Wind turbines are designed and analyzed using simulation tools capable of predicting the coupled dynamic loads and responses of the system. In this paper, an overview of the capabilities of a Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tool called FAST or Fatigue, Aerodynamic, Structures, and Turbulence in modeling wind turbines in different depths of water will be presented. Different offshore wind turbine support systems structures will be discussed. These support systems are classified into three categories according to the water depth, namely, shallow water, translational water and deep water depths. This paper will be focusing on the support structures used in translational and deep water depths only. This will also be focusing on incorporating hydrodynamic loading for multimember structures using FAST through its hydrodynamic loading module, Hydrodyn. Also, a quantitative comparison of th*e responses of different floating platforms will be tackled.

A tineid moth, Gaphara conspersa (Matsumura, 1931) is newly reported in Korea. Gaphara conspersa is myrmecophilous, associated with some species of ants such as Lasius (Lasius) japonicus, L. (Dendrolasius) spp., Polyrhachis spp., Camponotus spp., Pristomyrmex punctatus was known in Japan. The larva lives in a 8-shaped or gourd-shaped flat case are made of soil and sand. Larva scavenges food, dead ants and shed skins of ant larvae that are carried out by ants. Females lays eggs around the nests (Maruyama et al., 2013). In this study, Gaphara conspersa (Matsumura, 1931) was found for the first time from Korea. The larvae were collected in the ant nests at Mt. Cheonggye, Geumto-dong, Seongnam City, in 22. May 2013 and 16. June 2013. The larval cases have three level sizes (small, middle and large) were found at the same time. Figures of the adults, larvae and pupae, are given in this study.

This study evaluated the possibility of clinical application using matrigel-based bioceramic/polymer scaffolds treated with bone morphogenetic protein, angiogenic factor, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for new bone formation. In the in vitro study, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) containing matrigel, which is a basement membrane gel, was injected into HA/PCL scaffolds to estimate the release rates of growth factors. In the in vivo study, BMP-2, VEGF, and MSCs with matrigel-based scaffolds were implanted into rat femoral segmental defects, and new bone formation was evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks. In the results, the release rates of BMP-2 and VEGF explosively increased by day 5. For the in vivo study results, radiological evaluation revealed that the matrigel-based HA/PCL scaffolds with BMP-2 and VEGF grafted (M+B+V) and matrigel-based HA/PCL scaffolds with BMP-2, VEGF, and MSC grafted (MSC) groups showed increased bone volume and bone mineral density. Moreover, in the histological evaluation, large new bone formation was observed in the M+B+V group, and high cellularity in the scaffold was observed in the MSC group. In conclusion, grafted matrigel-based HA/PCL scaffolds with BMP-2, angiogenic factor, and MSCs increased new bone formation, and in clinical cases, it may be effective and useful to enhance healing of delayed fractures.

Kang Mi-young and Lee Bolami. 2013. A Study on the Strategy of Approach for Language Policy from the Perspective of Interculturalism: Focus on the Projects of Korean Language Spread Policy Overseas. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). The purpose of this paper is to consider possible strategies for spreading the Korean Language overseas based on ‘Interculturalism’. Firstly, this paper tries to determine the meaning of Language policy based on ‘Interculturalism’ by discussing several philosophical theories on intercultural relationships: Cultural pluralism, Multiculturalism, Intercultural (Education) and Cultural relativism among others. From these theories, this paper elicits two basic premises into the strategy for realization of interculturalism: (1) interaction based on the equal rights and (2) recognition of the unique and inherent value of individual culture. These premises can be enforced by maximizing free choice volition of recipient of the culture (including Korean as a foreign language or second language). This paper expects a mature Korean language spread policy based on interculturalism - which prefers intercultural relationship to education efficiency - to King Sejong Institute and Nuri-King Sejong Institute which are well known as an offline and online institution respectively, for teaching and promoting Korean language and culture to people who want to learn Korean as a foreign language or second language. (172 words)

During sintering of Ni-electrode multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), the Ni electrode often becomes discontinuous because of its lower sintering temperature relative to that of BaTiO3. In an attempt to retard the sintering of Ni, we introduced passivation of the Ni powder. To find the optimal passivation conditions, a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted in air. After passivation at 250oC for 11 h in air, a nickel oxide shell with a thickness of 4- 5 nm was formed on nickel nanoparticles of 180 nm size. As anticipated, densification of the compacts of the passivated Ni/NiO core-shell powder was retarded: the starting temperature of densification increased from ~400oC to ~600oC in a 97N2-3H2 (vol %) atmosphere. Grain growth was also retarded during sintering at temperatures of 750 and 1000oC. When the sintering atmosphere was changed from wet 99.93N2-0.07H2 to wet 99.98N2-0.02H2, the average grain size decreased at the same sintering temperature. The conductivity of the passivated powder sample sintered at 1150oC for 8 h in wet 99.93N2-0.07H2 was measured to be 3.9 × 104 S/cm, which is comparable with that, 4.6 × 104 S/ cm, of the Ni powder compact without passivation. These results demonstrate that passivation of Ni is a viable means of retarding sintering of a Ni electrode and hence improving its continuity in the fabrication of BaTiO3-based multi-layer ceramic capacitors.

