A country has been devoting a lot of attention in order to prepare the aging facilities. we were examined the status of hydrological facilities and reviewed the detailed guidelines for the safety assessment procedure. This study were derived the problems of safety assessment procedure by comparing detailed guidelines and field applications. Also, we proposed improvement plan of the assessment procedure.

The aim of this article is to shed light on the meaning of historical deaths, nowadays being mummified, memorialized or even denied, and to discuss what kind of mourning is needed for such deaths. To this end, the novella Sun-i Samch’on is used as a text, to analyze the meaning of historical deaths as depicted in the story from the viewpoint of the responsibility and commitment of those living, and also to see what possibilities there are in healing those who are in pain because of a tragic history. The article then goes onto pointing out, through the novella, a problematic way of approaching historical deaths and their mourning. Mourning for certain deaths is still impossible even though certain amount of historical justice have been attained and truths about historical deaths revealed, thanks to democratization - an important landmark in Korean modern history. The reason behind this impossibility is ‘selective mourning’, and the article proposes, as a way to overcome this problem, mourning as politics of human rights.

This article looks into the reality of division trauma through various examples of recounts of war experience of Koreans, and seeks ways to heal that division trauma by focusing on oral narrative methods and contents of the tales. The sources of some irrationalities and conflicts in present day Korean society are division between South and North Korea, and the Korean War. As a result of such tragedy, politico-social conflicts still continue, leaving many scars on the lives of individuals. These scars are referred to as division trauma. Division trauma has a strong collective characteristic because it comes from the division and war experienced by the nation as a whole. Many of the recounts of Korean War experience contain such division trauma and constitute the mainstream of modern oral literature. However, these recounts, depending on how the narrator conveys the story and perceives the relevant event, take on different forms even with regard to same event. There is a coexistence between storytelling based on the narrative of division where the narrator points fingers and criticizes others as perpetrators, and storytelling seeking to become a narrative of integration by objectifying all aspects of an event and narrating it based on feelings of empathy. Oral storytelling aiming to become an integrative narrative, revealing how tragic wars are and how they negate all humanness, can contribute to healing division trauma. If stories with such narrative method can be found, be diffused throughout society and form a discursive space for an integrative narrative, oral narrative healing will become possible.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense (C. japonicum)extract on serum level of hormones from induced osteoporosis by ovariectomized rats. Two month-old rats were ovariecto-mized (OVX), remained untreated for 8 weeks, and were subsequently administered C. japonicum (200㎎/㎏) every day for8 weeks. We examined the effects of treated C. japonicum on ovariectomy-related changes in Insulin-like Growth Factors(IGF), Insulin-like Growth Factor binding protein-3 (IGBF-3), Estrogen, Calcium, and Phosporus. After 8 weeks, the serumlevels of IGF-I, -II, and IGFBP-3 were higher presented as compared to the other two groups (P<0.05), in the C. japonicumextract treatment on OVX rats. There were differences between OVX and C. japonicum extract treated OVX rats in serumlevels of Ca2+, but Ca2+ levels for the normal group was higher than for the other two groups. The C. japonicum extractincreased both serum IGFs and IGFBP-3 levels on induced osteoporotic rat by ovariectomized. Thus, these results revealedthat the C. japonicum extract is a possible role for improvement of osteoporosis induced-ovariectomized rats and has a greatpotential as an alternative tool for the treatment of osteoporosis.

The impacts of climate change and land use change are still causing changes in natural patterns as increase of temperature, rainfall intensity, and frequency of rainfall. Also, urbanization is well known to impact hydrology of basins because of its creation of impervious surfaces. This study has been investigated developing method being able to estimate changes of hydrological properties and assessing these changes on each city. For this study, it used three land use scenarios in 1975, 1990, and 2009 for considering impervious changes and future climate change scenario based on RCP 8.5 for impacts of climate change. Three clusters by k-means clustering method were formed by variables shown high correlations from results of Spearman’s order-rank method and Kendall Tau for various variables as rate of each land cover over area of each subwatershed on 145 subwatersheds in Nakdong River, difference of rate of land cover area and CN (Curve Number) between scenarios based on scenario in 1975, and rate of hydrological properties like rate of evaporation, surface runoff, and groundwater. An assessment method using the results from correlation and cluster analysis was developed for deriving the weighted index in accordance with sensitive degree of hydrological property and increase of impervious area. The assessment method for sensitive city applied principal component analysis (PCA) method. Results show that Daegu is greatly sensitive on impacts of hydrological property and increase of impervious area. Consequently, linear regression equations on Daegu are derived by analysis of hydrologic response unit. Urbanization appeared to increase of surface runoff and decrease of evaporation and groundwater in accordance with change of land uses, also the results are considerably important and useful in case of development and design of city.

