The modern Korean missions movement cannot be accurately understood apart from its relationship to the church growth movement and the revival movement. Therefore, the main purpose of this dissertation is to examine the factors contributing to the development of the modern Korean missions movement via historical analysis. Chapter 1 introduces the primary purpose of this dissertation, explains and defines the dissertations title, provides a brief survey of the current Korean missions movement, and outlines the background for the proposal. It also describes the plan and methodology to be used for this work. Because these are some ambiguities about the definitions of the missions movement, this chapter clarifies the definition of the modern Korean missions movement. Chapter 2 examines the history of missions in Korea. Though Korea has a brief history of overseas missions experience, this chapter attempts a through study, in order to understand today's Korean missions movement. This chapter details the earlychurch's foreign mission efforts in Korea and examines the significant role of foreign missions after the Korean War. A brief survey of the monumental efforts toward modern missions are included. Finally, a discussion regarding college campus missions which have contributed significantly to the birth of the missions movement in Korea isfound in this chapter. Chapter 3 seeks to determine the direction that the Korean church is going in foreign missions in today's world. Accordingly, there are four major missions forces in the Korean church. There are also many denominations in the Protestant churches. This author discusses the mission boards of major denominations because they represent the Korean church. This chapter attempts to show how para-church missions are successful in Korea. It also explains well college campus missions which have been pivotal in the modern Korean missions movement. Finally, this chapter examines how local churches participate in foreign missions. Chapter 4 concerns the main thrust of this dissertation. This chapter examines four significant factors regarding the development and the contributions of the modern Korean missions movement. The important atmosphere of its socio-political factors is examined in this chapter. Economic factors that made rapid Korean church growth possible is studied as part of the missions movement. Theological factors also made a great impact on the Korean missions movement and are discussed in this chapter. Chapter 5 provides an overview of tomorrow's missionary efforts in the Korean church. It explains the strategic sending of missionaries under the current mission circumstances. It also discusses a paradigm shift for Korean missions. Finally, it covers missionary training and networking missions on the mission field. Chapter 6 is the conclusion. It summarizes the ideas and thoughts in a final form, emphasizing important facts presented in the dissertation.
This paper investigates morphological theory as an intellectual framework for research and design. The first part of the paper will review morphological studies in the fields of urban geography, urban planning and architecture, particularly in England from the 1940s to the 1980s. While urban geographers and planners were concerned primarily with town plans, building forms and land use, architectural theoreticians were more interested in the topological relationship between urban and architectural space. The underlying premises and principles of these two approaches will be reviewed. The second part of the paper will focus on typology in Europe and North America. The reinterpretation of typology by Italian architects helped to bridge the gap between individual elements of architecture and the overall form of the city. However, typological theory became less accessible in post-war England and the United States. After 1980, the debate on typology became muted by the onset of vague notions such as functionalism, bio-technical determinism, and contextualism. This paper will propose a redefinition of morphology as a heuristic device, in contrast with the dichotomic view of urban morphology and architectural typology. Morphology will be shown to combine the geometrical and topological; the intentional and accidental; the real and abstract; and a priori and a posteriori. The last part of the paper discusses the lack of comparative theories and methods surrounding the physical form of architecture and the city by Korea commentators. Empirically rooted facility planning, non-comparative historical studies, and iconographic criticism emerged as a central preoccupation of architectural culture between the 1960s and 1980s, a time when international debate on architecture and urbanism was most intense. This paper will give consideration to the built environment as a dynamic physical entity and space as an epiphenomenon of daily urban life, such that collaboration between urban designers, architects, and landscape architects is seen as both beneficial and necessary.
This study researched the art-educational thoughts as a modern idea influenced with the social and philosophical transitions in the 19th century. Moreover, this study focused on Frank Lloyd Wright's educational thoughts, because those educational revolutions had appeared as one of the results that Western society's character was rapidly changed by those revolutions, so called, Industrial Revolution, American and French Revolution, and Cultural Revolution of Romanticism, from late 18th century, and eventually because that revolutionary educational ideas had closely and basically many relations with Wright's thought. As a result, even though Wright's education such an apprenticeship was a traditional shape, which was not the old-fashioned educational method discipling to the skillful man, but against the existing education through the self-learning from experiences in nature. That is similar to transcendentalists such as Emerson who searched for having an inspiration in Nature. Namely, Wright himself had struggled against the existing dualistic educational concepts through Wright's monistic thoughts on art-education including architecture based on not naturalism but the philosophy of nature by romantic idealistic philosophers such as Shelling, Fickle, Kant, Hegel including with his Master, Sullivan, and by revolutionary educators such as Freobel, Ruskin, Dewey, and above all by his Unitarian doctrine. However, Wright's thoughts was at that time so radical, and as Wright himself acknowledged that, 'because the philosophy back of it, of course, as you know, is midway I guess between East and West', such all philosophical objects to influence on Wright were so abstruse idea which is usually called 'Romantic' or 'Mystic' that is mingled with East's and West's essence. That is, because Wright himself catched that the theories and methods of the art-educational thoughts would not be easily perceived, and he judged that in a word as a character which could not be taught. After all, Wright's romantic progressivist art-educational thoughts have not been perceived, disseminated in general and widely.
