1913년의 동경협정, 1922년의 요코하마협정, 1929년의 태평양문제연구 회를 관통하는 YMCA의 첨예한 관심사는 문화적 자치의 공간이었다. 이는 외교적 협력을 통해 획득한 한국YMCA의 고유한 권리로, 정치적 독립을 상실한 일제 강점기의 한국에 문화적 독립에 상응하는 권리를, 외교권이 박탈당한 한국에 국제교류의 통로를 제공하였다. 1913년 일본 동경에서 체 결한 동경협정은 한국 YMCA가 보유한 문화민족주의 실현의 자치권을 일 본YMCA의 체제에 예편시켜, 기관명칭, 의사집행부, 법규제정에 이르기까 지 일본 YMCA에게 동반적 통제권을 부여했다. 그러나 1922년 체결한 요 코하마협정은 동경협정조문의 실행에 제동을 걸고, 기관명칭, 건물소유권, 의사집행부구성, 선교사 관할영역에 이르기까지 한국 YMCA의 독자적 자 치권을 천명하고, 구체적으로 반영할 제도적 장치를 마련하였다. 이러한 한일YMCA의 쌍방협약은 3년 후 미국, 캐나다, 오스트레일리아, 뉴질랜드, 중국, 일본, 필리핀, 하와이로 구성된 태평양문제연구회에 1925년부터 1929년에 이르기까지 한국 대표의 정체성을 가지고 일본과 구별된 독자적 국제교류를 가능하도록 수문을 개방했다. 1925년 태평양문제연구회라는 국제기관의 발족단계에서부터 시작된 한국의 참여는 한국문화를 말살시키는 일본정책을 보고를 가능하게 하였고 해외전문가의 호응을 이끌어 내었 다. 1907년 헤이그 만국평화회의나 1920년 파리강화회의에서 기회조차 두 절된 식민지 한국의 상황 및 한국인의 입장은 1925년 제 1회 태평양문제연 구회에서 평화적으로 진술되었고 1차 세계대전 후 평등과 상생이 지배하 는 국제적 신질서를 모색하는 태평양문제연구회의 이해를 증진하는데 기 여했다. 즉 한국YMCA는 단순히 민족주의의 보루일 뿐만 아니라 기독교 세계주의에 입각하여 민족주의의 이상을 구현할 자치의 공간을 제공하였 다. 한국 YMCA의 민족주의는 가시적이고 단기적인 투쟁을 통해서라기 보 다 장기적이고 은밀한 외교적 방식을 사용하였고 국제주의에 입각한 협력 을 통해 획득한 자치공간 안에서 발현되었다. 국제기구라는 장막 안에 숨 겨진 민족적 이상을 실현할 장이요 민족 지도자를 양육할 백년지대계를 이 행할 장이었다. 이러한 YMCA의 국제주의와 민족주의의 정신을 꿰뚫고 있는 중심인물 은 윤치호로서 그의 YMCA 훈련은 한국YMCA역사의 오류로 알려진 최초 의 YMCA가담자 여병헌에 선행한다. 윤치호는 여병헌이 런던으로 가는 1896년, 한국에 YMCA가 도입된 1903년 이전, 미국의 반더빌트 대학, 에 모리 대학, 학생자원운동의 학생 YMCA대표로 활동했고, 전국신학교 선교 연맹 및 조지아주 YMCA컨벤션에서 YMCA 지도자 훈련을 몸에 익혔던 YMCA인이었다. 윤치호는 뉴욕 본부가 지원한 한국인 최초의 YMCA간사 였고, 모트 등 해외 YMCA 간사의 한국인 자문이었으며, 일제 강점기 수 십 년 동안 YMCA 이사회 회장을 역임했다. 일제 강점기에 한국의 봉쇄 및 이권 착취의 최대걸림돌은 국제관계를 유지한 YMCA의 제압이었다. 따 라서 일제는 105인 사건으로 윤치호가 대구 구치소에 투옥된 기간, 이상재, 남궁억, 신흥우, 아비슨 및 언더우드의 참석과 존 모트의 진행가운데 동경 협정을 체결하여 자치권을 보유한 한국 YMCA에 일본의 감독권을 침투시켰다. 여기에 애국자로 묘사된 한국YMCA 인사들이 한국 YMCA를 일제 에 복속시키는 협정에 서명한 것이다. 그러나 1922년 YMCA의 요코하마 협정에서는 윤치호가 선제공격을 감행하여 한국 YMCA의 자치권을 탈취 하였고, 이로 인해 1925년 YMCA 중심의 태평양문제연구회의 활동이 가 능했으며, 1929년 일제가 태평양문제 연구회에 한국인 참여금지법안을 제 정하고자 상정할 때 한국태평양연구회 회장인 윤치호가 전면에서 한국인 참여의 정당성을 효과적으로 변호하였다. 