This article started with the purpose of discussing the need for research considering the historical context in sociolinguistic research. To this end, in this paper, the term ‘historical socilinguistics’ was first proposed, and the emphasis was placed on presenting the rationale. (1) Interest in language and society existed widely before the term sociolinguistics was coined. In particular, there are cases where the term 'sociology of linguistics' was used before the emergence of the term 'socilinguistics' mentioned in Lee Ik-seop (1994), mixtures are also found. (2) It was discussed that the interest in the relationship between language and society is to study the history of the language community, and that interest in the 'language community' has a long history in itself despite the diversity of concepts. (3) In this paper, the ‘history related to the linguistic phenomenon of a language community’ and ‘social factors as a linguistic environment’ are to be explored as ‘historical sociolinguistics’. (4) The need to study the historical and social factors of language change was discussed not only in terms of phonological, vocabulary, and grammatical changes, but also in the process of creation and settlement of translated academic terms.

번식효율은 농가수입에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 요인으로 암소뿐 만 아니라 씨수소의 번식효율은 중요한 경제형질로 여겨지고 있다. 본 연구에서 는 한우 씨수소에 대한 번식효율을 분석하기 위하여 2010~2017년에 전북지역 분만기록 62,284개와 이에 사용된 132두의 KPN에 따른 인공수정 수태율을 분석하였다. 종부차수(NAIPC)가 증가함에 따라 분만간격(CI), 공태기간(CCI)이 유의적으로 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 임신율은 낮아졌다. 첫 종부 임신율은 62.365%로 나타났으나, 3차 이후에는 48.147 이하로 급격히 낮아졌으며, 6차 이후에는 15.664% 이하로 낮아졌다. KPN과 인공수정사 모두 수태율에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. KPN에 따른 수태율은 39.154~70.621%로 분석되었으며, 인공수정사에 따른 수태율 은 22.237~85.517%로 나타났다. 인공수정 실패 시 같은 KPN의 재사용율은 20% 내외로 특별한 경향은 보이지 않았다. 첫 종부 기록만을 이용하여 상대적 추정 수태율(ESCR)을 분석한 결과 KPN1041이 가장 높은 11.107%로 나타났으며, KPN1112는 가장 낮은 -20.591%로 나타나 31.698%의 차이를 보였다. 본 연구결과 인공수정사 뿐 만 아니라 전북지역에서 사용되고 있는 KPN에 따라 번식효율이 크게 영향 받을 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

1. 말레이시아는 젖소 유전자원 개선을 위해 다수의 가축 사육 프로젝트를 지원해오고 있다. 그러나 소비자의 유제품 수요가 빠르게 늘어나는 상황에서 이를 충족시키기 위해 유전자 원과 유제품을 수입에 의존하고 있는 상황이다. 2. 이는 낙농산업 분야에서의 낮은 젖소 번식능력과 개체 수, 비구조화된 번식체계, 수입의존 유전자원, 수익성 있는 낙농산업 모델 부재, 현대적인 유전육종기술 한계에 기인한다고 볼 수 있다. 3. 말레이시아는 향후 정책지원을 통해 낙농산업의 효율성 향상을 진행할 것으로 전망되며, 이러한 상황 속에서 우리나라의 우수한 낙농 유전자원 수출을 위해서는 현지 낙농산업 현황과 검역절차에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 4. 말레이시아 젖소정액 검역 통관을 위해서는 포괄적인 검역조건 대응으로 협의를 통한 검역조건 간소화가 필요하며, 수출 지속성 제고를 위해 국제협력사업과의 연계, 현지 에이전트 발굴을 통한 적극적인 참여 유도, 한류 등을 활용한 현지 홍보활동 방안이 있다.

The status of probiotics is increasing worldwide and the range of application of probiotics is also being extended to the livestock industry. The use of probiotics in the swine industry aims to improve animal health and productivity by forming a healthy gut microbiota. Intensive pig breeding, a common breeding method in modern society, causes physiological stress in pigs, resulting in imbalance of the intestinal microbiota and dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. We conducted a scientific research on the properties of probiotics for multi-strain probiotics (MSP) and observed the economic benefits and efficiency of culturing MSP through a self-cultivation system in livestock. Initially, we observed alteration occurred by MSP application in the gut microbiota of pig. MSP were characterized to have resistance to digestive juices such as gastric acid and bile, followed by colonization in the target organ, the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). In addition, MSP was also confirmed to have antibacterial ability against pathogenicity that most frequently infected in the swine industry and showed low resistance to antibiotics which means guaranteed stability when added to feed. The growth rate of probiotics in the optimized medium used in the self-cultivation system was suitable for efficiently and economically culturing and feeding pigs with high concentrations of probiotics, considering the ingredient price and the growth efficiency. We observed the significant alteration of gut microbiota of pig by application of MSP. Importantly, the MSP supplementation significantly increased the beneficial bacteria genus of Bifidobacterium that confer a health benefit to the host in pig GIT, whereas decreased the number of harmful bacteria including coliforms. In addition, MSP influenced on the uniformity of gut microbiota at both of sow and weaning pigs. Taken together, the application of MSP with high concentration of probiotics using self-cultivation system may critically improve the pig health by regulation intestinal microbiota.

