스티픈 밀러의 『일요일의 특이한 이력』은 대서양 양안의 영어 사용 저술가 들의 일요일에 관한 다양한 생각을 살피는 책이다. 그들 중에는 목사, 화가, 소 설가, 시인, 철학자, 비평가 등이 포함된다. 밀러는 기독교인들을 대강 세 그룹 즉 준수자들, 실천하지 않는 자들, 타락한 자들로 나누었다. 준수자들에게 일요 일은 성일이며, 또 다른 이들에게 일요일은 성일이자 휴일이다. 일요일을 성일 로 아는 사람들은 보통 엄격한 일요일 준수로 몰아가는 안식일 준수자라 불린 다. 안식일 준수 가정에서 자란 작가들은 대개 우울한 일요일을 지냈으며 그들 은 어린 시절의 경험에 대하여 부정적으로 반응하였다. 일요일에 관한 논쟁들은 종교개혁 이후 역사를 통하여 성과 속 두 축 사이에서 우왕좌왕하는 흐름을 이 루어 온 것으로 보인다. 현재 철저한 안식일 준수 강조의 힘이 약하지만, 곧 강 한 힘으로 돌아올 수 있을 것이다. 밀러의 책은 많은 자료를 섭렵하였다. 매우 흥미롭고 지식이 풍부한 책이지만 가끔 산만한 것이 흠이다.

This paper explores the field of reparations for historical injustices as an expression of the juridification of international affairs. Following Michael Mann, it examines the ideological, military, political, and economic reasons for the spread of reparations politics and the different meanings that the notion of reparations may have. This is explicated on the basis of the UN’s Basic Guidelines on the Right to Reparation for Gross Violations of Human Rights, a crucial foundation for the pursuit of reparations in contemporary life.

교정제도는 최근 많은 변화를 겪었다. 이러한 변화들은 형량 감소에서부터 범죄자 교화 프로그램(rehabilitative program)의 변화까지 다양하며, 어떤 정책과 전략들이 가장 효과적이고 사회에 유익한지에 대한 연구조사를 바탕으로 이루어졌다. 미국 교도소 수감인원이 지난 40년동안 급격히 증가했고, 이러한 증가는 교도소의 과밀화뿐만 아니라 재소자들을 수감하는데 많은 세금이 필요하다는 이유에서 많은 변화를 필요로 하였다. 수감인원의 급속한 확산(epidemic of incarceration)은 교화와 교육, 징역형 등 현재 사법제도가 효율적인가에 대해 의문을 제기하는 사람들이 점점 늘어났다. 특히 약물사범(drug offenses)과 같은, 필요하다면 교화프로그램이나 벌금, 사회봉사, 보호관찰 등으로 대체할 수 있는 비폭력적인 범죄에 대한 의무적인 징역형에 관하여 비판이 많았다. 그 후 비폭력적인 범죄자들을 장기간 투옥시키는 것은 범죄를 다시 재발시킨다는 것을 연구를 통해 알아냈고 회전문처럼 수감자들이 들락날락 거리는 상황이었던 것이다. 아직 국가적으로는 갈 길이 멀지만 몇몇 주(States)는 수감인원 감소를 위해 징역을 대체할 방법 연구를 시작했고 약간의 성공적인 수치를 얻었다. 가장 철저하게 재소자들 수를 줄일 수 있는 방법은 교화를 통해 근본적인 범죄자들의 재범을 감소시키는 방법이다. 이를 통해 재소자 수는 감소하고 그에 따라 감옥으로 되돌아가는 것 대신 법을 지키는 시민으로써 사회로 복귀하게 된다. 교화방법은 어려운 도전이다. 사실 개개인들의 범죄는 법을 어기게 된 각자의 사연과 이유가 있기 때문에 그에 맞춰 교화프로그램과 교화프로그램이 필요한 재소자에게 사용 가능하도록 개선시키기 위해 논의 해야할 게 많다.

In response to the 2008 global financial crisis, many of the world’s largest central banks initiated unconventional monetary policies such as quantitative easing when standard open market operations became ineffective. The Bank of Japan, the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of England and the European Community Bank were among those that aggressively increased their respective monetary bases to purchase specified financial assets from commercial banks and financial institutions in order to lower interest rates interest rates for specific debt securities and stimulate their economies. Japan, which has long suffered from years of debilitating deflationary cycles, has targeted and committed to open-ended purchases until a stable two percent rate of consumer price inflation is achieved. Several of Japan’s chief exporting rivals, in particular China, have publicly criticized the Bank of Japan for using its current monetary policy to intentionally devalue its currency and thereby benefit from an unfair trade practice. This criticism is unwarranted and Japan’s policy complies with international law.

We previously developed a novel attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Typhimurium) △lon△cpxR vaccine. This study was conducted in order to examine whether this vaccine could effectively protect growing piglets against Salmonella infection. Pregnant sows in group A were primed and boosted with the vaccine, whereas pregnant sows in group B received sterile PBS-sucrose. After farrowing, newborn piglets in groups A and B were challenged with a wild type virulent S. Typhimurium at three weeks of age. During the study, serum IgG titers of piglets in group A were significantly higher than those of piglets in group B (P<0.001). In addition, clinical signs were observed in 5.9% of piglets in group A during the entire experimental period after the challenge, while diarrhea was observed in 81.6% of piglets in group B. These results indicate that vaccination of the pregnant sows resulted in effective protection in piglets against Salmonella infection.