이러한 역사적 국면은 일반적으 로 애국자의 표상으로 구축된 인물의 해석이나, 윤치호는 삼일운동 이후 사회진화론에 입각해 친일로 기울었고 대동아이론에 기초하여 서구를 배 척하고 친일에 전향했다는 양극단적 해석의 실증적 검토를 필요로 한다. 역사자료의 실증적 검토는 윤치호가 중일전쟁 이후 친일로 경도된 사실을 긍정함에도 불구하고, 식민지시대에 복잡하게 얽힌 억압의 현실이 친일파 내지 애국자라는 양극단적 해석의 틀에 개인생애 전반과 집단 전체를 삽입 하여 유형화하는 것을 용인하지 않았고, 그러기에는 선택의 폭이 다양하고 유동적이었음을 시사한다.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to discover how Korean expatriates that are currently employed in Korean subsidiaries operational in Malaysia possibly suffer from career dissatisfaction due to differences between Korean Corporate Culture (KCC) and Malaysian Corporate Culture (MCC). The integration of KCC into MCC is discussed. Research design, data, and methodology – The analysis herein is via a qualitative research. Forty-six interviewees voluntarily participated in in-depth interviews. Document analysis and qualitative interviews were utilized to develop participant profiles and to generate the framework. Interview data were transcribed and subsequently analysed to facilitate the development of themes and ultimately led to emerging patterns. The framework discusses the following Confucian pillars pronounced in KCC: Control Systems, Power Structures, Organisational Structures, Authority and Harmony and Stories and Myths. Those pillars are analysed and the results of the interviews are discussed in detail. Results – Korean expatriates on assignment in Malaysia endure struggles in all five selected Confucian pillars as they are not symmetrical with Korean Corporate Culture common at head companies in Korea. Conclusion - As a consequence, there is substantial disharmony which needs to be rectified if Korean companies are to continue their ‘miraculous’ economic movement into the country.

