2012년 1월에서 10월 사이에 전국에서 유통 중인 산화형 염모제(1제) 125개 제품에서 납(Pb), 비소(As), 카드뮴(Cd), 크롬(Cr), 망간(Mn), 니켈(Ni), 구리(Cu)의 농도 측정과 국산, 수입산 및 헤나별, 성상별,색상별로 비교해 봄으로써 이에 관련된 분야의 기초자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 분석된 전체 염모제의 평균 중금속 농도는 납 0.211 μg/g, 비소 0.051 μg/g, 카드뮴 0.008 μg/g, 크롬 0.954 μg/g, 망간 6.250μg/g, 니켈 0.591 μg/g, 구리 0.544 μg/g으로 측정되었으며 납, 비소의 경우 우리나라 화장품 안전기준 등에관한 규정에서 허용기준인 납 20 μg/g, 비소 10 μg/g보다 낮은 수치이다(식품의약품안전처 고시 제2013-24호). 또한 헤나 염모제는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p < 0.05), 납 1.264 μg/g, 비소 0.267 μg/g,카드뮴 0.025 μg/g, 크롬 4.055 μg/g, 망간 72.044 μg/g, 니켈 3.076 μg/g, 구리 4.640 μg/g으로 국산 및수입 염모제보다 높았다. 염모제의 성상별 중금속 농도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p < 0.05), 크림과 액체 타입에서 크롬이 각각 0.708 μg/g, 0.478 μg/g로 가장 높았고, 분말타입에서는 망간이 60.041 μg/g로높았다. 염모제의 색상별 중금속 농도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 노란색의 경우 납, 크롬이높은 평균 농도를 보였고, 적색과 분홍색의 염모제는 크롬, 갈색과 흑색은 망간이, 녹색은 니켈이 높은 평균 농도를 나타내었다.

국내 강원광산과 동해광산 주변 토양입자의 이화학적 광물학적 특성을 이용해 이들 광산주변내 토양 중금속 오염 원인을 규명하고자 하였다. 입도에 따른 중금속의 농도를 분석한 결과 강원광산의 경우 가장 큰 입경군인 10~18 mesh 구간에서 비소가 250.5 ppm, 가장 작은 325 mesh 이하 구간에서 445.7 ppm으로 나타났다. 동해광산의 경우에도 마찬가지로 10~18 mesh 구간에서 비소 70.4 ppm, 납 1,055 ppm, 아연 789.9 ppm으로 나타났으며 325 mesh 이하 구간에서 비소 117.7 ppm, 납 2,295 ppm, 아연 1,346 ppm으로 입도가 작아질수록 농집되는 경향을 보였다. 중금속과 토양 내 광물의 상호작용을 분석하기 위해 물리적 선별(자력, 부유선별) 후, 이들 시료에 대한 X-선 회절분석과 주사전자현미경 분석결과 강원광산 시료의 주 구성광물은 석영, 운모, 조장석, 녹니석, 자철석, 각섬석으로 확인되었으며 동해광산 시료에서는 석영, 운모, 고령석, 녹니석, 각섬석, 금홍석이 주 광물들로 나타났다. 강원광산의 자철석은 비소 농도와의 상관성이 매우 좋은 것으로 나타난 반면, 동해광산 시료에서는 티탄철석이 확인되었으며 미량의 비소를 포함하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 결과들은 토양 내 광물의 이화학적 정보와 광물학적 특성 규명이 토양 오염원 형태와 이를 바탕으로 한 토양환경 오염처리에 매우 중요함을 시사하고 있다.

Alumina-supported catalysts containing different transition metals such as Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Co, W were investigated for their activity in the selective oxidation of toluene. Catalytic oxidation of toluene was investigated at atmospheric pressure in a fixed bed flow reactor system over transition metals with Al2O3 catalyst. The result showed the order of catalytic activities for the complete oxidation of toluene was Mn > Cu> Cr> Co> W> Zn for 5wt.% transition metals/Al2O3. Mn/Al2O3 catalysts containing different amount of Mn were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy for decision of loading amount of metal to alumina. 5 wt.%Mn/Al2O3 catalyst exhibits the highest catalytic activity, over which the toluene conversion was up to 90% at a temperature of 289℃.

