Digital dentistry has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, driven by extensive research following the introduction of cutting-edge technologies such as CAD/CAM and 3D oral scanners. Until now, 2D images obtained via x-ray or CT scans were critical to detect anomalies and for decision-making. This review describes the main principles and applications of supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning in medical applications. In this context, we present a diverse range of artificial intelligence networks with potential applications in dentistry, accompanied by existing results in the field.

본 논문은 민주주의 역행이라는 전지구적 현상과 관련된 여러 논의와 국내외 현실을 고찰하고, 우리 헌 법의 해석과 구체화, 나아가 개정에 대한 시사점을 정리하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 민주주의 역행은 “기존 민주주의를 지탱하는 정치제도를 국가 주도로 약화하거나 제거함을 의미”한다. 여기에 포함되는 현대적 유 형에는 ‘약속 쿠데타’, ‘정부 확대’, ‘전략적 선거 조작’과 같은 것이 있다. 민주주의 역행의 유인으로는 ‘정치적 양극화’, ‘조작과 편향에 취약한 뉴미디어의 구조적 특징’, ‘입법부의 취약성’ 등이 있다. 우리나라 에도 민주주의 위기가 나타나고 있다는 데에 많은 이들이 동의하고 있고, 따라서 민주주의 역행을 막기 위한 헌법학적 대응이 필요한 상황이다. 첫째, 헌법 해석을 통해 자유민주주의라는 헌법의 기본원리에 대한 해석을 공고히 하여 민주주의 역행 구조를 폭로하고 경계심을 촉구하는 역할을 할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 헌법 의 구체화 측면에서 국회는 민주주의 역행 방지를 위한 종합적·사전적 대책을 마련할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 헌법재판소는 민주주의 역행의 도구로 악용되지 않도록 ‘기능법적 한계’를 준수하기 위해 노력해야 한다. 넷째, 개헌이 민주주의 역행의 중대한 계기 또는 트로피로 전락하는 일이 없도록 경계해야 한다.

Single-atom Pd clusters anchored on t-BaTiO3 material was synthesized using hydrothermal and ultrasonic methods for the effective piezoelectric catalytic degradation of pollutants using vibration energy. XRD patterns of BaTiO3 loaded with monoatomic Pd were obtained before and after calcining, and showed typical cubic-phase BTO. TEM and HAADF-STEM images indicated single-atom Pd clusters were successfully introduced into the BaTiO3. The piezoelectric current density of the prepared Pd-BaTiO3 binary composite was significantly higher than that of the pristine BaTiO3. Under mechanical vibration, the nanomaterial exhibited a tetracycline decomposition rate of ~95 % within 7 h, which is much higher than the degradation rate of 56.7 % observed with pure BaTiO3. Many of the piezo-induced electrons escaped to the Pd-doped BaTiO3 interface because of Pd’s excellent conductivity. Single-atom Pd clusters help promote the separation of the piezo-induced electrons, thereby achieving synergistic catalysis. This work demonstrates the feasibility of combining ultrasonic technology with the piezoelectric effect and provides a promising strategy for the development of ultrasonic and piezoelectric materials.

Since Russia-Ukraine war, India and the United States has enhanced their cooperation as evidenced by the recent engagements. Multiple meetings by officials and leaders including two Quad and 2+2 dialogue summits, have provided a clear stance on each country’s perspective on the recent conflict. The US-India dispute regarding Russia-Ukraine war demonstrates that it is a stress test for the US-India ties, as well as a test of the US leadership in the global politics. The balancing act required to settle the differences between the two countries will have implications for the Indo-Pacific region as well as global security, even though the disagreements are not yet mutually incompatible. Strengthening ties with the US is now a tightrope walk for India. While there are differences between the two countries in Ukraine, the real challenge is turning these differences into opportunities. The paper deals with the different issues arising from the Russia and Ukraine conflict in the context of US-India interface.