In the recent years, thin film solar cells (TFSCs) have emerged as a viable replacement for crystalline silicon solar cells and offer a variety of choices, particularly in terms of synthesis processes and substrates (rigid or flexible, metal or insulator). Among the thin-film absorber materials, SnS has great potential for the manufacturing of low-cost TFSCs due to its suitable optical and electrical properties, non-toxic nature, and earth abundancy. However, the efficiency of SnS-based solar cells is found to be in the range of 1 ~ 4 % and remains far below those of CdTe-, CIGS-, and CZTSSe-based TFSCs. Aside from the improvement in the physical properties of absorber layer, enormous efforts have been focused on the development of suitable buffer layer for SnS-based solar cells. Herein, we investigate the device performance of SnS-based TFSCs by introducing double buffer layers, in which CdS is applied as first buffer layer and ZnMgO films is employed as second buffer layer. The effect of the composition ratio (Mg/(Mg+Zn)) of RF sputtered ZnMgO films on the device performance is studied. The structural and optical properties of ZnMgO films with various Mg/(Mg+Zn) ratios are also analyzed systemically. The fabricated SnS-based TFSCs with device structure of SLG/Mo/SnS/CdS/ZnMgO/AZO/Al exhibit a highest cell efficiency of 1.84 % along with open-circuit voltage of 0.302 V, short-circuit current density of 13.55 mA cm−2, and fill factor of 0.45 with an optimum Mg/(Mg + Zn) ratio of 0.02.

1. 농촌진흥청 연구과제를 통해 국내 젖소 정액의 수출여건 조사를 제공하고자 우간다 낙농 유전자원 및 인공수정 현황과 수출사례를 통해 국내 젖소 정액의 수출여건 대응 향상 방안을 제시하였다. 2. 우간다의 농업분야는 가용노동력의 70%, GDP의 약 24%를 차지하고 있을 만큼 GDP와 고용측면에 있어 경제의 핵심부문이며 그 중 낙농산업은 축산분야 중 높은 성장률을 보이고 있다. 그러나 동물유전자원과 관련된 전반적인 업무를 총괄하는 국립동물유전자원센터는 수입 유전자원을 정액 형태로 농가에 보급하는 수준에 그치고 있다. 3. 한국은 열악한 기후조건에도 불구하고 세계 3위권의 마리당 일일 우유 생산량을 기록하여 낙농 유전자원의 우수성을 증명하고 있다. 인공수정을 통한 품종 개량 시 유생산 우수 젖소를 효율적으로 확보할 수 있으며, 우간다 농민은 한국 젖소 정액을 활용하여 평균 유량이 어미 소의 2배인 딸소를 생 산하였다. 4. 우간다에 한국 젖소정액 수출은 양국 정부와 여러 관련 기관들의 협조 하에 이루어졌으며 그 과정에서 발생하였던 내용을 토대로 한국 젖소정액의 수출 진입장벽 해소를 위한 방안을 제시하였다.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the odor reduction in swine farms by the application of probiotics. A total of five farms were selected from the preliminary survey based on the management scale, odor gas concentration level, and production efficiency. The application of probiotics consisted of feeding swine high concentrations of probiotics, addition of odor-reducing agents in the slurry pit, and the spraying of swine houses. The concentration of probiotics given per pig per day was above 107 cfu/g. The odor was measured before and after probiotics application for 77 days in the swine farms. With the exception of E farm, the odor concentration decreased in four farms with probiotics application. Ammonia and amine concentrations were reduced by 48.24% and 45.37% on average, respectively. The main causes of odor were hydrogen sulfide, p-cresol, and butyric acid. The total odor activity value was the lowest in D farm, followed by B, A, E, and C farms, respectively in increasing order. In the case of C farm, hydrogen sulfide accounted for 92% of the total odor activity value. In order to verify the reliability and effectiveness of probiotics at the farm site, appropriate application and monitoring should be performed continuously on the basis of the product quality evaluation system.