해양에 유출된 중금속은 빠르게 퇴적물과 결합하며, 해수보다 퇴적물에 수천 배 이상 높은 농도로 분포한다(Martin & Whitifield, 1983; Lee & Kim, 2000). 이매패류는 주로 해양저질에 서식하며, 여과 섭식을 한다. 따라서, 오염된 퇴적물에 서식하는 생물은 중금속에 직,간접적으로 악영향을 받을 수 있다(Luoma & Fisher, 1997; Yoo et al., 2002). 본 연구에서는 베트남 Ha Long Bay의 저질중금속 농도와 이 지역에 서식하는 이매패류 두 종의 intersexuality를 확인하고자 하였다. 저질중금속 분석은 ICP-MS(Perkin Elmer, NexION®300X)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 이매패류는 백합목(Veneroida), 재첩과(Corbiculidae)에 속하는 Polymesoda erosa와 개량조개과(Mactridae)에 속하는 Lutraria lutraria를 이용하였다. 시료는 Bouin 용액에 24시간 동안 고정하여 파라핀 절편법으로 4~6 ㎛ 두께로 연속 절편하였다. 그 후 Mayer's hematoxylin과 0.5% eosin(H-E) 비교염색을 실시하여 광학현미경으로 관찰하였다. Ha Long Bay 5개 지점의 저질중금속 농도는 Table 1과 같으며, 모든 지점에서 Al 농도가 가장 높았고, Cd 농도가 가장 낮았다. Intersex는 난소에서 수컷의 생식세포 또는 정소에서 암컷의 생식세포가 관찰되는 것을 기준으로 하였다. 성비는 P. erosa에서 1:0.4로 암컷의 비율이 더 높게 나타났고, L. lutraria에서는 1:4.5로 수컷의 비율이 더 높았다. Intersexuality는 P. erosa에서 14.3%, L. lutraria에서 9.1%로 두 종 모두 암컷에서만 관찰되었다(Table 2).

The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of metallic elements and the control effect of marine pollution caused by ocean dumping in the sediments at a waste disposal area in the Yellow Sea. In July 2009, concentrations of organic matter and metallic elements (Al, Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were measured in surface sediments at the site. The ignition loss (IL) in the surface sediments showed a mean value of 15.4%, about 1.5 times higher than the mean value of the sediments in the coastal areas of Korea. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) at some disposal sites exceeded 20 ㎎ O2/g·dry, which signifies the initial concentration of marine sediment pollutants in Japan. The disposal sites contain higher concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn than the sediments of bays and estuaries that might be contaminated. The magnitude of both metal enrichment factors (EF) and adverse biological effects suggest that pollution with Cr and Ni occurred due to the dumping of waste in the study area. In addition, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed that the surface sediments were moderately contaminated. By the mid-2000s, when the amount of waste dumped at this site was the highest, the concentration of metallic elements was higher than ever recorded. On the other hand, in 2008-09, the need for environmental management was relatively low compare with the peak. As a result, the quality of marine sediment has been enhanced, considering the effect of waste reduction and natural dilution in the disposal area.

Through industrial developing, electronic waste is occurred by short lifespan of electronic products. This study discusses an approach of the eco-efficiency for waste PCB (Printed Circuit Board) recycling process through environment and economic analysis. The recycling of waste PCB 1 kg has 1.89E + 00kg CO2 eq. of global warming potential and 2.84E −02 kg antimony eq. of abiotic resource depletion. In terms of economy, this process costs 6,601.91 KRW per 1kg waste PCB recycling. Use of economic and environmental result, when compare with same amounts of virgin metal, environmental-efficiency of GWP (Global Warming Potential) is at 4.16E + 00 and ARD(Abiotic Resource Depletion) is at 2.91E + 00. And compare with secondary metal, environmental-efficiency of GWP is at 2.11E + 00 and ARD is at 8.49E − 01. In addition economic-efficiency is at 1.19E + 00. The results of optimization of this process will be increased. This study will show the process economical and environmental decision making

Difference in immobilization effect of heavy metal-contaminated soil between two different amendment methods was evaluated; 1) both of steel slag (i.e., consisted in solid phase) and soluble phosphate (i.e., consisted in liquid phase) were simultaneously applied to contaminated soil (i.e., simultaneous amendment methods) and 2) soluble phosphate and steel slag was applied sequentially to the contaminated soil (i.e., sequentially amendment methods). The application rate of stabilizers to soils was determinated based on weight/weight ratio of 5% for steel slag and PO4/Pb molar ratio of 2.0 for phosphates, respectively. To identify difference of immobilization effect to test soil, three different soluble phosphates, such as Na2HPO4·12H2O, Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O and (NH4)2HPO4 were used. The sequential amendment was 6 ~ 27% more effective than the simultaneous amendment in terms of the immobilization efficiency for Pb, Cu, and Cd in the contaminated soil. There was little difference in case of Zn. Among the three phosphates tested, (NH4)2HPO4 was clearly the most effective. Residual form of heavy metals concentration in sequentially methods is higher than those in simultaneously methods. At the same time, more exchangeable and carbonate-bound forms of heavy metals in simultaneously methods were observed than in sequentially case. These result implies that the sequential amendment method was more effective than the simultaneous amendment method in terms of heavy metal immobilization in the contaminated soil.

This research investigated the feasibility of rice husk as a biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The carboxyl groups were chemically bound to the surface of the rice husk by graft polymerization of acrylic acid using potassium peroxydisulphate as a redox initiator. The Pb sorption capacity and FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of carboxyl groups on the structural units of the acrylic acid-grafted rice husk (RH-g-AA). The sorption selectivity of the RH-g-AA for cations under competition with each other was high in the following order: Pb > Cu > Cd ≥ Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Mg > K > Cr > Ca. Sorption equilibrium of Pb on RH-g-AA was better described by the Fruendlich isotherm model than the Langmuir isotherm model. The sorption energy obtained from D-R model was 13.13 kJ/mol indicating an ion-exchange process as the primary sorption mechanism. Sorption kinetic data fitted with the pseudosecond- order kinetic model and indicated that both external and intraparticle diffusion took part in sorption processes. The RH-g-AA sorbent could be regenerated for more than 5 times by the washing process with 0.1 M HCl without a serious lowering the sorption capacity.

The present study was conducted to judge the applicability of field quality control by children's goods manufacturers by assessing the contents of heavy metals such as Pb and Cd in outdoor play goods for children through measurement using Portable XRF and comparing the results through detailed analyses using ICP. Heavy metal contents of 711 part samples of 505 products were measured using XRF. According to the results, the ratio of products that exceeded the Pb and Cd content standards specified under the Quality Management and Safety Control of Industrial Products Act were 2.4% and 2.6%. Many products certified for self-regulated safety exceeded the standards and thus it was considered that harmful chemical material centered safety management systems would be necessary. Detailed ICP analyses of some products were compared and the results showed deviations of 0.9～80.8% from XRF results. The reasons for this are deviations in the characteristics of measured cross sections and the homogeneity of samples resulting from sample preparation methods, etc. Therefore, it is considered that field quality control will be applicable if measuring methods are efficiently established based on product characteristics and calibration curve preparation methods are established through quality control.

This study was conducted to determine physico-chemical properties and degree of heavy metal contamination of sediments collected at Tongyong channel. From XRF and XRD analyses, all samples consisted of similar oxides and minerals. TOC ranged between 1.73 and 2.79%. Ignition loss ranged between 9.31 and 12.28%. Degree of heavy metal contamination of sediments was performed based on standards proposed by USEPA, Ontario sediment quality guidelines, index of geoaccumulation and total enrichment factor. In summary, sediment T9 was classified as moderately contaminated region based on standards of USEPA, index of geoaccumulation and total enrichment factor. In addition, T7 and T8 were classified as moderately contaminated region based on only USEPA standard. However, concentrations of Cu and Zn of T7 and T8 gradually increased to the level of T9 where it was close to Tongyong harbor. Therefore, the regions of T7, T8 and T9 need to be monitored and if possible required to remediate contaminated sediments.

동결농축폐수처리의 기술은 열역학적 효율이 높고 에너지 소비량이 작아 중소규모로 적합하며, 용수 재활용과 융해열의 냉열 재이용이 가능한 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐수 처리효율이 높은 동결농축폐수처리장치의 개발을 위해 수직원관 형태의 제빙관을 대상으로 염화나트륨수용액을 이용한 기초 실험을 통해 냉각면 온도, 기포 분사 방법에 따른 분리 성능을 확인 후 대표적 중금속인 Pb, Cr 수용액을 대상으로 냉각면 온도, 기포 직접 분사, 과냉각을 방지하기 위한 용질을 포함하지 않은 초기 빙층 두께의 영향에 따른 중금속 분리 성능을 실험 통해 확인하였다. 실험결과 두 수용액에서 모두 냉각면의 온도가 낮을수록 동결층의 성장속도가 빨라지고 용질의 분리효율이 저하되었다. 기포를 분사하는 방법 중에는 환모양의 노즐을 통해 동결계면에 직접 분사하는 방법이 원통벽면을 통해 간접 분사하는 것 보다 분리효율이 높게 나타났으며, 초기 빙층의 두께에 따른 실험에서는 1mm 보다는 5mm의 두께에서 분리효율이 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

Amorphous metal fibers can improve the brittleness of concrete and enhance the shear and tensile strength of reinforced concrete (RC) members. A series of experimental studies RC composite beams with amorphous metal fiber composites were conducted, and it was shown that the RC beam with amorphous metal fiber composites could give improved flexural responses to compare with the reinforced concrete beam.

감마선이 조사된 세포막 모델에서 K+ 와 Na+의 선택적 전달특성을 연구하였다. 이 실험에 사용된 세포막 모델은 Na+슬폰화 폴리스티렌-디비닐벤젠(polystyrene-divinylbenzene) 혼성 중합막을 사용하였다. 이온의 초기플럭스는 H+이온 농도의 증가와 함께 증가하였다. 이 실험의 조건을 pH 0.5-3, 온도 15-65℃로 하여 첫 번째 조사되지 않은 막의 K+와 K+/Na+의 선택도는 약 1.06 - 1.13이고 두 번째 조사된 막의 K+와 K+/Na+의 선택도는 약 0에 가깝다. 조사된 막의 pH의 추진력은 조사되지 않은 막보다 약 4-5배 정도 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 세포막모델에서 K+ 와 Na+의 선택적 전달특성이 비정상적이기 때문에 세포장해가 세포에서 발현된다.

자기공명영상은 많은 장점에도 불구하고 체내에 정형보철이 있는 경우 자화율 차이로 영상왜곡이 발생한다. 스테인리스와 티타늄 시험편을 65 x 15 x 2mm로 동일하게 제작하여 phantom과 돼지고기에 부착 한 후 자기공명영상과의관계를 알아보았다. phantom 영상을 통해 영상왜곡의 길이와 돼지 뼈를 통한 신호강도의 변화, 피하조직의 지방억제정도를 정량적으로 평가 하였다. 스테인리스는 티타늄에 비해 길이 방향으로 4.4배, 높이 방향으로 2.8배 영상왜곡이크며, 신호강도는 58.5%로 상대적으로 낮았다. 피하조직 지방억제는 Normal의 56.2%에 비해 스테인리스는 16.04%,티타늄은 54.53%로 나타났다.실험 결과 자기공명영상의 영상학적 진단가치는 스테인리스 보다 티타늄 금속이 부착 된 경우 더 우수한 것을 알수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of heavy metal concentrations in the blood and urine of the general population. This research had been conducted from April to December 2008, studying 545 residents of Daejeon and Chungcheong Province. Through the concentrations of heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Mn) in the biota samples and questionnaires, the residents heavy metal exposure level and the influential factors according to personal characteristics or lifestyle were evaluated. As to the heavy metal concentration in the blood and urine of the comparing region, were As and Mn statistically significant(p<0.01, p<0.05). Blood lead and urinary mercury concentrations were higher in males than females. The heavy metal concentration for each age group increased blood mercury. The concentration of all heavy metals were higher in the drinkers than in the non-drinkers. Blood lead and mercury concentrations were higher in the smokers than in the non-smokers, but the urinary cadmium, arsenic and blood manganese was higher in the non-smokers than in the smokers. As to the blood lead and urinary cadmium concentration according to the food preference fish showed high concentration. To clarify the factors affecting the heavy metal concentration in biota among subjects multiple regression analysis was conducted. As a results, it turned out that as to lead content in blood, sex, age and smoking have influence on the subjects with explanatory adequacy of 14.0 %. These results demonstrated that the factors affected the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine. The results of this study could be used as the foundational data for setting the health risk assessment.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the immobilization of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in an abandoned mine soil by applying both soluble phosphates and steel slag as stabilizers. The application rate of stabilizers to soils was determinated based on PO4/Pb molar ratio of 2.0 for phosphates and on weight/weight ratio of 2, 5, 10% for steel slag, respectively. Immobilization efficiency of heavy metals in the contaminated soils was evaluated by toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP). After adding both phosphate and slag, the immobilization efficiencies of Cu, Zn and Cd increased significantly (about 14% - 40%) compared to those of treatment with soluble phosphate alone. The increae in immobilization efficiencies of Cu was the greatest. Whereas, immobilization efficiency of Pb was not significantly different from those with soluble phosphate alone. Among the tested three phosphates (Na2HPO4 ·12H2O, Ca(H2PO4)2 ·H2O, (NH4)2HPO4), the immobilization efficiencies with Na2HPO4 ·12H2O increased more than those of other phosphates. Results of sequential extraction analysis indicated that fraction of reducible form (F3) and residual form (F5) increased, while mobile forms (F1, and F2) decreased after immobilization treatment with both stabilizers resulting in decrease in leachability of heavy meyals in the treated soils. Residual fraction of Cu after treatnment was the highest as 68.5%, it was followed by Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd.

The amount of contaminated dredged materials are increasing every year in Korea. Secondary contamination would be expected, if contaminated marine clayey slurry remains without treatment. Therefore, the appropriate remedial treatments are required in order to prevent secondary contamination. Electrokinetic method is especially suitable for low permeability dredged clayey soils because pore fluid can be easily transported by electric field. Hydrogen ions created by electrolysis enhance the remedial processes by desorbing heavy metal contaminants from slurry soil surfaces. This study investigated variation of electrical current and voltage gradient during the treatment, and ICP analysis as well as pH measurements were carried out to measure zinc concentration during and after the treatment.

This study was conducted to determine the contents of heavy metal in commercial herbal medicines. The monitoring of lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury was carried out on 100 samples with 10 kinds of herbal medicines. The contents of heavy metal were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and mercury analyzer. The mean values of heavy metal contents for herbal medicines were Pb 1.87 mg/kg, As 0.39 mg/kg, Cd 0.26 mg/kg and Hg 0.021 mg/kg. Of the total samples, 19 samples (19%, 4 types) were violated the KFDA regulatory guidance of heavy metal in herbal medicines (9 samples on Pb, 10 samples on Cd). Among these 19 unsuitable samples, 16 samples were domestic and 3 samples were imported. Therefore, we need continuously monitoring to ensure confidence and safety for these herbal medicines.