Detection of water bodies and their flow paths is elemental process of terrain analysis in any application related with surface water. Several algorithms have been proposed for automatic extraction of surface flow paths from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) (e.g., O’Callaghan and Mark, 1984; Tarboton, 1997; Paik, 2008). While these algorithms have been widely applied, DEMs-based approaches have fundamental limitation in detecting water bodies. To resolve this issue, we propose a hybrid approach that utilizes DEMs and satellite imagery together. These dataset supplement each other’s weakness, providing extra information for better detection of water bodies and flow paths. The proposed approach is tested for the Geum River, showing successfully extraction of flow boundaries and more resonable flow paths within water bodies.

Future climate change is expected to raise the mean sea level of Korea by about 0.85m-1.29m. Consequently, flood damage in the coastal area would likewise increase and the scale of damage would also become much larger. Various researches have been conducted to efficiently respond to natural disasters caused by climate change. However, there haven’t been many researches related to the analysis and evaluation of coastal area flood vulnerability caused by the rise in sea level. Hence, this study selected Gilsan River basin, a branch of Geum River as the subject matter and tried to evaluate the effect of sea level rise caused by climate change on the coastal area and adjacent rivers. This study also calculated the change in water quantity in the coastal area by considering the sea level rise as well as the future precipitation according to climate change. It also prepared/compared the relevant flood inundation map. The study result showed that the overall flood level increased as the elevation of the water surface rose due to the rise in sea level. In addition, the extent of increase in flood level caused by sea level rise was greater at a location nearer the outlet and it was smaller at a place farther from the outlet. Based on this result, it could be verified that in coastal rivers, climate change can have an effect not only on the precipitation increase but also on the flood water level and flood inundation due to the rise in sea level. The result of this study could be used as basic data for creating technology that would assess the flood vulnerability of coastal urban regions and evaluate preventive measures for coastal disaster risks.

폐경 이후 여성에서 발생되는 에스트로겐의 감소는 피부노화와 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 피부의 정상적 상태와 기능을 저하시키게 된다. 지난 10여 년간 보고된 많은 연구결과를 살펴보면, 에스트로겐은 폐경 이후 여성의 피부에서 콜라겐 감소를 막아주고, 탄력을 회복시키며, 건조한 피부를 개선시키는 등의 피부 안티에이징 효능을 가지는 것을 알 수 있다. 에스트로겐과 유사한 구조로 인해 파이토에스트로겐이라 알려진 이소플라본은 자외선에 의해 유도된 피부 손상을 보호하는 기작이 널리 알려져 왔으나 피부세포에서 에스트로겐과 유사한 안티에이징 효능을 가지는지에 대해서는 많은 연구가 진행되지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 콩류 등에 많이 함유된 이소플라본인 다이드제인이 에스트로겐과 유사한 활성 및 효능을 가지는지 밝히고자 하였다. 먼저 에스트로겐 수용체와의 결합을 통한 transcriptional activity에 미치는 효과를 luciferase assay를 통해 살펴본 결과, 다이드제인은 대조군에 비해 농도 의존적으로 estrogen receptor-dependent transcriptional activity를 유의하게 증가시켰다. 다음으로 사람의 피부 섬유아세포를 이용하여 다이드제인이 세포외 기질단백질 성분들의 발현에 미치는 효과를 조사한 결과, 다이드제인은 콜라겐 타입 I, 콜라겐 타입 IV, 엘라스틴 및 피브릴린-1의 발현을 유의하게 증가시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 모든 실험조건에서 에스트로겐 단독 효능과의 비교 분석을 통해 다이드제인은 에스트로겐과 유사한 효능을 가진다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 다이드제인은 기존에 알려진 이소플라본의 광보호 효능과 더불어 파이토에스트로겐 효능을 가짐으로써 갱년기 여성의 피부 안티에이징을 위해 활용할 수 있을 것이라 제안한다.