Globalization has been remaking the world order in terms of world economy, cosmopolitan culture and international social movements. Through globalization, we could enjoy many cultures and communicate between us without any obstacle. On the other hand, it was thought to be the extension of modernization, bringing about many problems. In connection with the expansion of globalization, Samuel Huntington's theory of ' The Clash of Civilizations' is worth mentioning. According to him, the 21th century as de-cold period, is faced with the collision of cultures based on religions. As far as globalization is considered to be the expansion of American culture, the world- wide resistance is already predicted. Especially the countries which had gone through colonization are seeking their own alternatives to the global culture. In connection with this, modern Irish poets are the representatives who are moving toward the ideal glocalism. What I mean by ideal glocalism includes making definition of localism, the appropriation of global power, objectifying the local culture and seeking for the new humanism. The modern Irish poets show the successful model for appropiating 'the third-space' of Homi Bhabha. They explore 'the third-space' of Homi Bhabha as the space of recreation, not that of imitation, by solidifying the local culture and accepting the hybridity at the same time. W.B. Yeats is the first contributor in making differentiation of the Irish culture from the English one. And, also, he tries to make the Irish culture global trend. He recreated hybridity as something new. However, he cannot narrow the cultural gap between the Anglo-Irish as a global power and the Gaelic Catholic as a local power. John Montague begins his career as a critic of Irish local culture. And he chose the exile. However, from him, we can also see the romantic attachment to the local culture through its objectification. Seamus Heaney begins his career as an archeologist of the local culture. However he also experiences the conflict between the local and the global. At last his recognition of hybridity of the local culture brings him to the reconciliation. The last conclusion is the following: the three Irish poets go beyond globalism toward glocalism through redefining and remaking their local culture.
書堂은 三國時代 및 高麗를 거쳐 朝鮮朝末期에 이르기까지 士族과 庶民 子弟의 初等敎育을 전담해 온 自然發生的인 私設敎育機關이다 이러한 書堂은 당시 京鄕 各處에 散在해 있으면서 漢文基礎敎育을 담당했지만 우선 敎材 內容을 통해 알 수 있듯이 封建儒敎社會가 요구하는, 五倫에 根幹을 둔 忠孝敎育을 중점적으로 실시함으로써 書堂敎育이 단순히 文字敎育機關이 아닌 修身과 敎化를 위한 風化之源으로서의 機能을 다하여 왔다. 필자는 이와 같이 書堂이 大衆敎育에 끼친 공적이 至大함에 관심을 두고, 書堂敎育에서의 敎育課程과 效用性, 現代의 書堂式 漢文敎育 機關의 現況에 대하여 傳統 書堂敎育의 現代的 意義와 관련하여 논술하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 과거의 전통적 서당교육의 정신이 그 명맥을 근근히 유지하고 있으며 전국 각지에서 유림의 선비 정신을 면면히 이어오면서 후진양성에 매진하고 있는 서당 훈장님들을 직접 탐방하여 확인할 수 있었다. 이들은 윤리·도덕이 무너져 가고 있는 현실에 비춰 볼 때 어둠을 밝혀 주는 등볼과도 같아서 그나마 한 가닥 희망이 보이는 것 같았다. 필자는 대학에서 강의하면서 학생들에게 방학을 이용하여 훌륭한 서당 훈장님들에게 가서 誠心으로 공부하도록 권하고 있는 바 그곳에서 수학한 학생들은 인성과 예절이 바르고, 한문전공 성적도 우수하다는 것을 실증적으로 보아왔다. 이들에게서 한문교육 장래의 희망을 걸어본다. 이제 초·중등학교의 학부모들은 오로지 입시 위주의 인기과목에만 치우치는 학원에만 자녀들을 보낼 것이 아니라 방학 등을 이용하여 서당과 한문학원에서 修學하게 하여 인성과 덕성을 기르도록 해야 할 것이다. 이를 통해 대학에 진학하여 모든 학문영역에서 올바론 학문 자세를 갖추어 지와 덕을 겸비할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 서당교육이 구시대적 교육제도라는 점에서 사회적 여건이 判異한 현대의 교육제도와의 接木은 사실상 불가능한 일인지도 모른다. 그러나 전통적 서당교육과 현대적 한문교육이 新·舊의 조화를 이루어 法故創新하는 한문 교육과정을 啓發해 나감으로써 한문학습이 어렵고 지루한 공부가 아니라 재미 있는 과목이 될 수 있도록 힘써야 할 것이다. 예컨대 인터넷을 통한 사이버 서당교육 등이 그것이다. 아울러 일선 학교 漢文敎師와 漢學者 그리고 漢文敎育 關聯機關에서 부단한 노력을 통하여 일반인들에게 접근하기 쉬운 內容으로 活性化시켜 나가야 할 것이다