Heo, Jae-young. 2016. “The Character and the Creation of the Discriminatory Expression”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 379~397. This study aims to explain of the character and creation of the discriminatory expression. This term are not scientific term in linguistic or sociolinguistics. In recently, this thema is interested in many sociolinguistic scholars, because of group being discriminated. I defined the term of discriminatory expression imply ‘(listener) realization’, ‘differentiated(to be discriminate)’ and ‘negative and aggressive intention’. This expression related in discriminative group or person. The expression created from contemptuous appraisal expression like as vulgar language. Vulgar language means [＋contemptuous] and [＋estimative] feature’s expression. These expression have qualification of deficit. But the main factors are discriminative group or person in society.

To breed a new Korean Pleurotus eryngii cultivar with high quality and yield, single crosses between 24×46 and KNR2539 were performed, and a new cultivar, 6×13, was selected based on the days to harvest (14.6 days), quality (7.2), and yield (85.9 g/850 cc bottle). The strain was named Aeryni 5 and cultivated on a large scale at the mushroom farms to compare with Keuneutari 2ho. The yield of Aeryni 5 (82.2 g) was 122.7% of Keuneutari 2ho, and the quality of the new cultivar was 7.7 while reference cultivar was 6.3. The yield and quality of the two cultivars were statistically different. The lightness of the pileus of Aeryni 5 (61.7) was greater than that of Keuneutari 2ho by 3.4 points; thus, the pileus of Aeryni 5 looked brighter. PCR with URP2 was used to discriminate between Aeryni 5 and Kenneutari 2ho.

큰느타리버섯 품종 육성을 위해 품질이 우수한 특성을 지니는 큰느타리버섯 KNR2598과 경도가 우수한 특성을 지니는 큰느타리버섯 KNR2610 모본으로부터 단핵균주를 분리 한 뒤 단포자간 교잡을 통해 고품질의 저온 저장성이 우수한 신품종 “단비5호”를 육성하였다. 신품종의 균사 생 육 적정온도는 25 o C이며 자실체 발생 적정 온도는 15~ 16 o C 이었다. 솎음 재배에서 발이소요일수를 포함한 수확 소요일수는 대조품종인 큰느타리버섯 2호에 비해 0.5~1.7 일 정도 빠른 특성을 보였다. 갓 색깔은 중간수준의 갈색이 며 대 색깔은 흰색을 나타내었다. 갓모양은 우산형으로 850cc 플라스틱 병재배에서 한 개체의 평균무게는 90.4 ±16.9 g이었다. “단비5호”와 대조품종간의 RAPD 분석결과 서로 다른 DNA 밴드양상을 보여 주었으며 대치배양을 통 해 두품종간에 대치선을 확인 하였다. “단비5호”의 경우 4 o C에서의 저장성이 대조품종 대비 24.6~30.6일 이상 길게 유지되는 특성이 있어 수출적합형 품종으로 가치가 있을 것으로 기대된다.

청보리 신품종 ‘유한’은 삼차망으로 가축 기호성이 좋고 보리호위축병에 강하면서 탈립이 적은 양질 다수성 품종이다. ‘유한’은 직립 초형으로 파성은 III이고. 엽색은 담녹색, 넓이는 중 정도이다. 초장은 107 cm로 장간이고, 경수는 m2당 641개로 다얼성이다. 출수기는 전작에서 5월 2일로 대비품종인 ‘유연’ 보다 1일 늦었으며, 답리작에서는 4월 28일로 2일 빨랐다. 황숙기는 전작에서 6월 4일, 답리작에서는 5월 31일로 ‘유연’과 같았다. 도복은 3 정도로 중강이고, 내한성은 ‘유연’ 보다 강하였으며, 보리호위축병은 익산(Ⅲ형), 나주(Ⅰ형), 진주(Ⅳ)에서 모두 저항성을 보였다. 건물수량은 전작 1개소 및 답리작 5개소 평균 12.6톤/ha으로 ‘유연’ 보다 6% 증수하였으며, 답리작에서는 12톤/ha로 5% 증수하였다. 조사료 품질은 조단백질 함량 7.3%, ADF 26.8%, NDF 47.8%, TDN 67.7%로 ‘유연’과 비슷하였고, 사일리지 품질은 2등급으로 양호하였다. 적응지역은 1월 최저평균기온 －8℃ 이상으로 북부 산간내륙지방을 제외한 전국이다.

