Background: Static hamstring stretching exercises have been widely used to improve flexibility of the hamstring muscles. However, few studies have examined the influence of standing static hamstring stretching (e.g., jack-knife stretching) on movements of the lumbopelvic–hip complex. Objectives: To examine the short-term effects of jack-knife stretching on movements of the lumbopelvic–hip complex. Design: Case series. Methods: Fourteen participants with hamstring tightness (8 male, 6 female) were recruited. Participants performed jack-knife stretching for 150 s. Before and after stretching, participants performed the finger-to-floor distance (FFD), sit and reach (SRT), active knee extension (AKE), passive straight leg raising (PSLA), and active straight leg raising (ASLR) tests as well as pelvic tilt while standing to identify the effects of stretching. Results: There were significant improvements in the FFD, SRT, AKE, PSLA, and ASLR tests after stretching. However, pelvic tilt angle while standing did not significantly change. Conclusion: Jack-knife stretching can be a useful exercise to improve flexibility of the hamstring muscles, but not pelvic alignment while standing.

최근에 감에서 떫은맛을 조절하는 AST에 연관된 지역에서 분자 표지들이 개발되었다. 이중에서 sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker는 5R region에 인접한 지역에서 개발되었다. 하지만 이 SCAR마커는 분석 방법이 다소 복잡하고 해석이 어려워 많은 교배실생을 분석할 경우에는 적합하지 않다. 우리는 5R 지역의 sequences에 기반하여 high-resolution melting (HRM)-based 분자 표지를 개발하였다. 개발된 HRM preimer set을 8개 품종의 단감 및 떫은감에 대해 적용한 결과 단감 품종에서는 직선을 나타낸 반면 떫은감 품종에서는 다양한 크기의 곡선으로 나타나서 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 이번 연구에서 개발된 HRM primer set은 분자 표지를 활용한 감 품종 육성 연구에 매우 효율적으 로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study examines whether the lexical pitch accent of the Kyungsang dialect and /wɑ/ monophthongization are imitated by Seoul dialect speakers in an auditory naming task. The goal of the study relates to what is imitated in the phonetic signal. To answer this question, the study examines how relative salience between two linguistic features affects phonetic accommodation. Fifty words as produced by a speaker of the Kyungsang dialect served as stimuli for a shadowing task. The first and second formants of disyllabic words containing the diphthong /wɑ/ and the F0 of disyllabic words with the HL tone were acoustically analyzed for phonetic accommodation. Overall, the results suggest that in terms of the diphthong /wɑ/, participants were more likely to converge toward the Kyungsang model talker, producing their vowel as more monothongized. With respect to the lexical pitch accent, participants were less likely to converge to the model talker, producing the target words with the same tone.

We propose semi-analytic models for the electron momentum distribution in weak shocks that accounts for both in situ acceleration and re-acceleration through diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). In the former case, a small fraction of incoming electrons is assumed to be reflected at the shock ramp and pre-accelerated to the so-called injection momentum, pinj, above which particles can diffuse across the shock transition and participate in the DSA process. This leads to the DSA power-law distribution extending from the smallest momentum of reflected electrons, pref, all the way to the cutoff momentum, peq, constrained by radiative cooling. In the latter case, fossil electrons, specified by a power-law spectrum with a cutoff, are assumed to be re-accelerated from pref up to peq via DSA. We show that, in the in situ acceleration model, the amplitude of radio synchrotron emission depends strongly on the shock Mach number, whereas it varies rather weakly in the re-acceleration model. Considering the rather turbulent nature of shocks in the intracluster medium, such extreme dependence for the in situ acceleration might not be compatible with the relatively smooth surface brightness of observed radio relics.

비고츠스키(Vygosky)의 사회문화 이론은 특히 제2외국어 학습에 있어서 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 학생들은 협동적인 학습 활동을 하면서 영어를 더 잘 배우고 성장하며 발전한다. 게다가 쓰기단계는 사회적 상호작용을 통해 복잡한 인식과정을 거쳐 향상되고 발전한다. 본 논문은 쓰기 수업을 하는 학생들로부터 피드백을 도출하기 위해 구글 독스(Google Docs)를 이용하여 사회문화이론이 쓰기수업에 어떻게 적용되었는지를 설명하고자 한다. 본 연구는 한국 모 대학의 영어수업에서 진행되었고, 참가자는 영어교육과 학생 11명이다. 연구자는 반성적 실천(Reflective Practice), 비계설정(Scaffolding), 동료 피드백 촉진(Peer Feedback Facilitation) 등의 과정을 통해 강사가 학생들이 한 문장에서 시작하여 단락까지 씀으로써 결국은 영어로 에세이를 쓸 수 있게 효과적으로 준비할 수 있었다. 이 연구에서 다섯 단락 정도의 에세이를 쓸 수 있을 만큼 학생들의 작문실 력은 향상되었고, 격려를 통해 서로 성장하고 발전할 수 있었다. 또한 이 과정에서 학생들의 사회적 기술과 공감능력이 향상되었고 수업 분위기도 개선되었다. 이러한 기술적인 동료 피드백은 동기부여를 위한 효율적인 방식이며, 학생들에게는 영어쓰기학습에서 자신감을 주는 것으로 나타난다. 사회문화이론의 적용을 통해 학생들은 제2외국어에 대한 지식을 습득 하고 더 발전시킬 수 있으며, 낮은 단계의 이해에서 더 높은 수준의 지식 으로 나아가게 하는 상호작용의 시너지를 만들어 낸다.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of implementing the language socialization approach in multimodal literacy practices. This paper begins by briefly introducing and discussing the language socialization paradigm, such as the brief history, methodological principles, and research contexts. Then, it is discussed how language socialization research has studied multiple semiotic resources of meaning-making in terms of two broad categories: linguistic- and multimodal resources. Additionally, the paper presents how analytic attention to multiple semiotic modes is used and contributes to language socialization research. Finally, the paper discusses how language socialization research theory, methods, and findings relate to multimodality; it address ways in which the language socialization approach frames multimodality, and vice versa.

This study recognizes the seriousness of poverty experienced by elderly women in Korea and to examine the relationship between various variables based on their understanding of the happiness they seek. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 293 poor elderly women over the age of 65 on social policy, social support, and happiness. From the collected data, it was confirmed whether satisfaction with two social policies, the national pension and the basic pension, affects the happiness of the poor. And it analyzed whether social support acts as a mediator in the path of the research model designed in this study. The analysis results of this study are as follows. First, through the verification, the reliability of the measured variables was secured, and it has been confirmed that the model designed in this study is a model that describes the relationship between social policy and the happiness of poor elderly women. Second, as a result of analyzing the effect of social policy on the happiness of the elderly in poverty, it was found that the national pension system and the basic pension system had a significant positive effect on the happiness of the poor elderly women. Finally, it was analyzed that there was a more positive effect when there was a mediating effect of social support in the relationship between social policy and the happiness of poor elderly women. Furthermore, based on the results of this study, the policy and practice direction for improving the happiness of the elderly in poverty were presented.