Electrochemical properties and performance of composites performed by incorporating metal oxide or metal hydroxide on carbon materials based on graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT) were analyzed. From the surface analysis by field emission scanning electron microscopy and field emission transmission electron microscopy, it was confirmed that graphene, CNT and metal materials are well dispersed in the ternary composites. In addition, structural and elemental analyses of the composite were conducted. The electrochemical characteristics of the ternary composites were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 6 M KOH, or 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution. The highest specific capacitance was 1622 F g–1 obtained for NiCo-containing graphene with NiCo ratio of 2 to 1 (GNiCo 2:1) and the GNS/single-walled carbon nanotubes/Ni(OH)2 (20 wt%) composite had the maximum specific capacitance of 1149 F g–1. The specific capacitance and rate-capability of the CNT/MnO2/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were improved as compared to the MnO2/RGO composites without CNTs. The MnO2/RGO composite containing 20 wt% CNT with reference to RGO exhibited the best specific capacitance of 208.9 F g–1 at a current density of 0.5 A g–1 and 77.2% capacitance retention at a current density of 10 A g–1.

The purpose of this study is to identify differences in the Systemic reaction, Vertical jump and Side step of Judo, Taekwondo, Kendo elite athletes The Total Health Promotion Plan was used to measure systemic reactions, vertical jump and side steps. In the results of the study, systemic reaction was significantly different between Judo player and Taekwondo player (p<0.05). Vertical jump did not differ between groups. Side step was significantly different between Kendo player, Judo player, Judo player and Taekwondo player, Taekwondo player and Kendo player (p<0.05). This study suggests that systemic reaction, vertical jump and side step are different for each sport.

Purpose of this study is to describe the treatment, surgery, rehabilitation and return to daily life subject pectoralis major muscle rupture. The in patient with was a 26 years old, injured in training due to hyperextension and external rotation. Physical examination, manual test, and MRI were used to diagnose pectoral muscle rupture and operation took for the pectoralis major muscle rupture with allograft. The subject was referred for rehabilitation from 3 weeks. Range of motion (ROM) exercise was mainly performed until 3 months, strength was performed with tubing band, body weight, machine training and proprioceptive exercise. Shoulder range of motion (external rotation, flexion) were measured with goniometer and muscle strength (flexion, adduction, internal rotation) were measured with dynamometer. At 6momths, external rotation ROM was 50° (unaffected side 60°), and flexion almost recovered at 3 months. Muscle strength was gradually increased to 6.2kg, 15.7kg, and 27.0kg in flexion, while internal rotation The pain remained slightly after 9 months. The present results suggest that ROM exercise and strengthening exercise increase the muscle power and ROM, and decrease the pain.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of fatigue and stress in seafarers. Ninety healthy adults were recruited and cumulative fatigue, stress index and stress resistance of seafarers were measured using autonomic nervous system analysis device (SA-6000; Medicoa Co. Ltd. Korea). The stress index had a significant correlation with the degree of resistance (p<.01). Cumulative fatigue and the stress index had a strong positive correlation (r=.781) with the stress resistance, cumulative fatigue had a strong negative correlation (r=.782) (p<0.01). Furthermore, the stress index had a strong negative correlation with the degree of resistance (r=.924) (p<.01). The present study indicate that there are significant correlation between the cumulative fatigue and stress index, cumulative fatigue and stress resistance, as well as stress index and stress resistance in the seafarers (p<.01).

The aim of this study was to select various fungal strains indigenous to Korea that have the potential to produce cellulases, including filter paper activity (FPase), endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EG), and β-glucosidase (BGL). Among the 25 species of Ascomycetes and the 32 species of Basidiomycetes tested in this study, the Bjerkandera adusta KUC10565, Heterobasidion orientale KUC10556, Hyphoderma praetermissum KUC10609, and Trichoderma harzianum KUC1716 all exhibited remarkably high FPase activity. In addition, the T. harzianum KUC1716 showed high levels of EG and BGL activity. This strain has been selected for further study because of their enzymatic potential.