Prior literature expects a lower marginal cash value for weaker governance firms. We test this empirical hypothesis by using the sample of publicly traded Korean firms from 2005 to 2013. To measure the quality of governance structures, we employ the corporate governance scores provided by Korean Corporate Governance Services. The empirical model of Faulkender and Wang (2006) is adopted to estimate the marginal value of cash. Our empirical analysis shows a higher marginal value of cash for the good governance firms in the examination of the total governance score. This finding is consistent to the agency view of cash policy predicting a larger marginal value of cash for the firms with higher governance scores. However, this positive relationship is not robust for a subset of detailed governance scores; a lower marginal cash value is observed for the firms with better qualities of board structure, auditing, dividend policies. Moreover, our empirical analysis verifies a quite low level of marginal cash value for Korean firms, which supports the existence of severe agency conflicts in Korean corporations. Our results verify the significant role of agency conflicts between a manager and shareholders in the determination of marginal cash values in the Korean firms.

본 연구는 복부 전산화단층촬영 영상을 이용하여 지방간환자의 영상을 질감특징분석과 ROC curve 분석을 하였으며, 컴퓨터보조진단시스템의 구현을 위한 실험적인 선형 연구로서 전산화단층촬영 영상에서 지방간의 객관적이고 신뢰성 있는 진단 정보를 의사에게 제공하고자 하였다. 실험은 정상 및 지방간 복부 전산화단층촬영 영상을 실험영상으로 하여 설정된 구역에 대한 wavelet 변환을 거쳐 질감의 특징값을 나타내는 6가지 파라미터로 통계적 분석 결과를 나타내었다. 그 결과 엔트로피, 평균밝기, 왜곡도는 90% 이상의 비교적 높은 인식률을 보였고, 대조도, 평탄도, 균일도는 약 70% 정도로 비교적 낮은 인식률을 나타내었다. ROC curve를 이용한 분석에서 6가지의 파라미터 모두 0.900(p=0.0001)이상을 나타내어 질환인식에 의미가 있는 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 6가지 파라미터에서 질환 예측을 위한 cut-off 값을 결정하였다. 이러한 결과는 향후 복부 전산화단층촬영 영상에서 질환 자동검출 및 최종진단의 예비 진단 자료로서 적용 가능할 것이다.

본 연구는 X-선관 각도 변경에 따른 경사효과(Anode Heel Effect)의 변화를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 실험조건은 70 kV, 30 mAs, 초점-검출기간의 거리 100 cm, 조사야는 35×43 ㎠, 측정점은 조사야의 정중앙점에서 좌우 3.5 cm 간격으로 나누어 양극쪽으로 A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 점을 설정하고 음극쪽으로 C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 점으로 설정하였다. X-선관을 수직으로 하여 측정점인 A6에서 C6까지 각각 입사표면선량을 측정하였다. 다음에 X-선관을 양극쪽으로 15도 30도로 변경 하면서 각각 측정하고 같은 방법으로 음극쪽으로 15도 30도로 변화시켜 측정하였다. 결과로 X-선관이 수직인 경우 A5보다 C5점이 3배정도 입사표면선량이 높게 나타나 수직 촬영 시 방사선감수성이 높은 장기가 위치해 있는 쪽으로 양극을 위치시키면 피폭을 줄일 수 있었다. X-선관의 각도를 주고 촬영할 경우에는 음극측으로 각도를 주는 것이 양극과 음극측의 입사표면선량 차이를 줄일 수 있으며 상, 하 두께 차이가 있는 부위를 촬영할 경우에는 음극측이 두꺼운 부위를 향하게 각도를 주는 것이 입사표면선량의 차이를 줄여 좀 더 균일한 영상을 만들 수 있었다.

Direct communication between neighboring cells via gap junction in tissue is important for maintenance and regulation of its physiological functions. Each epididymal region has different composition of cell types. It is well recognized that the epididymis is a steroid hormone-responsive tissue. The present study was designed to determine the effect of estradiol benzoate (EB) or flutamide exposured at the early postnatal age on the expression of connexin (Cx) isoforms in the caudal epididymis. The EB or flutamide was subcutaneously administrated to male Spragure Dawley rat at 7 days of age, and expressional changes of Cx isoforms in the adult corpus epididymis were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The treatment of low-dose EB resulted in decreases of Cx30.3, Cx31.1, Cx37, and Cx45 expression but caused an increase of Cx32 expression. Exposure to high-dose EB led into expressional increases of Cx31, Cx31.1, Cx32, Cx40, and Cx43, even though a decrease of Cx37 expression was found with a high-dose EB treatment. A low-dose flutamide induced increases of Cx31, Cx31.1, Cx32, and Cx43 expression but a decrease of Cx37 expression. Expression of most Cx genes were significantly increased by a high-dose flutamide, while no expressional change of Cx26 and Cx40 was detected by a high-dose flutamide. These results indicate that expression of Cx isoforms in the caudal epididymis is altered by exposure to steroidal compounds at the prepubertal age. It is suggested that a contact with environmental exogenous materials during the early postnatal period would lead to alteration of epididymal functions at the adult.