새로운 베지클인 glyceryl citrate/ lactate/ linoleate/ oleate를 이용한 수중유형 형태의 아스타잔틴 나노에멀젼에 대해 항산화 효과, 세포 생존력, 단백질과 관련한 효소의 영향, 피부 침투도 그리고 피부에 대한 보습 및 탄력 등의 약용화장품적인 측면에서의 전반적 연구를 실시하였다. 항산화력 및 세포 생존력에 대해선 각각 DPPH법과 MMT assay를 이용하여 측정하였다. 아스타잔틴 나노에멀젼에 대한 또 다른 성질은 2D-Page를 이용한 단백질 분석 및 컨포칼, in-vivo 테스트를 통해 측정하였다. 본 연구를 통해, 아스타잔틴을 포함하는 나노에멀젼은 MMP발현에 관련한 단백질 억제 및 세포외 기질의 분해를 막고 라디칼의 소거에 매우 우수한 결과를 보였다. 종전의 레시친을 이용한 나노에멀젼 보다는 새로운 베지클을 이용한 아스타잔틴 나노에멀젼의 피부 침투가 매우 효과적임을 CLSM을 통해 측정하였다. 또한 28일 동안의 한국 성인 여성 11명을 통한 보습 및 탄력 인비보 테스트에서 우수한 효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of of transdermal testosterone gel (TTG) on controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) and IVF outcomes and ovarian morphology according to pretreatment duration in poor responders. A total of 120 women were recruited for this pilot study. They were randomized into control, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks TTG treatment groups. For three TTG treatment groups, 12.5 mg TTG was applied daily for 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks in preceding period of study stimulation cycle. After 3 weeks of TTG pretreatment, significant increase of antral follicle count (AFC) and significant decreases of mean follicular diameter (MFD) and resistance index (RI) value of ovarian stromal artery were observed (p=0.026, p＜0.001, p＜0.01, respectively). The total dose of rhFSH administered for COS significantly decreased after 3 and 4 weeks TTG treatment both compared with control group (p＜0.001, p＜0.001). The numbers of oocytes retrieved and mature oocytes were significanty higher in 3 and 4 weeks TTG treatment groups than control group (p＜0.001, p＜0.001 in the number of oocytes retrieved; p＜0.001, p＜0.001 in the number of mature oocytes). The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate were increased only in 4 weeks TTG treatment group compared with control group (p=0.030 and p=0.042, respectively). These data demonstrated that TTG pretreatment for 3 to 4 weeks increases AFC and ovarian stromal blood flow, thereby potentially improving the ovarian response to COS and IVF outcome in poor responders undergoing IVF/ICSI.

Soybean has around 20% oil in total seed compound. Fatty acid concentration of soybean oil is about 12% palmitic acid, 4% stearic acid, 23% oleic acid (ω-9), 54% linoleic acid(ω-6) 54% and 8% linolenic acid(ω-3). To improve oxidative stability and quality of oil, the breeding programs mainly focused on reducing saturated fatty acids, increasing oleic acid and reducing linolenic acid in soybean oil. In plant oil, an essential fatty acid omega-3 fatty acid is in the form of α-linolenic acid (ALA) therefore, increasing ALA in soybean oil became one of the breeding goals for human health. In our research group, we have two breeding programs for concentration of ALA in soybean oil. Wild soybeans have almost twice ALA than that in cultivated soybeans. Introgression of alleles from wild soybean to cultivated soybean may lead to the increase of ALA in soybean seed oil for various applications. We developed several backcross populations by elite cultivars x wild soybean to select high ALA with good agronomic traits. In the case of low linolenic acid program, we developed an EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate) mutation population to select low ALA concentration line and found a mutant line with low ALA in seed oil. The scheme for developing high ALA concentration from wild soybean and molecular characterization for low ALA line will be discussed.

본 연구 결과 울금 에탄올 추출물이 DMBA에 의해 유도한 유선 암화과정에서 종양의 발생률과 종양수를 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 이러한 종양세포의 증식 억제 효과는 울금의 암 예방 효과에 대한 기본 메커니즘 중 하나이다. 앞으로 효과적인 투여 경로 및 조직 특이성을 검토하기 위하여 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

