래종, 적선, 선, 한양조, 백곡나 등에서 Pi-b 저항성 유전자가 탐색 되었다. 추후 국내 재래종 유전자원은 병저항성 육성 소재로 활용 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

Rumen fermentative characteristic is useful indicators of the quality of ruminant feed stuffs and diets. An in vitro rumen fermentation experiment was therefore carried out to compare fermentation patterns among three forage sources. These were whole crop barley (WCBS), Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) and rice straw silages (RSS). Rice straw (RS) was the control, making the treatments 4 in total. Forages were randomly allocated to serum bottles. The incubation times were arranged 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h at 39℃, respectively. Each forage source was replicated 3 times per incubation time. At each sampling time, total gas and pH were measured, whilst individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs), total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were determined later after storing samples at -20℃. Acetate: Propionate ratio (A/P) was then calculated. Forage source had a significant effect (P

토지이용의 다양성은 각종 오염물질이 흡착된 다양한 입자 축적을 유발하며, 강우에 의하여 수계로 유출되어 퇴적층을 형성하게 되고 장기적으로 내부수질오염의 원인이 된다. 이러한 퇴적층은 수층에 영향을 끼치는 내부오염원으로 인식되고 있지만 오염도를 평가할 수 있는 기준은 현재 존재하고 있지 않다. 또한 퇴적물의 관리기준은 관리대상 및 사용목적에 따라 다양한 형태로 임시방편으로 정해지고 있기 때문에 체계적 퇴적물 관리기준이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 다양한 토지이용에서 발생하는 퇴적물의 물리화학적 특성을 비교분석하여 퇴적물 관리 대책 수립에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고 적정한 관리방안을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위한 퇴적물 채취 위치는 충남 천안시에 위치하는 포장지역, 충남 논산시 연무읍에 위치한 축산단지와 전북 새만금 사업지구에 위치한 동경강과 만경강 하천지점 등에서 수행되었다. 시료채취는 포장지역의 경우 교란 시료 4회, 하천지역은 교란 및 비교란 시료를 각각 총 7회, 축사지역은 교란 시료 2회, 비교란 시료 15회를 수행하였다. 채취한 퇴적물은 토양오염공정시험방법과 ICP를 이용하여 유기물, 영양염류 및 중금속의 분석과 입도분석을 수행하였다. 토지이용별 퇴적물의 물리·화학적 분석 결과 포장지역은 대부분 입자가 큰 모래로 구성되었으며 IL이 43.92% COD가 43.88g/kg으로 가장 높았다. 또한 하천과 축사지역은 실트 및 모래로 분포되었으며 축사지역에서는 TN이 1.22g/kg, TP가 1.34g/kg으로 가장 높게 나타났다. COD：TN：TP비는 포장지역의 경우 66：8：1로 총인함량에 비해 유기물 함량이 가장 높았으며 축사지역은 21：5：1로 질소 과다함량으로 나타났다. 반면 하천지역은 12：1：1로 자정작용으로 인한 유기물 제거 또는 인의 과다로 판단된다. 반면 중금속의 경우 모든 토지이용에서 한국, 미국 및 캐나다의 오염기준치 이하로 폐기물이 아닌 토양으로의 활용이 가능한 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 하천의 퇴적물 제거기준과 유기물 및 영양염류의 오염도를 비교한 결과 제거가 필요한 것으로 포장지역은 도로청소, 비점오염원 저감시설 설치, 하천지역은 생태습지조성, 하천정화 활동, 축사지역은 가축분뇨 저감 및 배출관리 등으로 제안한다.