목적: 본 연구는 대학생의 눈 피로도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고, 대학생의 눈피로도를 분석하여 눈 피로도 감소를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 방법: 대학교에 재학 중인 대학생 270명을 대상으로 눈 피로를 평가 설문을 하였고, 맥모니설문으로 건 성안증후군의 유무를 확인하여 한 통계방법으로 분석하였다. 결과: 눈 피로도에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 독서 시간(p=0.00), 독서 거리(p=0.05), 독서 자세(p=0.00), TV 시청 거리(p=0.01), 컴퓨터 사용 시간(p=0.01), 스마트폰 사용 시간(p=0.00)이 유의한 결과로 나타났으며 건성안증후군이 있는 사람과 눈 피로도와의 관계도 유의하게 나타났다(p=0.00). 결론: 독서 시간, 컴퓨터 및 스마트폰의 사용 시간, 독서 거리와 독서 자세가 눈 피로도에 영향을 미치고, 눈 피로도가 높을수록 건성안증후군 점수가 높게 나타났다. 이에 대학생들의 눈 피로도 감소를 위한 적정한 멀티미디어의 사용시간과 거리 및 독서 자세에 관한 후속연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

목적: 본 연구는 건성안 증후군이 눈 피로도와 주의집중력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 시기능 이상이 없고 콘택트렌즈를 착용하지 않으며 양안 교정시력이 0.8 이상인 19 ~ 83세(평균 연령 40.27세)의 512명을 대상으로 하였다. 일반적인 특성(성별, 연령, 음주 및 흡연 여부), 건성안증후군, 눈 피로도 검사의 설문점수 및 주의집중력의 하위요인별로 검사하여 분석하였다. 결과: 대상자 중 여자가 312명(60.9%)으로 남자보다 많았고 평균 나이는 40.27세이었다. 음주를 하는 응답자가 260명(50.8%)으로 하지 않는 응답자보다 많았으며, 비흡연자가 438명(85.5%)으로 흡연자보다 많 았다. 건성안증후군은 나이, 성별, 흡연, 음주, 눈 피로도와 정적상관을 나타냈으며, 주의집중력의 하위요인 BET, NAR, OET, RED에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 결론: 건성안증후군은 그렇지 않은 사람보다 주의집중력이 낮았고, 건성안증후군이 증가하면 눈 피로도 가 높아졌다.

목적: 본 연구는 운무법을 활용한 방사선 시표를 사용하여 측정한 토릭 소프트 렌즈 회전량과 세극등 현 미경을 사용하여 측정한 회전량을 비교 및 분석하여 방사선 시표를 사용한 렌즈 회전 평가가 유용한지 알아 보고자 하였다. 방법: 난시가 존재하는 58안을 대상으로 토릭 소프트 렌즈를 피팅하였다. 방사선 시표를 사용하여 렌즈 회전량을 측정하고 동일한 피검자 대상으로 세극등 현미경으로 측정한 렌즈 회전량과 비교하였다. 결과: 방사선 시표, 세극등 현미경을 사용한 방법으로 측정한 토릭 소프트 렌즈의 회전량은 각각 12.93 ±4.59ﾟ, 9.68±4.39ﾟ로 나타났고, 서로 다른 두 방법을 통한 측정값들 사이에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보여주었다(p<0.05). 방사선 시표를 사용하여 측정한 렌즈 회전량이 10ﾟ이하인 경우 동일한 피검자 대상으 로 세극등 현미경으로 측정한 렌즈 회전량과 비교하면 7.26±1.31ﾟ로 회전량 10ﾟ이하 범위에 모두 포함되었 다. 마찬가지로 방사선 시표를 사용하여 측정한 렌즈 회전량이 11ﾟ∼20ﾟ범위인 경우 동일한 피검자 대상으 로 세극등 현미경으로 측정한 렌즈 회전량과 비교하면 15.53 ±3.60ﾟ로 회전량 11ﾟ∼20ﾟ 범위에 모두 포함 되었다. 결론: 운무법을 활용한 방사선 시표를 사용한 렌즈의 회전량 측정은 10ﾟ이하와 11ﾟ∼20ﾟ사이의 회전량을 구분하는 방법으로서 유용성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