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of CCK-producing cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells with respect to stomach fish and stomachless fish of the Gobiidae in order to provide a basis for understanding the digestive physiology. Hairychin goby (Sagamia geneionema), which is stomachless fish, the numbers of mucus-secreting goblet cells is highest in the posterior intestine portion (P<0.05), while CCK-producing cells are scattered throughout the intestine. Gluttonous goby (Chasmichthys gulosus), which is stomach fish, mucus-secreting goblet cells are most abundant in the mid intestine portion (P<0.05), whereas CCK-producing cells are observed only in the anterior and mid intestine portion. Trident goby (Tridentiger obscurus) which is stomach fish, mucus-secreting goblet cells were most abundant in the mid intestine portion (P<0.05). CCK-producing cells are found in the anterior and mid intestine portion. Giurine goby, Rhinogobius giurinus which is also stomach fish, the largest number of mucus-secreting goblet cells showed in anterior intestine portion except for esophagus (P<0.05). CCK-producing cells are present only in the anterior and mid intestine portion. In S. geneionema, digestive action occurs in the posterior intestine portion to protect and functions to activate digestion. In contrast, in C. gulosus, T. obscurus and R. giurinus, their digestive action occurs in the anterior and mid intestine portion to protect and functions to activate digestion. Further studies of the modes of food ingestion by these fish, the contents of their digestive tracts, and the staining characteristics of the goblet cells need to be carried out.

Adipose tissue is one of the major endocrine gland. More recently, local production of steroids in adipocytes differentiated from mouse 3T3-L1 cell-line was reported. We hypothesized that rat adipocytes have steroidogenic machinery and the expression patterns of the components might be differentially regulated, depending on the distribution and sex. To verify this hypothesis, we collected the adipose tissues depot- and sex-specifically at postnatal day (PND) 30, and performed quantitative RT-PCRs. In overall aspects, the abundances of the transcripts were lower in the brown adipose of both sexes. 3β-HSD transcript levels in female abdominal and reproductive adipose, CYP17 transcript levels in female reproductive adipose, 17β-HSD transcript levels in female abdominal and reproductive adipose, and CYP19 transcript levels in female abdominal adipose were significantly lower than those of male counterparts. Similar to steroidogenic factors, the abundance of the ER-α transcripts were generally lower in the brown adipose of both sexes. ER-β transcripts were more abundant in male white adipose depots than their female counterparts. The levels of LHR transcripts in female reproductive adipose were significantly higher than those of male counterpart. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the expressions of steroidogenesis-related genes were depot- and sex-specifically occurred in the immature male and female rat adipose tissues. Our study suggested that the adipose tissues are not only targets but de novo synthesizing sites of sex steroid(s), though the synthesizing activities could be much less than in gonads. Further researches in this field will be helpful for understanding the adipose physiology and for medical application such as sex-specific steroid supplement therapies for older populations.

High-rank coals are limited, while low-rank coals are abundant. However, the low-rank coals needs upgradation so as to improve their quality. If not, the utilization of low-rank coals will lead to many operational difficulties. As this study was made in South Korea, this article discusses the energy and coal scenario of South Korea. The critique discusses the concerns of utilizing low-grade coal and the need for upgrading low-grade coal. The article also briefly discusses the currently practiced low-rank coal upgradation techniques. Also, the review paper suggests some best upgradation techniques.