Early pregnancy loss in humans, which often occurs due to defects that occur before, during or immediately after implantation, is a worldwide social and economic concern. For successful implantation to occur in the receptive uterus, the blastocyst must also attain implantation competency. The first evidence that the state of activity of the blastocyst determines the “window” of implantation in the receptive uterus was derived from reciprocal blastocyst transfer experiments in a delayed implantation mouse model. This model is a powerful approach to define the molecular signaling components that direct blastocyst activation or dormancy. Nearly 100 mammals in seven different orders undergo delayed implantation, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. There is evidence that catecholestrogens produced from primary estrogens in the uterus activate blastocysts. Another lipid signaling molecule that targets blastocysts is an endocannabinoid anandamide, which activates G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Expression of CB1 in the Tr, and uterine synthesis of anandamide, suggest that endocannabinoid signaling is critical to implantation in mice. Levels of uterine anandamide and blastocyst CB1 are coordinately downregulated with the attainment of uterine receptivity and blastocyst activation, respectively, in contrast to their elevated levels in the nonreceptive uterus and dormant blastocysts. Anandamide regulates blastocyst function by differentially modulating MAPK signaling and Ca2+channelactivityviaCB1. Using delayed implantation model, a global gene expression study showed that these two different physiological states of the blastocyst are molecularly distinguishable. The main functional categories of altered genes include cell cycle, cell signaling and energy metabolic pathways. This study also showed an upregulated expression of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in activated blastocysts and is complementary to earlier reports of upregulated expression of its receptor ErbB1 and ErbB4 in similar blastocysts. Recently, we demonstrated that silencing of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling in mice does not adversely affect the development of preimplantation embryos to blastocysts and uterine preparation for receptivity, but, remarkably, blocks blastocyst competency to implantation. A coordinated activation of canonical Wnt-beta-catenin signaling with Cox-2-PPARd signaling pathway ensures blastocyst competency to implantation. These findings constitute novel evidence that Wnt signaling is at least one pathway that determines blastocyst competency for implantation. More insight into the molecular basis of blastocyst competency for implantation might help to improve pregnancy rates in human IVF programs.

Objectives: This study is aimed at identifying the influential factors on the pulmonary function of ordinary residents in the surrounding areas of Yeosu Industrial Complex. Methods: The PFT (Pulmonary Function Test) was conducted on the target residents numbering 989 people (male 361, female 628). The exposed group (813 people) resided within the radius of 5km from Yeosu Industrial Complex and the control group (176 people) resided in the radius of more than 15 km from May 2007 to November 2007. The survey also took into account other factors including personal characteristics, life habits, respiratory diseases and allergic symptoms, medical histories, and the living environments of the residents in order to further identify influential factors on pulmonary function. Result: When comparing the PFT values of the exposure groups to the control group of the same city, values of the exposure groups were meaningfully lower with an %FEV1 of 107.05% and %FVC of 100.28%. Conversely, the control group reported an %FEV1 and %FVC of 107.26% and 102.85% respectively, indicating that ambient air pollutants reduce lung function. The odds ratio of asthma diagnosis history increased when a subjects residence was close to a heavily trafficked road, traffic amount was huge, a bed was used, and the family had less than four members. However the results were not statistically meaningful. The odds ratios of abnormal pulmonary function were statistically higher among those with asthma(OR=4.29, CI=1.75-10.56), wheezing (OR=2.59, CI=1.24-5.41), and nasal congestion (OR=2.87, CI=1.36-6.08) (p<0.01). The factors affecting FEV1 were symptoms including asthma, passive smoking and allergic eye disease (R2=0.049, p<0.001). For the FVC symptoms including asthma (R2=0.014, p<0.001) were measured. The analysis showed that FVC decreased with increases in O3 and CO(p<0.01). Furthermore, FEV1 decreased with increases in O3(p<0.01). Conclusions: These results will provide preliminary data for establishing responsive measures to protect the health of residents in industrial complexes from air pollution, and to develop lasting environmental health policies.

우라늄 오염토양을 동전기제염 시 많은 양의 동전기 침출액이 발생한다. 발생된 우라늄 침출액을 재이 용하기 위한 처리기술이 개발되었다. 동전기제염 시 발생된 우라늄침출액 내의 우라늄농도는 180 ppm이 었고, Mg(II), K(I), Fe(II), Al(III) 농도는 20 ppm∼1,210 ppm이었다. 우라늄침출액의 최적 처리공정은 혼합, 응집, 침전, 농축, 그리고 여과로 구성된다. 침전액의 pH를 11로 맞추기 위해, calcium hydroxide 는 3.0g/100ml 그리고 sodium hydroxide는 2.7g/100ml이 필요했다. 여러 침전실험 결과 NaOH+0.2g alum+0.15g magnetite가 여과를 위한 최적 침전혼합제로 선정되었다. NaOH+0.2g alum+0.15g magnetite 투입 시 침전입자의 평균크기는 600 ㎛이었다. pH=9에서 침전 후 상등액에 총 금속농도가 가 장 낮았기 때문에, 최적 침전을 위하여 먼저 0.2g/100 ml alum와 0.15g/100ml magnetite 투입한 후pH=9일 때까지 sodium hydroxide을 투입하여야 한다