The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the most important agricultural pests. Therefore, we screened fifteen compounds from natural products for their spatial repellent and oviposition deterrent activities against T. urticae in the laboratory by using two-choice and no-choice tests. In the bridge two-choice test, nine compounds showed the spatial repellent effects on T. urticae at 20 mg dose, resulting in reduced numbers of eggs. Among the nine compounds, at 2 mg dose, two compounds were selected as having more spatial repellent activity than the others. The two compounds also showed spatial repellent and oviposition deterrent effects in the two-choice test from hosts. In the no-choice test from a host, the spatial repellent effects of the two compounds to T. urticae were significantly stronger than that of controls. These results suggest that the findings can be used as potential agents for the prevention and population control of T. urticae in the field.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the world-wide agriculture pest and has the ability to become resistant to many pesticides. Hence, we conducted behavioral tests on apterous and alate aphids for series compounds from natural products by using a two-choice test, a no-choice test, a host choice test and electroantennography (EAG). As a result, we found 3 out of 30 compounds for apterous aphids and 2 out of 15 compounds for alate aphids, both of which showed powerful repellent effects on these aphids. In this study, we suggest that our findings could be useful and eco-friendly spatial repellents for controlling cotton aphid.

The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite that afflicts honey bees, has become increasingly resistant to acaricides like fluvalinate due to its widespread use. The target site insensitivity mechanism, mediated by the L925V/M/I mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel, plays a major role in resistance. Additionally, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (Cyp450s) appear to function as a metabolic resistance factor; however, no Cyp450-mediated resistance mechanism has been reported to date. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize Cyp450s associated with fluvalinate resistance. A synergistic bioassay confirmed the involvement of Cyp450s in conferring tolerance or resistance to fluvalinate. Correlation analysis between mortality data and the expression levels of Cyp450 genes led to the identification of several candidates that may play a crucial role in fluvalinate resistance. Analysis of tissue distribution patterns revealed that these genes were most abundantly expressed in the cuticle and synganglion. This suggests that, despite their relatively low expression level, they may play a critical role in protecting the target site from fluvalinate due to its predominant expression in neuronal tissues. Functional analysis, in conjunction with baculovirus expression, demonstrated that fluvalinate has high inhibition rates against the recombinant candidate Cyp450s, suggestive of their strong interaction with fluvalinate. We discussed the potential utilization of their expression levels as a molecular marker for diagnosing metabolic resistance in field-collected Varroa mites.

The aim of this study is to investigate the habituation phenomenon of essential oils as potential feeding deterrents in agricultural practices and their associations with taste receptors. Non-choice tests and contact-fumigation bioassays were conducted to determine the feeding deterrency and insecticidal activity of 30 commercial oils on the third instar larvae of the tobacco cutworm. The results indicated that lemongrass, fennel sweet, and clove bud oils had the highest feeding deterrency in that order, and no direct correlation between insecticidal activity and feeding deterrency was observed. To validate the habituation phenomenon, larvae were exposed to the three abovementioned oils at a 1 mg/g for 48 h, then a choice assay was conducted. It showed a significant reduction in both feeding deterrence and repellency in all cases. Similar reductions in feeding deterrence were observed when individuals exposed to the main components of the three oils: citral&limonene, anethole, and eugenol. Additionally, the oil mixture of fennel sweet and clove bud exhibited the most significant synergistic effect on feeding deterrency, suggesting a relatively slower habituation process. This reduction in feeding deterrence is presumed to be due to desensitization of the larval taste sensory organs, including the maxillary palp, lateral styloconica, and medial styloconica. Further research will be conducted to investigate the specific mechanisms and spike activity associated with these sensory organs using electrophysiological study.