This study was carried out to develop an effective seed propagation method for Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H. Lev.) Nakai by analyzing seed dormancy types and germination characteristics. Seeds were collected between September to October at Gangwon province, and well-selected seeds were used while being dry-stored at 4±1℃. The seed size ranged 4.52 × 1.58 ㎜ and the weight of thousand seeds were 1,603.5 ± 0.02 ㎎. The moisture content was 7.2%. Seeds were achene type, and morphology characters showed an elliptical shape and rough texture, and light brown in color. Moist-chilling treatment was conducted for dormancy breaking because the seeds had an undeveloped embryo of liner type. The embryo had developed during a moist-chilling period, constantly, and fully developed in 10 weeks. Consequently, it seemed to be non-deep complex or intermediate complex type of morphophysiological dormancy, and embryo dormancy was broken by wet-chilling for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks of wet-chilling treatment, seed germination began. Germination percentage was higher in dark condition raher than light condition and recorded the maximum at 25℃ in the dark (16.3%). A pre-soaking treatment with a combined plant growth hormones promoted germination and shortened T50. Specifically, seed germination of 84.5% was achieved by pre-soaking of seeds with a combined solution of 500 ㎎/L GA3 and 10 ㎎/L kinetin for 24 h after a wet-chilling treatment for 10 weeks. Thus the effect of plant growth hormones coupled with chilling temperature on seed breaking dormancy provide asubsequent growth of seedlings for successful plantation.

Understanding the genetic variation among landrace collections is important for crop improvement and utilization of valuable genetic resources. The present study was carried out to analyse the genetic diversity and associated population structure of 621 foxtail millet accessions of Korean landraces using 22 EST-SSR markers. A total of 121 alleles were detected from all accessions with an average of 5.5 alleles per microsatellite locus. The average values of gene diversity, polymorphism information content, and expected heterozygosity were 0.518, 0.594, and 0.034, respectively. Following the unweighted neighbor-joining method with arithmetic mean based clustering using binary data of polymorphic markers, the genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters, and population structure analysis also separated into 3 populations. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) explained a variation of 13.88% and 10.99% by first and second coordinates, respectively. However, in PCoA analysis, clear population-level clusters could not be found. This pattern of distribution might be the result of gene flow via germplasm exchanges in nearby regions. The results indicate that these Korean landraces of foxtail millet exhibit a moderate level of diversity. This study demonstrated that molecular marker strategies could contribute to a better understanding of the genetic structure in foxtail millet germplasm, and provides potentially useful information for developing conservation and breeding strategies.

This study examined the effects of trifoliate orange extract (TOE) on inflammatory reactions at the time of an LPS shock by performing experiments on rats injected with trifoliate orange extract and in Raw 264.7 cell cultures, with the aim of developing a new anti-inflammatory medicine. The IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations were lower in all of the groups treated with TOE than in the control group after 5 h of LPS treatment. The IL-10 concentration was higher in the 300- ㎎/㎏ TOE group than in the control group after 2 h and 5 h of LPS treatment. The liver concentrations of cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 decreased more in the groups treated with TOE than in the control group and the IL-6 concentration did not differ significantly between the 100-㎎/㎏ TOE group than in the control group. The TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations did not differ significantly between the TOE groups and the control group. In the experiments involving Raw 264.7 macrophage cultures subjected to LPS shock, the productions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased in all of the groups treated with TOE compared to the control group. The IL-10 concentration did not differ significantly between the groups treated with TOE and the control group. Together the findings of this study suggest that TOE contains functional substances that can influence inflammatory reactions.

This study was executed to evaluate the immune activity, nitrite scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity against extracts of various concentration of ethanol solvent from Codonopsis lanceolata cultured at 6 local regions. The immune responses from both human T and B cell line was significantly enhanced in the cell growth compared to control while the cell growth was influenced at a certain period of culture. The results revealed that the cell growth of both human T and B cell was altered in a time dependent manner. The nitrite scavenging activity of ethanol extracts from various solvent concentration of C. lanceolata were affected by pH. At a pH of 1.2, the nitrite scavenging effect of all of the extracts tested observed higher than that of the other two pH ranges. There was no distinct detection of nitrite scavenging effects of the pH range 6.0. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was progressively increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the activity was the highest in 100% ethanol extract. The result from this investigation suggests that the extract of Codonopsis lanceolata could be an addition to basic medicine for immune modulation and natural food additives.