목적: 구면 ICL 삽입술을 시행한 대상의 삽입 전, 후 원주굴절력의 변화를 임상적으로 측정하고 이를 기 반으로 이론적인 근거를 도출 및 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 근시성 난시의 굴절이상을 갖는 성인 20명을 대상으로 구면 ICL 삽입술 전, 후 구면 및 원주굴절 력을 타각적 굴절검사를 통하여 각각 측정하였고, 결상방정식을 사용하여 수술 전, 후의 원주굴절력의 변화 를 확인하였으며, 행렬전달식을 통해 결상방정식 결과와 일치하는지 확인했다. 결과: 구면 ICL 수술 전, 후의 원주굴절력의 평균은 각각 C-1.74±0.82 D, 및 C-0.83±0.56 D로 약 0.91 D가 감소하였다. 이를 결상방정식을 사용한 식 Δ′     ′   ′′   ′ ′ ′ ≤Δ′   으로 유도했고, 구면 ICL 수술 전보다 수술 후 원주굴절력이 동일하거나 감소하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 또 한 결상방정식의 결과를 행렬전달식으로 계산하였을 때 매우 유사한 것으로 확인되었다. 결론: 구면 ICL 수술 후 실제 측정한 원주굴절력의 감소를 결상방정식을 사용하여 이론적으로 확인할 수 있었고, 이는 산출이 상대적으로 용이한 행렬전달식으로 적용했을 때도 매우 유사한 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 실제 임상에서 발견되는 구면 ICL 및 구면 콘택트렌즈 착용에 따른 원주굴절력의 감소에 대한 이론 적 근거를 마련하였다 사료된다.

This study was performed to investigate how changing the period of light and dark influences the vegetative growth and the photosynthesis of Doritaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’. Clones of Dtps. Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ at 4-month-old stage were grown in a closed-plant factory system with four different light/dark cycles; 06/06 h, 08/08 h, 10/10 h, and 12/12 h. Temperature and relative humidity were set at 28oC and 80%, respectively, with a photosynthetic photon flux density of 160 ± 10 μmol·m-2·s-1. Repetitive measurements showed that the leaf length and the leaf width were the longest under 12/12 h closely followed by 10/10 h. The fresh weight and the dry weight of leaves and roots were the heaviest at 10/10 h treated samples. Different CO2 uptake patterns were observed from different light/dark cycles. Under 10/10 h and 12/12 h treatments, the CO2 uptake started at early dark period. When the light/dark cycles were shortened to 06/06 h and 08/08 h, the CO2 uptake started at the middle of dark period. Total CO2 uptake amounts were the highest under 12/12 h treatment followed by 10/10 h, 06/06 h, and 08/08 h treatments. Quantitative measurements showed that the vegetative growths under 10/10 h treatment were comparable with that of 12/12 h treatment. These studies indicated that manipulating light/dark can modify the photosynthesis patterns and vegetative growth of Dtps. Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’, resulting in the reduction of the production period.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of demineralized and particulate autogenous tooth, and interleukin-6 in bone regeneration. A demineralized and particulate autogenous tooth was prepared and human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) and human osteosarcoma cells were inoculated into the culture. The rate of cell adhesion, proliferation and mineralization were examined, and the appearance of cellular attachment was observed. An 8 mm critical size defect was created in the cranium of rabbits. Nine rabbits were divided into three groups including: An experimental group A (3 rabbits), in which a demineralised and particulate autogenous tooth was grafted; an experimental group B (3 rabbits), in which a demineralized, particulate autogenous tooth was grafted in addition to interleukin-6 (20 ng/mL); and a control group. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks for histopathological examination with H-E and Masson’s Trichrome, and immunohistochemistry with osteocalcin. The cell-based assay showed a higher rate of cell adhesion, mineralization and cellular attachment in the experimental group A compared with the control group. The animal study revealed an increased number of osteoclasts, newly formed and mature bones in the experimental group A compared with the control group. Eventually, a higher number of osteoclasts were observed in the experimental group B. However, the emergence of newly formed and mature bone was lower than in the experimental group A. The current results suggest that treatment with demineralized and particulate autogenous tooth and interleukin-6 is not effective in stimulating bone regeneration during the bone grafting procedure.