The idea of phytosanitation has continuously received attentions since 1950s, as the volume of international trade began to rise. All aspects of phytosanitation, including regulatory framework as well as the supporting technologies and sciences, have developed intercorrelatedly to the exponential growth of the trade, for the protection of an importing country’s agriculture, landscape, and industries from potential damages by invasive non-native pests. Phytosanitary regulatory framework has chiefly been developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), which is the foundation of the standardized phytosanitary measures across the borders, as delineating roles/responsibilities of every stakeholder on a trade continuum. Changes and modifications on the framework will be continuously required to cope with the on-going challenges by invasive non-native pests. Its role is no longer limited to plant protection but has blended into other frameworks, such as biosecurity and food safety.

At a time when the demand for drones is increasing, a plan to utilize drone images was sought for efficient promotion of cadastral resurvey. To achieve the purpose of this study, the technical and legal status of drone images was reviewed, and through this, the possibility of using it for cadastral resurvey was primarily reviewed. subsequently, an experiment was conducted targeting the project district to examine whether drone images were applied to boundary extraction, which is the primary process of cadastral resurvey. As a result of the experiment, it was found that boundary extraction from images is possible. However, in some cases, it is impossible due to field conditions or image quality. Therefore, it is necessary first to apply cases where boundary extraction is possible to cadastral resurvey and seek solutions for some impossible cases. In particular, the image quality problem may have problems with the current technology, but it will also have problems with the existing drone equipment. So, standard for drone calibration should also be established. Finally, the cadastral resurvey surveying procedure using drones was also presented.

As increasing number of stray cats, it recently has more chance for stray cats to invade people area. Inevitably, the number of cases of inconvenience and damage caused by street cats is also increasing proportionally. Therefore, we investigated and analyzed the current status and implementation of TNR in Korea and suggested the direction in which Korea's policy should go. Domestic TNR has been implemented for about 20 years, but the ratio of stray cats to which TNR is applied insufficient and post-management after TNR is also insufficient. In the case of other countries, a large percentage of TNR is conducted by selecting TNR target cats based on scientific grounds and adoption or additional observation is carried out after TNR. Based on this strategy, the conditions for successful TNR need to expand the decision-making authority of veterinarians involved in TNR and actively invigorate subsequent solutions such as adoption. In addition, the policy should be improved in the way of expanding management and supervision after TNR through food service centers and shelters.

Regarding to diagnosis for bovine brucellosis, more than one serological test should be conducted to confirm the infection by Brucella with a reliable result due to various factors including false positive serological reactions. In this study, we compared confirmatory serological tests to determine the appropriate way to detect and confirm the Brucella infection in South Korea. Several serological tests, including serum agglutination test (SAT), indirect (I)- and competitive (C)-ELISA, and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA), for detection of bovine brucellosis were performed with sera from 537 cattle. In addition, comparison of diagnostic efficacy was performed with bacterial isolation represented true positive. Of 537 serum samples, 426 (79.3% of prevalence), 433 (80.6%), 414 (77.1%), and 409 (76.2%) sera were positive for SAT, C-ELISA, I-ELISA, and FPA respectively. Based on the results of serology, the correlation among the serological tests revealed observed agreements of more than 92% with kappa (k) value of more than 0.77. The correlation between serological tests with bacterial isolation appeared observed agreements of between 79.9% and 84.7% with k value of between 0.42 and 0.59. Particularly, FPA recorded almost perfect agreements with C-ELISA and I-ELISA as well as the highest correlation with bacterial isolation. Accordingly, this investigation presented the comparison of correlation and diagnostic efficacy of serological tests for bovine brucellosis in South Korea. We suggest this finding will be a useful data to re-establish the potential serological diagnostic methods that can apply to maintain the low prevalence.

본 논문의 목적은 『연옥』에 나타난 문화적 쇠퇴 및․인종적 퇴보에 대한 우려에 대하여 논의하는 데 있다. 논문에서는 예이츠의 후기 시와 산문을 같이 살펴보면서 󰡔연옥󰡕을 아일랜드 독립 전쟁, 내전과 같은 1920년대에서 30년대에 걸쳐 일어난 역사적 변화에 대한 시인의 반응으로 보고자 한다. 이 중에서도 글에서는 ｢내전기의 명상｣과 On the Boiler를 통하여 극에 표현된 이러한 우려가『연옥』뿐만이 아니라 해당 시기 전체를 통하여 드러나 있는지 알아보고자 한다.