This study describes results on sexual maturation and characteristics of natural spawned eggs to develop a method for the production of stable, healthy fertilized eggs from captive-reared yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. A total of 59 yellowtail kingfish were captured off the coast of Jeju Island, after which the broodstock was cultured in indoor culture tank (100 m3) until they were 6.1–14.9 kg in body weight. As part of the rearing management for induced sex maturation, the intensity of illumination was maintained at 130 lux. The photoperiod (light/dark; L/D) was set to a 12 L/12 D from October 2013 to January 2014, and 15 L/9 D from February 2014 to June 2014. Feeds comprised mainly EP (Extruded Pellets), with squid cuttlefish added for improvement of egg quality, and was given from April to June 2014. The first spawning of yellowtail kingfish occurred in May 3, 2014, at a water temperature of 17.0°C. Spawning continued until June 12, 2014, with the water temperature set at 20.5°C. Time of spawning was 26 times at this period. The total number of eggs that spawned during the spawning period was 4,449×103. The buoyant rate of spawning eggs and fertilization rate of buoyant eggs during the spawned period were 76.1% and 100%, respectively. The diameters of the egg and oil globule were 1.388 ± 0.041 mm and 0.378 ± 0.029 mm, respectively, which was higher in early eggs than in those from late during the spawned period.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin, elicits strong immune responses in mammals. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that LPS challenge profoundly affects female reproductive function. For example, LPS exposure affects steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis, resulting in delayed puberty onset. The present study was conducted to clarify the mechanism underlying the adverse effect of LPS on the delayed puberty in female rats. LPS was daily injected for 5 days (50 μg/kg, PND 25-29) to treated animals and the date at VO was evaluated through daily visual examination. At PND 39, animals were sacrificed, and the tissues were immediately removed and weighed. Among the reproductive organs, the weights of the ovaries and oviduct from LPS-treated animals were significantly lower than those of control animals. There were no changes in the weights of uterus and vagina between the LPS-treated and their control animals. Immunological challenge by LPS delayed VO. Multiple corpora lutea were found in the control ovaries, indicating ovulations were occurred. However, none of corpus luteum was present in the LPS-treated ovary. The transcription level of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and CYP19 were significantly increased by LPS treatment. On the other hand, the levels of 3β- HSD, 17β-HSD and LH receptor were not changed by LPS challenge. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the repeated LPS exposure during the prepubertal period could induce multiple alterations in the steroidogenic machinery in ovary, and in turn, delayed puberty onset. The prepubertal LPS challenge model used in our study is useful to understand the reciprocal regulation of immune (stress) - reproductive function in early life.

스위니 아고니스테스 는 극적 형태에 있어서 T. S. 엘리엇의 첫 번 째 탐구 작업인 바, 대체적으로 실패라고 여겨지고 있다. 그러나 엘리엇 이 이 시를 자신의 시 전집들에 포함시켰다는 사실은 독자들로 하여금 그것의 의미를 그의 작품 전체 속에서 숙고하게 만든다. 그의 초기 작 품들의 명백한 미숙함으로부터의 이탈이 변화나 역전의 신호가 아니라 그의 정서의 확대나 발전이라는 그의 안내를 따라간다면, 이 시는 보통 사람들의 감상주의적인 성향에도 불구하고 보통 사람들의 정서를 변화 시키려는 첫 번째 단계인 것이다. 이 시가 인기가 많았던 마리 로이드 처럼 관객에 대한 정서적 혁명의 영향력을 극대화하는 첫 번째 단계로 의 입문이었기 때문에, 단순히 ‘실패’라기보다는 ‘성공적인 실패’라고 정 의되어야 한다. 이러한 실패의 결과로 이어지는 시극들 전부에서 ‘유머’ 의 어조가 ‘심각함의 어조로 바뀌었다. 하지만 관객의 의식적인 관심을 요구하겠다는 그의 전략의 이러한 변경이 엘리엇의 정서적 혁명의 최종 목표인 공동체의 영적 가치관을 변화시키기에 충분히 좋지는 않았다.