The ability of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella strains to cause invasive disease can be attributed to various virulence genes. In this study, the virulence genes located in SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-5, SPI-11 were found in all antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella isolates. This suggests that these genes play important roles in Salmonella invasion, growth, or survival in the host. The association between the presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance was assessed using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and there is a positive association between the gatC, tcfA, hylE, spiA, pagC, msgA, invA, sipB, prgH, spaN, orgA, tolC, iroN, sitC, lpfC, and sopB genes, and resistance to CF, NA and S. This suggests that the association between antimicrobial agents and virulence genes has been shown to vary with the types of antibiotics that are commonly used in different countries. These different associations can be explained by the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and the acquisition of resistance genes by Salmonella.

Ficus carica L. (common fig), one of the first plants cultivated by humans, originated in the Mediterranean basin and currently grows worldwide, including southwest Asia and South Korea. It has been used as a traditional medicine for treatment of metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases as well as hemorrhoids and skin infections. Its pharmacological properties have recently been studied in detail, but research on the anti-cancer effect of its latex has been only been studied on a limited basis on several cell lines, such prostate cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity of the latex of Ficus carica L.and its underlying mechanism in FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. (See Ed. note above) We confirmed through SDS-PAGE analysis and gelatinolytic activity analysis that the latex of Ficus carica contains cysteine protease ficin. Our data showed that the latex inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the latex treatment markedly induced apoptosis in FaDu cells as determined by FACS analysis, elevated expression level of cleaved caspase-9, -3 and PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase), and. increased the expression of Bax (pro-apoptotic factor) while decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic factor). Taken together, these results suggested that latex containing the ficin inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis by caspase and the Bcl-2 family signaling pathway in FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. These findings point to the potential of latex of Ficus carica to provide a novel chemotherapeutic drug due to its growth inhibition effects and induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

We present a study of the inexplicit connection between radio jet activity and γ-ray emission of BL Lacertae (BL Lac; 2200+420). We analyze the long-term millimeter activity of BL Lac via interferometric observations with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) obtained at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz simultaneously over three years (from January 2013 to March 2016); during this time, two γ-ray outbursts (in November 2013 and March 2015) can be seen in γ-ray light curves obtained from Fermi observations. The KVN radio core is optically thick at least up to 86 GHz; there is indication that it might be optically thin at higher frequencies. To first order, the radio light curves decay exponentially over the time span covered by our observations, with decay timescales of 41185 days, 352±79 days, 310±57 days, and 283±55 days at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, respectively. Assuming synchrotron cooling, a cooling time of around one year is consistent with magnetic field strengths B ∼ 2 μT and electron Lorentz factors γ ∼ 10 000. Taking into account that our formal measurement errors include intrinsic variability and thus over-estimate the statistical uncertainties, we nd that the decay timescale  scales with frequency τ ν - 0.2. This relation is much shallower than the one expected from opacity effects (core shift), but in agreement with the (sub-)mm radio core being a standing recollimation shock. We do not find convincing radio flux counterparts to the γ-ray outbursts. The spectral evolution is consistent with the `generalized shock model' of Valtaoja et al. (1992). A temporary increase in the core opacity and the emergence of a knot around the time of the second -ray event indicate that this γ-ray outburst might be an `orphan' are powered by the `ring of fire' mechanism.

Naegleria fowleri is pathogenic free-living amoeba leading to primary amoebic meningoencephalitis(PAM) in human and animals. The nfa1 gene cloned from N. fowleri is located on food-cup structure called pseudopodia and function an adherence of host target cells. To evaluate the effect of nfa1 vaccination against N. fowleri infection, we constructed retroviral vector(pQCXIN) expressing nfa1 gene. To determine the effect of vaccination and protective immunity in in vivo models, we measured the immunoglobulin levels, cytokine induction, and survival rate in mice infected with N. fowleri. Both levels of IgG and IgG subclass in DNA vaccinated mice were significantly elevated. The cytokine analysis show that DNA vaccinated mice induces production of IL-4 and IFN-γcytokines suggesting a Th1/Th2 mixed type immune response. The levels of nfa1 specific IgG antibody were maintained highly until 12 weeks post-vaccination in vaccinted mice. The nfa1 vaccinated mice using retroviral vector increased significantly survival rate(60%) after N. fowleri infection. Consequently, the nfa1 vaccination effectively induces protective immunity by upregulation of immune response in mice infected with N. fowleri. These results suggest that DNA vaccination using retroviral vector may be proper trial for treatment and prevention of PAM.