물/Span 80-Tween 80/긴 사슬 파라핀 오일 계에서 PIC (조성 상전이) 방법을 이용하여 O/W 나노에멀젼을 제조하였다. 제조 온도를 30 ℃에서 80 ℃로 상승시킴에 따라 제조된 나노에멀젼의 입경은 120 nm에서 40 nm로 감소하여 나노에멀젼을 형성하였다. 혼합 계면활성제의 HLB를 변화시킴에 따라 12.0 ~ 13.0 부근에서 가장 작은 입경을 형성하는 최적 HLB가 존재하였다. 나노에멀젼의 점도는 액적의 부피 분율(ϕ)에 따라 현격하게 증가하였으나, 입경의 크기는 약간 증가하였다. 그리고, ϕ ≤ 0.3 조건에서 나노에멀젼의 크기 분포는 2 개월 이상 일정하게 유지 되었다. 이러한 결과는 점성 파라핀 오일의 경우 30 ℃에서는 PIC 방식으로 거의 분산 할 수 없음을 보여주지만, 제조 온도가 증가할 경우 단 분산 나노에멀젼의 제조가 가능하다는 것을 보여준다. 나노에멀젼이 생성되면, Ostwald ripening에 대한 안정성은 연속 상에서 액상 파라핀 오일의 매우 낮은 용해도로 인해 안정하게 되며, 이는 화장품 응용에서 매우 중요하다.

The twenty-one individuals of Meretrix lusoria were secured from Gunsan, Shinan and Yeonggwang on the coast of the Yellow Sea and the southern sea in the Korean Peninsula, respectively. Amplification of a single COI fragment (720 bp) was imagined, and no apparent size differences were observed in amplified fragments between Meretrix lusoria and M. petechialis individuals. The size of the DNA fragments also varied excitedly, from 200 to 1,600 bp. The oligonucleotides primer BION-08 produced the least loci (a total of 17), with an average of 2.43 in the Gunsan population, in comparison to the other primers used. Remarkably, the primer BION-13 detected 42 shared loci by the three populations, major and/or minor fragments of sizes 200 bp and 400 bp, respectively, which were identical in all samples. The dendrogram gained by the seven oligonucleotides primers highlight three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GUNSAN 01 ~ GUNSAN 07), cluster 2 (SHINAN 08 ~ SHINAN 14) and cluster 3 (YEONGGWANG 15 ~ YEONGGWANG 21). The longest genetic distance among the twentyone Meretrix lusoria individuals that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals GUNSAN no. 01 and SHINAN no. 14 (genetic distance = 0.574). Comparatively, individuals of SHINAN population were fairly closely related to that of YEONGGWANG population. In this study, PCR analysis has discovered significant genetic distances between two white clam population pairs (P<0.05).

Organic forage production system is one of the most important aspects in organic livestock production. Animals in the organic farming system are also essential for manure to be used for organic forage production. Both organic forage and animals are essential to maintain the cycle of organic agriculture system. In this paper we introduce the organic forage production system in Korea. Summer and winter crops are getting popular in Korea because of their high forage yield and cultivation in double cropping systems. Common cropping system for forage production in Korea is the double cropping system with legume and grass mixture. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are the most popular ones of annual summer forage corps because of their high production with low cost in the double cropping systems. In the mixture of forage crops, inter cropping is more suitable in the corn and sorghum cropping system because of high lodging resistance and forage yield, and low weed population. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are difficult to preserve as direct-cut silage due to the fact that its high moisture content causes excessive fermentation during ensiling. Corn grain addition to sorghum silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing quality and reducing production cost. It is recommended that corn grain could be added up to 10% of total amount of silage. And agriculture by-products also can be added at the time of ensiling to minimize losses of effluent and have the additional advantage of increasing quality. Agriculture by-products as silage supplements increased DM content and quality, and decreased the production cost of sorghum silage. Field pre-wilting treatment of forage crops also increased DM content and quality of the silage. Wilting sorghum×sudangrass hybrid before ensiling was the effective method for reducing effluent and increasing pH and forage quality more than direct cut silage. Optimum prewilting period of sudangrass silage was 1 or 2 days. In organic forage, the most important factor is the enhancement of organic forage sufficiency in relation to the environmental-friendly and organic livestock. Consequently, there are many possibilities for animal production and organic forage production in Korea. No forages no cattle concept should be emphasized in organic farming system.

The atmospheric flow in the 3-Cell model of global atmosphere circulation is described by the Lagrange's equation of the non-inertial frame where pressure force, frictional force and fictitious force are mixed in complex form. The Coriolis force is an important factor which requires calculation of fictitious force effects on atmospheric flow viewed from the rotating Earth. We make new Mathematica platform to solve Lagrange's equation by numerical analysis in order to analyze dynamics of atmospheric general circulation in the non-inertial frame. It can simulate atmospheric circulation process anywhere on the earth. It is expected that this pedagogical platform can be utilized to help students studying the atmospheric flow understand the mechanisms of atmospheric global circulation.