Since World War II nations have formed alliances for reasons of security and trade. Countries have seen international integration as an appropriate approach to resolving domestic and international political issues, improving their welfare by both transforming their infrastructures and increasing their foreign trade. While the majority of these relationships are straightforward d Turkey’s relationship with the European Union is more complex due to differences in religion and, at times, political ideology from other Union members. As a candidate country Turkey has made advances towards the full membership of the European Union with the customs union being the most significant. The impact of customs union membership is discussed and the effects of the customs union on Turkey’s trade and economy are examined from a perspective of different economic theories.

In fish, light (photoperiod, intensity and spectra) is main regulator in many physiological actions including growth. We investigate the effect of light spectra on the somatic growth and growth-related gene expression in the rearing tiger puffer. Fish was reared under different light spectra (blue, green and red) for 8 weeks. Fish body weight and total length were promoted when reared under green light condition than red light condition. Expression of somatostatins (ss1 and ss2) in brain were showed higher expression under red light condition than green light condition. The ss3 mRNA was observed only higher expression in blue light condition. Expression of growth hormone (gh) in pituitary was detected no different levels between experimental groups. However, the fish of green light condition group was showed more high weight gain and feed efficiency than other light condition groups. Our present results suggest that somatic growth of tiger puffer is induced under green light condition because of inhibiting ss mRNA expression in brain by effect of green wavelength.

Molecular targeting for the altered signaling pathways has been proven to be effective for the treatment of many types of human cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The dual phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor BEZ235 has shown to exhibit potent antitumor activity against solid tumors. Autophagy is a cellular lysosomal catabolic process to maintain metabolic homeostasis, which has been known to be induced in response to many therapeutic agents in cancer cells. This process is negatively regulated by mTOR and often acts as prosurvival or prodeath mechanism following cancer therapeutics. The current study was designed to investigate the antiproliferation activity of BEZ235 and to evaluate the role of autophagy induced by BEZ235 using HCT15 CRC cells bearing ras oncogene mutation. We found that BEZ235 decreases cell viability, which was mostly dependent on G1 arrest of cell cycle via suppression of cyclin A expression. BEZ235 affects PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473 and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway by decreasing the phosphorylation of ERK at Tyr204. BEZ235 also stimulated autophagy induction as evidenced by the increased expression of LC3-II and abundant acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) in the cytoplasm. In addition, the combination of BEZ235 with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, a known antagonist of autophagy, counteracted the antiproliferation effect of BEZ235. Thus, our study indicates that autophagy induced in response to BEZ235 treatment appears to act as cell death mechanism in HCT15 CRC cells.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to measure the characteristics of the perceived quality of college students of 20s which is the main customers of whitening, and to investigate the customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions according to the perceived quality of whitening. Research design, data and methodology – The interviewers in the research are 300 college students in Seoul and the metropolitan area. They were collected from October 1 to October 24, 2013. 283 of collected questionnaires were used for the analysis. The analysis in the general characteristics of the subjects was analyzed by frequency analysis. With five-dimensional factor analysis, the perceived quality through reliability analysis was investigated and verified. Results – The results from analysis of the standardized coefficient Beta value were performance(0.382), brand (0.339), and price (0.318) as a high level. On the other hand, services(0.172) and design factors (0.162) were relatively low. Conclusion – Looking for these results, this study could reach the notion that a lot of consumers with whitening cosmetics highly recognized brand, performance, and price factors, but the service and design factors were relatively recognized low in customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions.