Fescues, which are widely cultivated as grasses and forages around the world, are often naturally infected with the endophyte, Epichloë. This fungus, transmitted through seeds, imparts resistance to drying and herbivorous insects in its host without causing any external damage, thereby contributing to the adaptation of the host to the environment and maintaining a symbiosis. However, some endophytes, such as E. coenophialum synthesize ergovaline or lolitrem B, which accumulate in the plant and impart anti-mammalian properties. For example, when livestock consume excessive amounts of grass containing toxic endophytes, problems associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, such as convulsions, paralysis, high fever, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and even death, can occur. Therefore, pre-inoculation with non-toxic endogenous fungi or management with endophyte-free grass is important in preventing damage to livestock and producing high-quality forage. To date, the diagnosis of endophytes has been mainly performed by observation under a microscope following staining, or by performing an immune blot assay using a monoclonal antibody. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic method is gaining importance in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and healthcare given the method’s advantages. These include faster results, with greater accuracy and sensitivity than those obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of endophytes, the nested PCR method is the only available option developed; however, it is limited by the fact that the level of toxic alkaloid synthesis cannot be estimated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a triplex real-time PCR diagnostic method that can determine the presence or absence of endophyte infection using DNA extracted from seeds within 1 h, while simultaneously detecting easD and LtmC genes, which are related to toxic alkaloid synthesis. This new method was then also applied to real field samples.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin factor present in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and induces various immune responses to infection. Recent studies have reported that LPS induces cellular stress in various cells including oocytes and embryos. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a regulatory hormone of circadian rhythm and a powerful antioxidant. It has been known that melatonin has an effective function in scavenging oxygen free radicals and has been used as an antioxidant to reduce the cytotoxic effects induced by LPS. However, the effect of melatonin on LPS treated early embryonic development has not yet been confirmed. In this study, we cultured mouse embryos in medium supplemented with LPS or/and melatonin up to the blastocyst stage in vitro and then evaluated the developmental rate. As a result of the LPS-treatment, the rate of blastocyst development was significantly reduced compared to the control group in all the LPS groups. Next, in the melatonin only treated group, there was no statistical difference in embryonic development and no toxic effects were observed. And then we found that the treatment of melatonin improved the rates of compaction and blastocyst development of LPS-treated embryos. In addition, we showed that melatonin treatment decreased ROS levels compared to the LPS only treated group. In conclusion, we demonstrated the protective effect of melatonin on the embryonic developmental rate reduced by LPS. These results suggest a direction to improve reproduction loss that may occur due to LPS exposure and bacterial infection through the using of melatonin during in vitro culture.

Mecoprop-p, a chlorophenoxy herbicide, has been widely used since the 1980s. Due to its high water solubility, it could be detected in the aquatic environment, as it has already been detected in the surface water or groundwater in several countries. The toxicity of other chlorophenoxy herbicides has been reported; however, there are few studies on the toxicity of mecoprop-p, one of the chlorophenoxy herbicides, on aquatic organisms. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of mecoprop-p using zebrafish. After mecoprop-p exposure, we observed that the zebrafish larvae eyes did not form normally, heart edema was generated, and the body length was shortened. The number of cells undergoing apoptosis also increased in the anterior part including head, heart, and yolk sac of the mecoprop-p-treated zebrafish compared to the untreated controls. Moreover, cardiovascular structures, including the heart and aortic arches, were also malformed after exposure to mecoprop-p. Therefore, our results suggest that mecoprop-p could cause abnormal development in zebrafish larvae and there is also a high possibility that mecoprop-p would be toxic to other aquatic organisms.