청보리 신품종 ‘녹양’은 총체생산성이 높고 생육후기 녹체성이 우수하며, 도복에 강하고 보리호위축병에 저항성 인 품종이다. 이 품종은 2001년 ‘낙영’을 모본, 육성계통인 ‘SB77368-B-145’를 부본으로 교배하여 선발된 ‘SB01T2017- B-B-1-2’ 계통을 2007년～2012년까지 관찰시험, 생산력검정 시험과 지역적응시험을 거쳐 2012년에 육성되었다. ‘녹양’ 은 반포복 초형으로 파성이 Ⅲ 정도이며, 잎은 담녹색이면 서 넓고, 줄기 굵기는 중간 정도이며, 이삭은 길고 까락은 일반망이다. ‘녹양’은 잎과 줄기의 후기녹체성이 ‘영양’에 비해 오래 지속되었다. ‘녹양’의 초장은 104 cm로 대비품종 인 ‘영양’에 비해 장간형이고, 평균 출수기와 성숙기는 각 각 5월 6일과 6월 4일로 ‘영양’보다 늦었다. ‘녹양’은 ‘영 양’보다 추위와 도복에 강하였고, 보리호위축병에 대하여 익산(Ⅲ형), 나주(Ⅰ형), 진주(Ⅳ) 등 모든 지역에서 저항성 을 보였다. ‘녹양’의 평균 건물수량은 전작에서 12.8톤/ha, 답리작에서 11.5톤/ha으로 영양’에 비하여 각각 7%, 2% 증수하였다. ‘녹양’과 ‘영양’ 모두 황숙기에 곡실의 탈립 정 도가 매우 낮았고, 조사료 품질은 조단백질 함량 7.2%, ADF 25.9%, TDN 68.5%로 ‘영양’과 대등하였고, 젖산함량 도 3.36%로 3.04%인 ‘영양’과 비슷하였으며, 사일리지 등 급은 2등급으로 양호하였다.

청보리 신품종 '녹양'은 총체생산성이 높고 생육후기 녹체성이 우수하며, 도복에 강하고 보리호위축병에 저항성인 품종이다. 이 품종은 2001년 '낙영'을 모본, 육성계통인 'SB77368-B-145'를 부본으로 교배하여 선발된 'SB01T2017-B-B-1-2' 계통을 2007년~2012년까지 관찰시험, 생산력검정시험과 지역적응시험을 거쳐 2012년에 육성되었다. '녹양'은 반포복 초형으로 파성이 III 정도이며, 잎은 담녹색이면서 넓고, 줄기 굵기는 중간 정도이며, 이삭은 길고 까락은 일반망이다. '녹양'은 잎과 줄기의 후기녹체성이 '영양'에 비해 오래 지속되었다. '녹양'의 초장은 104 cm로 대비품종인 '영양'에 비해 장간형이고, 평균 출수기와 성숙기는 각각 5월 6일과 6월 4일로 '영양'보다 늦었다. '녹양'은 '영양'보다 추위와 도복에 강하였고, 보리호위축병에 대하여 익산(III형), 나주(I형), 진주(IV) 등 모든 지역에서 저항성을 보였다. '녹양'의 평균 건물수량은 전작에서 12.8톤/ha, 답리작에서 11.5톤/ha으로 영양'에 비하여 각각 7%, 2% 증수하였다. '녹양'과 '영양' 모두 황숙기에 곡실의 탈립 정도가 매우 낮았고, 조사료 품질은 조단백질 함량 7.2%, ADF 25.9%, TDN 68.5%로 '영양'과 대등하였고, 젖산함량도 3.36%로 3.04%인 '영양'과 비슷하였으며, 사일리지 등급은 2등급으로 양호하였다.

Heo, Jaeyoung. 2014. The Principal of the WOORIMAL DORO CHATGI (Recovery of the Korean Language). The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 22(3). The WOORIMAL DORO CHATGI (Recovery of the Korean Language) was published by the Education Department in 1948. This book was as a result of a campaign to purify the Korean language. At this time, the campaign to purify meant the elimination of Japanese remnants. Many Korean scholars were interested in language problems. Jang Ji-young wrote an essay “Let's purify our nation’s language” in the HANGEUL [the journal of the HANGEUL HAKHOI(the Korean Alphabet Society)]. The WOORIMAL DORO CHATGI was based on Jang’s essay. I analysed this book’s materials from two perspectives. One is the section of terms, and the other is the purification methods. The selection of terms were totally Japanese remnants. But the Japanese Chinese character's terms were similar to Korean terms. Hence many terms of purification were not used, but the Korean pronunciation style’s terms were used. I think that these types of terms were unnecessary for purification. There were four methods of purification. The first was the recovered mother language. The second was a search for our old sayings, the third was the use of old chinese words, and the fourth was the creation of new words. These methods were absolutely necessary for the purification of the language. But I think these term types contained some problems. Some purification terms differ from original terms, some were not used, and parts of the purification terms had negative meanings. I think that these materials contained several kinds of limitations, but this campaign had great historical significance for the Korean purification.

Heo Jae-young. 2013. The Trends on the Study of Language Power and the Sociolinguistical Approaches. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). In order to understand what language power means to sociolinguistics, we will search for the relation between language and power in various academic fields; for example in linguistics, philosophy, history and literature. I searched various theses and works related to language power. But no one has used this term in a technical sense. Many scholars have used ‘language and power’ instead of ‘language power’. This tendency is similar to sociolinguistics. I couldn't find this term in the dictionary of sociolinguistics. But I found ‘language change, language contact, language conflict, language rights and shifts’. We take a broad view that these terms are related to language and power indirectly. The results are as follows: First, language is used for communication, therefore language is related to race, culture and societies. This means language is related to social power elements. Discrimination of language by race, gender and class for example, indicated the problem of language power in the language community. Second, power is essentially related to inner order or intergroup-relationships. In this respect, many linguistic scholars were concerned about the function of language or class. Third, I found many literary researchers were concerned about language power in works. They were concerned about the expression relating to character's status. This theme related to discourse analysis. Fourth, I after researching the history of foreign language power, I reached the conclusion that the study of language power is one of sociolinguistical problems and this problem implied a historical background. (243 words)

Ti₂AlN composites are a laminated compounds that posses unique combination of typical ceramic proper- ties and typical metallic(Ti alloy) properties. In this paper, the powder synthesis, SPS sintering, composite characteristics and machinability evaluation were systematically conducted. The random orientation characteristics and good crystalli- zation of the Ti2AlN phase are observed. The electrical and thermal conductivity of Ti2AlN is higher than that of Ti6242 alloy. A machining test was carried out to compare the effect of material properties on micro electrical discharge drilling for Ti2AlN composite and Ti6242 alloy. Also, mixture table as a kind of tables of orthogonal arrays was used to know how parameter is main effective at experimental design. Consequently, hybrid Ti2AlN ceramic composites showed good machining time and electrode wear shape under micro ED-drilling process. This conclusion proves the feasibility in the industrial applications.

Heo Jae-young. 2012. Remarks on the Areal Linguistics from the Sociolinguistic Viewpoint. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(2). pp. 465-479. This report aims to survey and describe remarks on areal linguistics from the sociolinguistic viewpoint. It has an important bearing on the relations of language to society. Many dialectologists paid attention to these traditional areal languages. But sociolinguilism was only established in the 1960's. This science was introduced to Korea in the 1980's and the Sociolinguistic Society of Korea(SSK) was established in 1993. So I focused on the graduate theses, dissertations and books after 1990's. The results are as follow: First, the trend of sociolinguistic areal language studies was interested in special area communities( for example administrative districts) rather than divisions of dialect in Korea. In particular, some scholars were concerned with YEONBYEON(China's Far East) community after established diplomatic relations in 1992. Second, these studies focused on the factors of language change and attitudes to language. Third, some books and reports treated the phenomena of language use, and dialect in literature works and in national daily-life language.

The Meaning of Sociolinguistics about the Composition's Order Rules of Complex Word-Focus on the Textbooks in Modern Enlightenment Periods. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 19(2). This study aims to describe the change of word order in the modern enlightenment times in Korean language. The composition's order was dominated by several elements, for example preception and recognition. Chang (2008) concluded the word placement of coordinate word order is determined by the elements of lexical hierarchy, basic vocabulary, word frequency and sociocultural meaning. These elements are the fundamental factors. But, the word order is changed by the language family and sociolinguistic environment. The word order has rapidly changed in the modern enlightenment times. I divided the change into two types: lexicalization and sociocultural change. The former means the increase in quantity of lexical items through the competition of two types: in the right order and reverse order. The latter means the social concerns have changed. But the results of change are not uniform. Some reverse words gain special meaning or nuance. The Korean word 'SEONGJANG(成長)' means 'growth' or 'development', but 'JANGSEONG(長成)' means 'come of age' or 'grown up' for example.