This study aims to examine the relationships between the learners' task preferences (input vs. output, deductive vs. inductive, individual vs. group work) and task performances (noticing, successful uptake, and achievement in grammar instructions). The findings showed that task performances were influenced by L2 learners’ instructional preferences. The input or inductive preferences were negatively correlated with the performance in input-oriented instruction, while they performed well when the task type matched their preference, for example, output preference with output instruction. In addition, the low levels preferred the input or deductive styles while the high levels preferred the output-based instruction. Therefore, we should take into account L2 learners’ learning preferences or styles when deciding the types of instructions in grammar teaching.

본 논문은 알브레히트 뒤러의 작품 제작 과정 및 결과물에 나타난 동물의 이미지를 통해 작가의 자연과 예술에 대한 사상의 단면을 살 펴보고자 한다. 뒤러가 남긴 수많은 작업들 –목판화, 동판화, 회화, 드 로잉 등 –에 나타나는 여러 가지 동물들은 작업의 시기와 종류에 따 라 다양한 역할을 보여준다. 작가의 변화하는 예술관을 나타내기도 하며 때로는 새로운 경험의 기록이 되기도 한다. 자연에 대한 철저한 관찰과 모사에서 출발하는 뒤러의 회화나 판화 는 그 제작 과정에서 수많은 드로잉을 남겼다. 특히 동물의 부분적 혹은 전체적인 모사는 단순한 스케치나 습작 이상의 의미를 지니며, 주로 기독교적, 신화적 주제를 담고 있는 뒤러의 판화와 회화 속에서 새로운 상징적 의미를 부여받는다. 이러한 동물의 이미지들은 작가의 상상력으로 재조합되거나 화면의 곳곳에 배치되어 작품의 의미를 더 욱 풍부하게 만든다. 한편, 특정 동물의 등장은 특히 관객을 향하는 시선 처리를 통해 화면 속의 내러티브와 관객을 연결하고 정서적 공 감을 유발하는 매개의 역할을 하기도 한다. 뒤러의 자연과 동물에 대한 접근 방식은 레오나르도 다빈치로 대표 되는 이탈리아 르네상스의 태도와는 차이점을 보인다. 이탈리아 르네 상스에 직간접적인 영향을 받았던 뒤러는 다빈치와 마찬가지로 자연 의 비례에 대해 천착하며 관찰에서 비롯된 상상력을 강조했지만, 그 의 자연에 대한 근본적인 관심사와 회화적 표현 방식은 달랐다. 다빈치가 동물들의 해부학적 구조, 움직임의 관찰을 통해 자연의 보이지 않는 원리와 패턴을 탐구하고자 했다면, 뒤러는 자연에 존재하는 개 체들의 표면적 특성의 이해와 세부적인 묘사에 주력했다. 뒤러의 “동물들 무리 속에 계신 동정녀(The Virgin among a Multitude of Animals)”와 “아담과 이브 (Adam and Eve),” 즉, 천상 과 인간의 타락을 각기 상징하는 두 작품 속에서 동물들을 통해 표현 된 자연에 대한 깊이 있는 관찰과 심볼리즘의 결합은 르네상스적 자 연주의와 고딕적 상상력을 조화시킨 뒤러 작품 세계의 핵심을 보여준 다고 할 수 있다.

Projects and managing them have always been considered a subject worth studying. The formalized form of project management is not as old as many other branches of industrial engineering, however, the progress that has been observed through innumerable reviews and research findings is extraordinary and outstanding. The matter of interest for this paper is to initiate discussion regarding simplifying the tools and methods for managing projects and begin an era of simplification by discouraging practices that make project management a harder job to perform and a tougher task to handle. Besides summarizing the definitions of “project” that have been found from reviewing the relevant text, it deliberates on revising the duties and responsibilities of project manager and proposes performance expectancy triangle. It sheds light on several factors that have been found critical to the success and failure of projects. Also, it proposes a function indicating that customer needs and demands or desires greatly affect and instigate project complexity.

The differences in adult lifetime among various silkworm strains has been suggested that the adult lifetime may be genetically controlled. In this experiment, using J037 and Daizo strains we investigated genetic factors related to the adult lifetime of silkworm. We constructed the full-length cDNA library from the adult male of the J037 strain. A total of 2,688 clones were randomly selected, and we performed a differential display hybridization with cDNA probes generated from J037 and Daizo adult males. In conclusion, 193 clones were identified as differential expressed genes, and 154 unique genes were generated after the assembly of 193 clones. Of the 154 unique genes, the most abundant genes were cytochrome oxidase subunit-1 gene(9 times) and unknown(clone ID; 1-50) gene(5 times). The functional groups of these unique genes with matches in the AmiGo database were constructed according to their putative molecular functions. Among thirteen functional categories, the largest group was unclassified protein(24%). In addition, We analyzed the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the most highly occurred gene(1-50, EF434397), which consisted of 240 amino acids. However, it is confirmed yet that these genes really have an affected on the silkworms longevity.