When we think about an idea of United Nations Tolerance Program UNTP, it is important for us to share memory with world citizens that we had 2314 veterans from 11 countries in the Busan U.N. Forces Cemetery since January of 1951. Recently, we had 13 veterans, who got buried coming from 4 Americans, 3 Hollanders, 2 Frenchmen, 2 Germans, 2 Englishmen, 1 Canadian and 1 headband after they died in their countries. (Joongang daily newspaper June 19, 2022). "I believe that creating a fifth office of the UNTP in Republic of Korea (Seoul, Busan, Kyunggi or Jeju Island), as a twin organization of the UNEP in Nairobi, Kenya, would provide a geopolitical balance to the international organization and a useful base for peace island studies in the conflict laden region of East Asia. Establishing this office in S. Korea(Seoul, Busan, Kyunggi or Jeju Island), with its unique geographical location as a hub for peace talks and environmental negotiations between Russia, North Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan, would contribute to peace and development in the region." (Yates. 2022).

This study investigated the responses of Eremogone juncea flowering characteristics to exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and gibberellic acid3 (GA) treatments. Overwintered E. juncea plants were sprayed with seven treatments: no hormones; 200, 400, and 800 mg·L-1 BAP; and 200, 400, and 800 mg·L-1 GA. All treatments showed 100% flowering, and the exogenous BAP and GA treatments did not affect the time to flowering, whereas the hormone treatments influenced floral organ development. BAP significantly decreased the floret diameter and inflorescence length with increasing BAP concentration, although the 400 and 800 mg·L-1 BAP treatments showed similar values. BAP also caused abnormal flowers with a large gynoecium and stamens with small anthers and short filaments. However, GA significantly increased the floret diameter and inflorescence length, although 800 mg·L-1 GA treatment did not affect the floret diameter. In the vegetative parameters, the leaf length tended to increase as the GA concentration increased. These results indicate that BAP and GA affect the flowering quality of E. juncea and can enhance the value of cut flowers, such as flower size and inflorescence length, by making the flowers larger overall.

본 연구는 진로 성숙도와 진로 결정의 자기효능감이 진로 결정 이후의 노동시장 성과에 어떠한 영향 을 미치는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 또한, 성별이 청소년 후기의 진로 발달과 20대 후반의 노동시장 성과 간의 관계에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 평가하였다. 본 연구는 한국고용정보원에서 수집한 ‘청년패널조사 (YP)’ 데이터를 사용하였다. 2008년, 2010년, 2020년에 778명의 응답자로부터 수집한 정보를 활용하 여 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 진로발달 수준은 고등학교와 대학 재학 기간 동안 지속적으로 향상 되었으며, 대학 시절의 진로발달 수준이 노동시장 성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 성별에 따라 진로발달과 노동시장 성과 간의 관계에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 성인 진입기에 진로발달을 위한 적극적인 개입이 필요함을 보여준다. 즉 노동시장 성과를 향상시키는 데 성인 진입기의 진로발달 프로그램 제공 등이 긍정적으로 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다. 한편 여성의 진로 는 남성의 경우보다 일-가정 양립 문제와 밀접한 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

Although the effect of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on Phalaenopsis plant flowering, biomass, and photosynthesis has received intensive study, whether elevated CO2 affects plant requirements and sensitivity to potassium sulfate (SOP) during the reproductive growth stage remains unclear. To evaluate the combined effect of CO2 and SOP provision on crassulacean acid metabolism orchids, we cultivated Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ under ambient and elevated CO2 treatments (≈ 400 or ≈ 720 μmol×mol-1, respectively) and four levels of SOP supply for 20 weeks after treatments (WAT): potassium and sulfate levels by 10.41 and 1.96 mmol·L-1 (SOP1), 5.98 and 0.90 mmol·L-1 (SOP2), 12.80 and 1.96 mmol·L-1 (SOP3), and 14.83 and 3.16 mmol·L-1 (SOP4), respectively. The number of floral buds and flowers decreased in the plants grown under elevated CO2 than in those grown under ambient CO2, regardless of the SOP level; however, the reduced production of floral buds and flowers did not affect the dry mass of shoot, root, and spike at 20 WAT. There were significant interactive effects of CO2 and SOP on root biomass accumulation and net CO2 uptake. The stimulation of biomass partitioning on the root, as a sink source, observed due to the uptake of elevated CO2 was improved under increased SOP supply. Under ambient CO2, the leaf critical SOP level was SOP1 for root and spike biomass accumulation. Plants grown under elevated CO2 were more sensitive to SOP treatments, with higher essential leaf levels of SOP.

Digitization and automation technologies have rapidly maximized productivity and efficiency in all industries over the past few decades. Construction automation technology has either stagnated over the same period or has not kept pace with overall economic productivity. According to the research studies up to now, the output of concrete structures using coarse aggregates (8mm or more) is very limited due to the limitations of equipment and materials. In this study, information on the development process of 3DCP equipment that can print concrete structures with the printing width (100 mm or more) and printing thickness (30 mm or more) using a 3DCP material mixed with coarse aggregate (8 mm or more) is provided. To verify the performance of the developed 3DCP equipment, experimental data are provided on output variables, the number of layers, and the inter-layer printing time interval. The evaluation and verification data of various mechanical properties (compressive and splitting tensile strength) of printed materials using coarse aggregates are provided.

네트워크 기술이 급속도로 발전하는 현대 시대에 웹 드라마의 등장은 젊은 세대들 에게 많은 환영을 받고 있다. 이들은 단순한 인터넷 사용자가 아니라 적극적으로 정 보를 생산하고 전달하는 역할을 담당한다. 젊은 층들은 웹 드라마를 보면서 실시간 으로 드라마 내용을 공유해 전달하고, 개인적인 의견을 제시한다. 정보화 시대에 정 보의 빠른 확산은 그 무엇보다 뛰어난 홍보 효과라 할 수 있다. 따라서 향후 중국 웹 드라마의 성장을 위해서는 젊은 층들의 요구를 반영할 필요가 있다. 아울러 웹 드라마에서도 단순히 기존 TV 드라마나 해외 콘텐츠를 재전송하기보다 중국 웹툰을 재매개한다면 이들의 시청률과 만족도 모두를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. 젊은 층에 대한 만족도 제고는 웹 드라마 홍보에도 큰 도움이 될 수 있다. 젊은 층들의 웹 드라마 만족도가 높아지면 자연스럽게 다른 계층들에게도 웹 드라마 홍보가 될 것이고, 결국 웹 드라마 시장을 지금보다 더욱 확대될 수 있을 것이다.

After detection of red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) at Gamman port in Busan in September of 2017, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency has surveilled invasive ants in the area with a high invasion risk of ants. However, existing surveillance traps have several limitations such as captured ants could escape easily or it is very hard to set up the trap on a hard ground like concrete or asphalt. To solve these problems, we developed a new trap using multiple narrow tubes to attract ants to the inside of the trap and make it hard for ants to escape. The new trap can be easily set up under various conditions. The new trap has more than four times ant capturing efficacy compared to conventional pitfall traps. Our results confirmed that the new trap could prevent captured ants from escaping. We hope that this newly developed trap would contribute to the prevention of invasive ants.

This article started with the purpose of discussing the need for research considering the historical context in sociolinguistic research. To this end, in this paper, the term ‘historical socilinguistics’ was first proposed, and the emphasis was placed on presenting the rationale. (1) Interest in language and society existed widely before the term sociolinguistics was coined. In particular, there are cases where the term 'sociology of linguistics' was used before the emergence of the term 'socilinguistics' mentioned in Lee Ik-seop (1994), mixtures are also found. (2) It was discussed that the interest in the relationship between language and society is to study the history of the language community, and that interest in the 'language community' has a long history in itself despite the diversity of concepts. (3) In this paper, the ‘history related to the linguistic phenomenon of a language community’ and ‘social factors as a linguistic environment’ are to be explored as ‘historical sociolinguistics’. (4) The need to study the historical and social factors of language change was discussed not only in terms of phonological, vocabulary, and grammatical changes, but also in the process of creation and settlement of translated academic terms.

Deforestation and poverty in developing countries are critical ongoing issues. Forests provide a broad spectrum of benefits and services to millions of people, and more than $14 billion has been globally spent on the Forestry Official Development Assistance 2000-2019. The purpose of this study was to empirically analyze the effect of forestry ODA on the economic development and forest conservation policies of 87 major recipient countries, using panel data from the OECD DAC CRS, and the World Bank WBI 2003-2018. Herein, fixed effect and random effect models were applied, to 1,392 observed panel data using the R software. Results are as follow. First, results show that the forestry ODA has a positive and statistically significant effect on forest conservation. The higher the forest-dependent country, the greater the positive effect. On the other hand, the forestry ODA does not have a positive effect on the economic development of the recipient country. As the positive effect of the forestry, ODA has been verified; it is necessary to continuously increase international cooperation projects as well as financial support, in line with these international trends. Additionally, results suggest a joint and integrated project with the agriculture as well as forestry sectors because forest areas and farmlands area have a close negative ( ) relationship. Thus, the results provide substantial evidence for supporting as well as establishing, a solid momentum of international cooperation policies in the forest sector.

본 논문은 또 하나의 새로운 게임 체인저로 부상하고 있는 레이저 무 기의 개념·강약점·요구능력, 주요국 레이저 무기개발의 현황과 주요이슈, 그리고 한국의 레이저 무기개발의 현황·의의·과제를 분석하기 위한 것이 다. 제4차 산업혁명기술들이 각종 무기체계에 반영되어 전쟁을 전혀 새 로운 모습으로 변화시키고 있다. 레이저 무기와 같은 에너지 무기는 획 기적인 장점이 있어 ‘육군비전 2050’의 8대 게임 체인저 중의 하나다. 국방·군사 신기술인 레이저 무기는 물론 강약점이 있고 미사일 요격·방어 무기가 되기 위해서는 더 많은 개발이 요구되지만 극초음속무기 방어체 계 및 요격수단으로서의 가능성과 관련해서도 주목을 받고 있는 무기이 기도 하다. 새로운 창과 방패의 전략·전력이 함께 요구되고 있다. 향후 한국은 ①레이저 무기의 핵심전력으로의 유지·강화, ②기술격차의 극복과 민관군산학연의 협력, ③미래전 대비 자조적·공조적 노력의 강화에 힘써 나가야 할 것이다.

In the case of incumbent training, unlike training for the unemployed, it is difficult to show the results of training. In this study, factors affecting the performance of vocational competency development training were selected and the main factors were derived. Data were collected through Focus Group Interview(FGI), and regression analysis was performed through factor analysis and reliability analysis. As a result, empathy, training participation type, reliability, working experience, and training operation type were derived as factors affecting job satisfaction. did. Confidence and training participation patterns were derived as factors affecting training satisfaction, and the results showed that the larger the variable, the more positive it was. Therefore, as factors affecting the vocational competency development training performance, there are empathy, training participation type, reliability, work experience, training operation type, certainty, and training participation type. It was confirmed that the results had an effect.

본 연구의 목적은 루어낚시 참여자의 손목 움직임 측정을 위한 스트레치 센서를 개발하는 것이다. 손목움직임 측 정을 위해 스트레치 센서를 손목에 부착하여 배굴, 저굴 그리고 랜딩동작을 게이지율, 인장강도 그리고 신장회복률 을 척도로 실험을 진행하였다. CNT 분산액을 이용한 전도성 센서를 개발하고 E-band에 동일한 조건으로 적용하였 다. 함침을 각각 한 번, 두 번, 그리고 세 번한 같은 크기의 5종, 15가지 센서를 만능재료시험기(Dacell dn-fga Universal testing machine, UTM)를 활용해 게이지율(Gauge Factor)을 측정하였다. 두 번 함침한 센서가 게이지율이 가장 우수했으며, 게이지율과 인장강도가 높은 세 가지 센서로 프로토 타입을 제작하였다. 아두이노에 연결하여 동작테스트를 한 결과, 인장강도와 게이지율이 가장 높은 시료 1이 세 가지 동작에서 일정한 파장이 유지되었다. 시료 2,3은 배굴과 저굴에서는 일정한 파장을 나타내었지만, 랜딩동작에서는 신호 노이즈가 나타났다. 이는, 랜딩동작에서 는 인장강도와, 게이지율에 따라 파장의 패턴이 다르게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과로 손목의 움직 임 측정을 위한 스트레치 센서 제작시에 필요한 조건들을 유추할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과를 활용하여 루어낚시용 스마트 웨어러블 제품 개발에 응용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

In a rapidly changing environment, it is essential for companies to develop their capabilities for sustainable growth. To this end, informal learning at work plays an important role for small and medium-sized enterprises that are having difficulties in human resource development. If the GRIT of workers and the spiritual leadership of leaders are maintained at an appropriate level, the effect of informal learning will increase. This study derived the following results through a survey of workers participating in the Work-learning Dual System in Korea. First, experience and feedback among informal learning activities have a significant positive effect on competency development. Second, the higher the level of the GRIT of workers, the greater the magnitude of the positive effect of experience and feedback on competency development, showing a positive moderating effect. Third, in the case of workers with high GRIT, capacity development is strengthened as experience or feedback increases, and the higher the level of spiritual leadership, the greater the scope of reinforcement. On the other hand, it can be seen that in the case of workers with low GRIT, competency development weakens as experience or feedback increases, and the higher the level of spiritual leadership, the greater the extent of the weakening.

The development of technology related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the growth of the online market due to pandemic are continuing the growth of the logistics market for product delivery. If it is difficult to deliver the product directly to the customer during delivery, storage and delivery using the unmanned courier box are being carried out. However, existing storage boxes are not actively used due to lack of usability even though they have the advantage of storing goods and delivering non-face-to-face. In addition, existing courier boxes are not prepared for cold chain transportation. The unmanned delivery storage device with ICT cold chain technology should be developed to prepare for the transition to non-face-to-face society, to improve logistics efficiency and meet user's requirements. Also, it is necessary to consider the measures to reduce the safety problems that may occur during the use and maintenance of the automatic system.This study conducted a model-based analysis for the development of unmanned delivery storage devices with ICT cold chain technology, and conducted a study to derive the system development specifications that meet the requirements and secure safety and apply them to the development process.

1992년 한국과 중국의 수교 이후, 양국은 30년 동안 경제, 교육, 문화 등 다방면의 교류를 통해 비약적인 성장을 이룩하였다. 현재 급변하고 있는 세계질서 속에서 양 국은 인문교류를 비롯한 수많은 관계 속에서 전략적 동반자로까지 관계가 격상되었 으나, 최근 서로를 불편하게 바라보는 시선을 넘어 혐오와 불신이 사회 전반으로 퍼 지게 되는 지경까지 이르렀다. 본 연구에서는 중앙정부 제도적 장치와 지방정부 및 민간 차원의 인문교류 과정들을 분석하여 양국 교류 중에 나타날 수 있는 갈등 및 오해를 발생 요인들을 정치·안보, 역사·문화, 사회 등 다각적인 관점으로 규명하여 양국의 관계가 지속 발전될 수 있도록 가교역할을 할 수 있는 인문교류 메커니즘의 보완적 필요에 대한 고찰과 함께 향후 양국관계가 나아가야 할 방향성에 대해 제언 하고자 한다.

The Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) has been cooperating with AfricaRice since 2014 for the eradication of hunger and poverty in Africa through sustainable agriculture and its industrialization. At first, rice breeding activities for staple food production started with KAFACI member countries by sharing high-yielding Tongil-type rice breeding lines and varieties. The Africa Rice Development Partnership project entitled “Enhancement of high-yielding rice germplasm and breeding capacity of rice producing countries in Africa” is implemented for the period from 2016 to 2025 with three phases. The actual rice breeding activities have been conducted by applying anther culture haploid breeding technology in the laboratory and field of AfricaRice Saint-Louis center. The 1,547 elite lines selected through participatory variety selection were distributed to 21 national breeders of KAFACI member countries. These lines derived from the 1,181 cross combination and 34,616 breeding lines on Korea and AfricaRice germplasm crossed. Among them 11 new Tongil-type rice varieties have been selected and registered in the national variety catalogue of Senegal, Mali, Rwanda, Malawi, and Tanzania.