서평

이 서평은 위의 3작가의 작품을 최근 아일랜드 소절의 중심적 작품으로 본다.

HACCP is applicable when there are control measures which can be applied to prevent, eliminate, or reduce the occurrence of a food safety hazard to a consumer, but much of the life cycle of a food does not lend itself to strict application of HACCP principles. FSIS HACCP is mandatorily applied to meat and poultry slaughter and processing establishments to reduce harmful bacteria on their products. FSIS manages the HACCP plants under continuous inspection of the FSIS inspectors: Inspector in Charge (IIC), Public Health Veterinarian (PHV), on line/off line Consumer Safety Inspectors (CSI). More than 7,600 inspection personnel inspect nearly 6,500 meat, poultry, and egg processing plants, and verify that regulations regarding food safety and other consumer protection concerns are met. But only half of violations observed are recorded on the non-compliance report due to inspector shortages. The change from traditional sanitation system to HACCP system has been difficult because of several factors: Lack of technical expertise in processing facilities makes a scientific hazard analysis difficult, preventive measures and validation efforts are not supported by data, plant management and inspectors concentrate on what they know, plants are still very dependent on the regulatory agency for guidance, focus is on regulatory procedures more than determining food safety issues, and also plants are less efficient at producing and maintaining records that are not specifically tied to production lots. However HACCP is an effective tool in food safety continuum.

Successful in vitro embryo production heavily relies on the normal maturation and fertilisation of oocytes. We examined the normal and abnormal fertilisation of zebu cattle oocytes matured in vitro. Immature cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) from zebu cattle ovaries at slaughter were matured in vitro (IVM) for 24 h. The oocytes were either fixed, stained and examined for nuclear changes or fertilised in vitro (IVF) with Percoll-separated, heparintreated spermatozoa (1.0 /mL) of zebu (n = 7) and crossbred bulls (n = 7). After 18 h of sperm-COCs co-incubation at C with 5% in humidified air, the presumptive zygotes were fixed, stained and examined for pronuclei. The number of oocytes retrieved per ovary was 5.4 0.7. The percentage of matured oocytes was 73.0. The difference in motility of spermatozoa before and after Percoll seperation was significant (p<0.001). The percentages of normal and abnormal fertilisation (polyspermia and oocytes with one pronucleus) varied significantly depending on individual bulls (p<0.05). A protocol for IVF of IVM oocytes in Bangladeshi zebu cattle is developed. A future study may elucidate the capacity of such IVM-IVF oocytes to develop to the blastocyst stage for transfer to surrogate mother.

This article explores “the Japanese advantage”in the enforcement of ex ante contract commitments in comparison with the United States, arguing that ostensible convergence of Japanese and United States contract practice in on—going business relationships is based on very different assumptions and conditions. Writing in the early 1960s Takeyoshi Kawashima in Japan and Stewart Macaulay in the United States described prevailing views and practices related to business agreements. Their respective observations indicated a tendency in both countries to avoid formal, legally enforceable contacts. For over four decades scholars on both sides of the Pacific have tended view these observations as grounds for arguing for a convergence of contract practice. Recent research efforts have attempted to verify empirically such convergence. On closer examination, however, the conclusions reached by Kawashima and Macaulay rest on very different assumptions. For Kawashima the avoidance of formal contact appears to be based on a desire to avoid the enforcement of ex ante commitments by those who perceive that their bargaining leverage will remain intact throughout an on—going business relationship, thus enabling them to adjust unilaterally to changing circumstances. Similarly enforceable ex ante contractual commitments may also be viewed as less advantageous to those who may have the disadvantage in bargaining leverage at the time of the contracting to the extent that they perceive that they may gain greater ex post leverage. Macaulay, on the other hand emphasized the transactions costs of formal contracting and uncertainty of enforcement that reduced the efficacy of ex ante commitments. This article explores the predicates for both positions. It concludes that with respect to the concerns raised by Macaulay, Japan has a comparative advantage. Because of the organization and values of Japanese judges as well as the legal rules related to both excused non—performance as a result of changing circumstances, the legal rules favor greater certainty in the enforcement of ex ante commitments thereby supporting Kawashima’s foundational observations. Similarly, the greater uncertainty of enforcement as well as the flexibility of the legal rules on impracticability as well as contract termination in the United States justifies Macaulay’s conclusions. Japan’s loss of advantage in terms of effective formal enforcement of contract rights, it is argued, is counter—balanced by the strength of supportive mechanisms of private ordering.

The incidence of oral cancer varies widely worldwide. Its treatment often produces significant functiona l and cosmetic morbidity and its mortality continues to be high. Strategies for diagnosing, managing and preventing the disease must be based on an understanding of r isk factors and the pathogenesis of the disease locally. The World Health Organizat ion has documented that few countries have a comprehensive a pproach to the diagnosis , management and prevention of cancer at various anatomic sites. This presentation will review the United States’ experience with oral cancer and its strategies fo1' affecting incidence and prognosis . The greatest obs tacles are often political and economic, not scientific.