7 new sericinjams are in breeding by the hybridization of silkworm genetic resource, that is, ND strain and the parent silkworm, and the feature of new sericinjam was classified by a cocoon color. According to cocoon color, sericinjam showed two kind of color including the light green and yellow. D601, D704 and D707 with the light green silk were a difference to density of color. Also D703, D705, D751 and D752 with the yellow silk showed a difference to density of color. As investigating the pupation rate which means the healthiness of the silkworm, D601 was highest with 93%, and D703 was lowest with 65.6%. The ratio of the sericin silk showed some difference every breed, and D601 among them was highest with 91%. There is close correlation between sericin cocoon quantity and the dried silkgrand weight. The weight of the dried silkgrand for sericinjams which were compared with baeokjam was low about 2.5 ~ 7.9 times. Among sericinjams, D601 was lowest, and D707 was highest. The pure sericin content of sericinjams was an above 96%, and sericin content of per one cocoon was low 1.4 ~ 2.5 times than baeokjam. Blood of silkworm which makes the light green silk exhibited anti bacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

Currently, flies are used to pollinate Welsh onion for seed production. However, the use of flies for pollination has caused problems in Welsh onion seed production due to sanitation issues, smell, and the difficulty of feeding the flies. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pollination with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), flies (e.g., houseflies, flesh flies, blue bottle flies), mason bees (Osmia cornifrons), honeybees (Apis mellifera) and blowflies (Lucilia illustris) in a small net screen house (2.2m×1.7m×2.5m) for onion seed production. Although the number of flies was about three times than that of other insect pollinators, fies and bumblebees showed equivalent pollination ratios, but the remaining three insect species showed lower values. For the percentage of seed set per umbel, the number of seeds per flower and umbel, bumblebees and flies showed similar results. These results showed that pollination by bumblebees can be used as an alternative approach in breeding Welsh onion. An analysis of the most appropriate colony of bumblebees for use as pollinators for breeding Welsh onion in a small net screen house showed that colony of fifty to eighty bees was the most efficient level. The visiting time on the flower and spending time from a flower to another flower of B. terrestris worker on small net screen house was 2.2 seconds and 1.8 seconds, respectively.

Virus infections of the honeybee(Apis mellifera) have been increasingly investigated during the last decade. In general, honeybee viruses are widespread and most of them persist as inapparent infections. We screened honeybee colonies for the presence of several bee viruses, including deformed wing virus(DWV), black queen virus(BQCV), Kashmir bee virus(KBV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), sacbrood virus(SBV), acute bee paralysis virus(ABPV), using uniplex RT-PCR. Frequently simultaneous infections with different viruses are diagnosed in seemingly healthy bee colonies. Therefore we developed a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of multiple bee viruses.

Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the most destructive honey bee virus. The virus causes failure to pupate and kills honey bee larvae. The infacted larvae`s color is change to brown. At the end, honey bee colony is destructed. Recently Korean Scabrood virus(KSBV) caused a great loss of Korean honey bee(Apis cerena) colonies for short period. Therefore, We need a highly rapid diagnosis method for rapid detection of KSBV. In this study, We need amicro-scale chip-based real-time PCR system (GeneChecker®). This system was developed for rapid, specific PCR based diagnosis. This system has uncommonly fast heating and cooling system. So We was able to detecting of KSBV in Apis cerena in short time. This system needs small reaction volume(total 10ul). This volume include SsoFast™ Evagreen Supermix and serially diluted cDNA templates showed a high sensitivity of 101copies.That machine can setting each PCR stage time. A specific detection primer set (KSBV-123-F/R) was used to amplify a unique 123bp DNA fragment. This PCR assays using serially diluted cDNA templates showed a high sensitivity of 101 copies. When applied to KSBV-positve samples, the result showed high specifity. The minimum diagnosis time was 9m 47s (30cycle). The amplied positive samples appear red fluorescent color. This novel detection method could be used a PCR-based diagnositic tool (GeneChecker®). The results showed high sensitivity and specifity in short time. And this diagnosis method is expected to be applied to rapidly detect various pathogens.

Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the most serious honeybee viruses. The virus causes failure to pupate and death in both larvae and adult bees. Recently, Korean Sacbrood virus (KSBV) caused a great loss in Korean honeybee (Apis cerana) colonies. Although KSBV shows high homology with SBV strains, it has unique motifs and causes different symptoms. Therefore, a simple, sensitive and specific method for detecting KSBV is needed urgently. In this study a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and a novel micro PCR-based detection method, termed ultra-rapid real-time PCR (URRT-PCR) were applied for rapid detection for korean sacbrood virus (KSBV) from honeybees (Apis cerana) infected with SBV in Korea. The LAMP could be detect the virus in RT-LAMP reactions containing 102copies of pBX-KSBV within 30 min, which was 10 times more sensitive than a RT-PCR assay. The URRT-PCR showed high sensitivities which were able to detect 10 copies in the standard assays. In the application of URRT-PCR detection to an KSBV-infected honeybee, the shortest detection time was 10 min 12 sec, including reverse transcription. In addition, these methods could be distinguished between KSBV and other closely-related SBV strains, These rapid methods were rapid molecular-based diagnostic tools and useful tool for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of KSBV infection of honeybees.