Variabilities in the solar wind cause disturbances throughout the heliosphere on all temporal and spatial scales, which leads to changeable space weather. As a view of space weather forecasting, in particular, it is important to know direct and indirect causes modulating the space environment near the Earth in advance. Recently, there are discussions on a role of the interaction of the solar wind with Mercury in affecting the solar wind velocity in the Earth’s neighborhood during its inferior conjunctions. In this study we investigate a question of whether other parameters describing the space environment near the Earth are modulated by the inner planets’ wake, by examining whether the interplanetary magnetic field and the proton density in the solar wind observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft, and the geomagnetic field via the Dst index and Auroral Electrojet index (AE index) are dependent upon the relative position of the inner planets. We find there are indeed apparent variations. For example, the mean variations of the geomagnetic fields measured in the Earth’s neighborhood apparently have varied with a timescale of about 10 to 25 days. Those variations in the parameters we have studied, however, turn out to be a part of random fluctuations and have nothing to do with the relative position of inner planets. Moreover, it is found that variations of the proton density in the solar wind, the Dst index, and the AE index are distributed with the Gaussian distribution. Finally, we point out that some of properties in the behavior of the random fluctuation are to be studied.

Quite recently, it has been suggested that the interaction of the solar wind with Mercury results in the variation in the solar wind velocity in the Earth’s neighborhood during inferior conjunctions with Mercury. This suggestion has important implications both on the plasma physics of the interplanetary space and on the space weather forecast. In this study we have attempted to answer a question of whether the claim is properly tested. We confirm that there are indeed ups and downs in the profile of the solar wind velocity measured at the distance of 1 AU from the Sun. However, the characteristic attribute of the variation in the solar wind velocity during the inferior conjunctions with Mercury is found to be insensitive to the phase of the solar cycles, contrary to an earlier suggestion. We have found that the cases of the superior conjunctions with Mercury and of even randomly chosen data sets rather result in similar features. Cases of Venus are also examined, where it is found that the ups and downs with a period of ~ 10 to 15 days can be also seen. We conclude, therefore, that those variations in the solar wind velocity turn out to be a part of random fluctuations and have nothing to do with the relative position of inner planets. At least, one should conclude that the solar wind velocity is not a proper observable modulated by inner planets at the distance of 1 AU from the Sun in the Earth’s neighborhood during inferior conjunctions.

In this study, we present results of precise orbital geodetic parameter estimation using satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations for the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) associate analysis center (AAC). Using normal point observations of LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2, ETALON-1, and ETALON-2 in SLR consolidated laser ranging data format, the NASA/ GSFC GEODYN II and SOLVE software programs were utilized for precise orbit determination (POD) and finding solutions of a terrestrial reference frame (TRF) and Earth orientation parameters (EOPs). For POD, a weekly-based orbit determination strategy was employed to process SLR observations taken from 20 weeks in 2013. For solutions of TRF and EOPs, loosely constrained scheme was used to integrate POD results of four geodetic SLR satellites. The coordinates of 11 ILRS core sites were determined and daily polar motion and polar motion rates were estimated. The root mean square (RMS) value of post-fit residuals was used for orbit quality assessment, and both the stability of TRF and the precision of EOPs by external comparison were analyzed for verification of our solutions. Results of post-fit residuals show that the RMS of the orbits of LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2 are 1.20 and 1.12 cm, and those of ETALON-1 and ETALON-2 are 1.02 and 1.11 cm, respectively. The stability analysis of TRF shows that the mean value of 3D stability of the coordinates of 11 ILRS core sites is 7.0 mm. An external comparison, with respect to International Earth rotation and Reference systems Service (IERS) 08 C04 results, shows that standard deviations of polar motion XP and YP are 0.754 milliarcseconds (mas) and 0.576 mas, respectively. Our results of precise orbital and geodetic parameter estimation are reasonable and help advance research at ILRS AAC.

Heumgyeonggaknu is a water-hammering type automatic water clock which was made by Jang Yeong-Sil in 1438. The water clock that is located in Heumgyeonggaknu consists of Suho which is equipped with 2-stage overflow. Constant water wheel power is generated by supplying a fixed amount of water of Suho to Sususang, and this power is transferred to each floor at the same time. The 1st floor rotation wheel of Gasan consists of the operation structure which has the shape of umbrella ribs. The 2nd floor rotation wheel is made so that the 12 hour signal, Gyeong-Jeom signal, and Jujeon constitute a systematic configuration. The 3rd floor rotation wheel is made so that the signal and rotation of Ongnyeo and four gods can be accomplished. Based on the above conceptual design, this paper analyzed the internal signal generation and power transmission of Heumgyeonggaknu.