This plan attempts to rigorously analyze the location characteristics and surroundings of the Ungpo village from the perspective of rural landscape planning. On the basis of the analysis, a strategy for developing the village as a rural tourist hub is established by determining characteristic attractions. The ultimate objectives of this plan are to create a good living environment for the local people and provide memorable attractions to visitors, which are expected to increase the incomes and revive local community. In other words, this plan conceives a village that is an attractive place to visit and also a good place to live. The planning procedure included an analysis of the current situation, basic concept, basic plan, and landscape plan. The characteristics of this plan are as follows. First, the natural features and surroundings of the Ungpo village were reflected in designing a rural tourist hub. Second, the current infrastructure was considered in the basic plan to create a sustainable rural tourism environment. Third, a water experience space is included in order to create an amusing and exciting tour. Fourth, the existing facilities will be remodeled to create amenities for visitors. Fifth, the main focus of the plan includes the landscape plan, increasing the visibility of streets, and connecting nearby tourist attractions and the landmark plan around the rural tourism center.

This study created a thematic garden, entitled “Spring revisited”, in the outdoor garden section of the 2017 Goyang International Flower Festival to present the life and ideas of poet Yoon Dongju through garden culture. It used visual narrative techniques to express and present the poet’s life and the value of his literature in the language of space design. Through this method, the garden provided a holistic experience of Yoon Dongju’s selfhood and literature through indirect perceptions experienced in the space rather than as direct experience. The room of wind and time embodied the poet’s life by overlapping small pieces of blue-colored clothing, and fluttering cloths and grasses were used to represent the wind. In the room of night and stars, a black mirror expressed the night sky as a visual embodiment of his poetry. In the road of desolation, a long passage was created with walls on either side to express the desolation and agony of life to the viewers as they walked through the dark space. The path of the writing pad was modeled on a manuscript to convey the meaning of the poet’s path, and the poetic language of the poet’s masterpiece, heaven, wind, stars, and poems, were written there on. The stone grave, flower grave area combined the negative words of “stone grave” with contrasting images of stone and flower to seek a transition in the emotional atmosphere. The poet’s room was a partially open space inspired by a prison cell. A chair and a desk with a writing pad and pen reminded the viewers of the poet and helped them to experience him. The space of spring was a double meaning of the spring time he could not experience and his aspiration for the nation’s independence. At the height of the garden festival, numerous types of beautiful spring plants were presented. The significance of this study lies in its design techniques that enabled a clear presentation of the topic in the garden space to a general stream of visitors combined with the values pursued by the poet.

Understanding the identity of an urban space is one of the most important considerations for spatial planners and designers, who are charged with revealing and strengthening the space’s sense of place. However, in many cases, an urban space is regarded merely as a physical form, lacking an interpretation of various semantics, such as its history, political economy, social culture, and art. The purpose of this study is to investigate how an urban space evolves, and thus, how the social images of urban spaces can be recognized with Lefebvre’s theory. Therefore, we examine an urban district to reveal the interaction between societies and spaces through images reflected in news media and public articles, and eventually define the identity of the space. This study takes Yeonnam-dong district as its case, and carefully examines the social relations affecting spatial practices in the area by means of Lefebvre’s spatial triad: representation of space, representational space, and spatial practice. Using historical observation as a research method, we conducted a case review of Yeonnam-dong over 40 years (from 1975 to 2016). The results indicate that there have been complicated power dynamics and struggles to form the current image of Yeonnam-dong, which is still an ongoing process; this exemplifies Lefebvre's notion of the social construction of spaces. The results provide meaningful lessons for planners and designers that they should play important roles as coordinators in radical spatial changes. One of the major limitations of this study is that it does not fully examine the detailed roles of each social entity in the landscape changes, which should be investigated in further studies.