Assertions in current academic research and practical discourse that promote agility reduce the importance or prominence given to organizational strategic planning. While firms today are required to become agile and thus quickly and timely respond to emerging market challenges, the strategic planning process is perceived as rigid, slow, and somehow obsolete and may contradict agility. These present practitioners with a dilemma regarding the relevance of planning in this era. This study examines the pertinence of strategy planning in this agile age and its effect on firms’ business performance. In addition, since the environment in which firms operate play a significant role in determining strategies, when maintaining strategic planning, organizations need to consider internal and external factors that may change the effect of planning on performance. Hence, the study also explores market scanning (an external condition) and fault tolerance climate (an internal condition) under which the relationship planning-performance varies. Based on a quantitative research, data from organizations, and insights from fit-as-moderation approach, a conceptual model and research hypotheses are designed and tested. Common and acceptable analysis methods were employed to test the hypotheses. Initial findings indicate that strategy planning should not be deemphasized in contemporary days since it is associated with better financial (e.g., sales growth) and nonfinancial (e.g., new customer acquirement) outcomes. Additionally, performance consequences of planning are dependent on firm external and internal conditions. While the positive planning-performance relationship is associated with higher levels of market sensing, it is negatively associated with higher levels of fault tolerance. The findings have well-timed theoretical and practical implications for the business and strategy literature. Managers considering the necessity of planning strategies should recognize its relevance and take into account contingencies examined in this research.

Several earlier studies have investigated the attitudes and intentions of consumers towards sustainability within both a general (Kim et al., 1998; Nicholls, 2002; Berry & McEachern, 2005) and fashion context (Bray et al., 2011; Henninger et al., 2016; Hosseiunpour et al., 2016; Joergens 2006; Joy et al., 2012; McNeill and Moore, 2015; Reimers et al., 2016; Ritch, 2020; Tey et al., 2018; Bianchi and Gonzalez, 2021). However, there is a paucity of research from the perspective of children (Heo and Muralidharan, 2019; Ritch, 2019; Su et al., 2019; Watkins et al., 2019; Blazquez et. al., 2020; Niinimaki et al., 2020; Riesgo S. B., et al., 2022). There were predictions in 2020 that the global childrenswear market would be worth US$252.2 billion, and was proven to be more resilient than the general fashion sector during the COVID-19 pandemic (Mintel, 2021). Furthermore, the pandemic has seen prominence given to sustainability issues, with consumers increasingly prioritising brands with sustainable credentials (Euromonitor, 2022), yet little is known about children’s attitude towards sustainability. This paper aims to address this shortcoming, by assessing children’s awareness of sustainability. A Theoretical Model is proposed: Children’s sustainability awareness stages infused by educational third places.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT, Dall-E, and Steve AI can facilitate instant content creation. As an illustration, a fashion brand can simply command ChatGPT to: “Write an Instagram caption about the importance of good clothes during winter in two hundred words”. In seconds, ChatGPT generates the output. This minimum effort and short production time in the usage of generative AI may enhance content marketing outcomes. However—as warned by scholars (Bruyn et al., 2020)—not only is it advantageous for businesses, AI can also be disastrous. Underpinned by this, and the fact that generative AI and content marketing are nonexistent in the pertinent literature (see streams of research on AI in marketing e.g., Eriksson et al., 2020; Huang & Rust, 2021, 2022; Vlačić et al., 2022), this research aims to explore the potential benefits and drawbacks of generative AI for content marketing.

Electronic waste (E-waste) has become a long-standing global concern. People are purchasing new affordable and improved technologies long before the end-of-life (EOL)’s of their old devices, which is leading to overconsumption and growing volumes of e-waste. At present, official data indicates that 80% of the volume of e-waste is not formally treated globally. The complex nature of e-waste recycling processes is a significant challenge.