While the air quality of public facilities such as daycare centers is managed by law, the management of air quality in residential buildings is not mandatory. For this reason, air quality in an apartments has not been well surveyed. In this study, we investigated the influence of cooking and ventilation on the indoor air quality in an apartment. Continuous measurements were performed using real-time monitoring instruments from June 9 to 17, 2014 in Seoul, Korea. A CO2 meter was used to measure CO2 concentration and temperature. A portable aerosol spectrometer (0.25-32 μm), a nanoparticle aerosol monitor (10-1,000 nm), and an aethalometer (total suspended particulate, black carbon) were also used. During the measurement period, ventilation and cooking activities were observed 8 and 10 times, respectively. In 5 of the observed cases, both activities were done simultaneously. During the ventilation, CO2 concentration and temperature were decreased; however, particle concentrations were increased. When cooking was done, particle concentration was increased in some cases; however, CO2 concentration and temperature were unchanged. Combined cased CO2 concentration and temperature were decreased and particle concentrations were increased.

이 연구의 목적은 한국과 미국의 테러대응 입법 및 개정과정에서의 정 책의 변동과정을 정책흐름모형을 적용하여 심층 검토함으로써 정책적 함 의를 찾고 향후, 우리나라의 테러방지법을 발전을 위한 의사결정과정의 효율성을 제고하는데 있다. 이를 위해 9/11 테러사건 이후 현재 적용되 고 있는 테러대응 법률 입법과정에 대한 기존연구와 정책흐름 모형의 선 행연구를 검토하였다. 그리고 우리나라의 테러방지법과 미국의 애국법· 자유법의 입법절차와 법적용에 있어서의 쟁점사항을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 첫 번째 김대중 정부(16대 국회)∼노무현 정부(17대 국 회)∼이명박 정부(18대 국회)에서는 국가전체의 절박성과 정책선도자의 의지가 부족하여 정치의 흐름을 이끌지 못하였지만, 박근혜 정부(19대 국회)에서는 여당의 국회의원들은 강한 의지를 가지고 입법안을 발의하 는 등 정책선도자로서 정부의 강력한 법제정 추진의지에 의해서 법을 제 정할 수 있었다. 또한 2015년 11월 파리 동시다발 테러사건과 북한의 핵 문제 등 안보현안이 정책변동의 영향력으로 결정적으로 활용될 수 있 었다. 그러나 국회를 통과하는 과정에서 진보진영의 반대에 대한 타협안 을 만들면서 테러의 정의, 테러위험인물의 범위 등 중요한 법 목적에 관 련된 사항을 양보하여 정책의 성과 면에서 실효성이 부족하다는 평가를 피하지 못하고 있다. 두 번째, 미국의 경우 9/11 테러사건이라는 전대미문의 테러의 공포가 미국 전체를 패닉상태로 몰아넣었다. 부시행정부(114대 연방의회)는 안 보매파의원의 주도로 국가정보기관에게 무차별적 개인정보 수집 등 시민 의 자유와 사생활 보장이라는 선진민주주의의 가치를 희생시키면서 애국 법을 제정하는데 성공하였다. 테러사건 이후 불과 20여일 만에 이룬 법 제정의 성과였다. 그 후 여러 인권관련 사건을 거치면서 시민의 자유와 사생활 보장을 위한 법의 개정을 주장하였고 10여 년 동안 꾸준히 애국 법 개정안을 내놓았다. 그러나, 2013년 에드워드 스노든(Edward Joseph Snowden) 폭로사 건은 애국법을 개정하기 위한 결정적인 계기로 작용하였다. 애국법 연장 에 대한 안보매파들의 법 수호 의지는 극렬했으나 오바마 대통령은 상원 을 압박하여 자유법을 통과시켰다. 이 과정에서 정략적 차원을 넘어서 공화당원 중에서도 애국법 제정을 주장하였고, 긍정적 정책변동과정은 국가안보’와 ‘미국시민의 기본권 보장’의 균형을 이루었다는 평가를 받으 면서 현재까지 현행법으로써의 역할을 다하고 있다. 2016년 3월 3일 우리나라도 숱한 정책변동을 겪으면서 테러방지법을 보유한 국가가 되었지만 정책성과면에서 부족한 점이 많다는 비판을 받 고 있다. 테러의 정의, 테러위험인물의 범위 등 개정해야 할 여지가 많다 는 관계자들의 의견이 또한 비등하다. 무엇보다도 이러한 정책산출(정책 성과)의 실효성이 부족한 우리의 정치문화를 되짚어봐야 한다. 그리고 앞으로 정책산출이 높은 테러방지법으로 개정·보완하기 위하여 의사결 정 과정에 있어서 효율성을 제고할 수 있어야 할 것이다.

현행법이 강제하고 있는 사항이 아님에도 모든 사립학교법인은 정관에 소속 교원의 징계와 관련된 규정을 두고 있다. 그러나 그 내용 및 형식 은 ｢사립학교법｣ 상의 관련 규정을 완전히 동일하게 옮겨 적고 있거나 요약하는 수준에 그치고 있다. 또 현행법이 교원의 징계와 관련해 정관 등 자치규범에게 위임한 것으로 보이는 내용들을 명문으로 규정하지 않 은 채 교원징계위원회의 결정에 위임하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 대부분의 사립학교법인의 정관이 가지고 있는 이와 같은 문제점들은 교원에 대한 징계처분이 학교법인의 운영과정에서 일반적으로 발생하는 사안이 아니라는 데에서 비롯된 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 이와 같은 규 정 내용 및 형식은 임용권자 및 교원으로 하여금 징계와 관련된 예측가 능성을 상실하게 만들며, 그 결과 징계와 관련된 불필요한 분쟁을 발생 시키게 될 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 사립학교법인의 정관 상 교원의 징 계와 관련된 규정은 각 학교법인의 현실에 맞도록 보다 구체적이고 체계 적으로 규율할 필요가 있다. 특히 징계의 사유, 징계양정, 징계에 필요한 서식 및 기타 사립학교법에서 위임한 사항들은 반드시 정관에 포함되어 야 할 것이다. ｢사립학교법｣은 강행규정으로서 이를 위반한 정관 상의 징계규정은 무 효이다. 대표적으로 정관에서 징계위원회의 구성과 관련된 내용을 달리 규정해 놓은 경우를 생각해 볼 수 있다. 그런데 징계의 시효와 관련해서 는 달리 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 징계시효제도의 목적은 사용자가 징계 권을 행사할 수 있는 기간을 제한함으로써 근로자가 상당 기간 불안정한 지위에 있게 되는 것을 방지하려는 데에 있는바, ｢사립학교법｣ 상의 징 계시효기간보다 단기의 기간을 설정해 놓은 정관상 징계시효규정의 유효 성에 대한 판단은 일반적인 경우와 다를 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 ｢사 립학교법｣ 상의 징계시효기간은 수차례에 걸친 개정을 통하여 연장되어 왔다는 점과 함께 그 기간을 보다 장기간으로 연장하려는 현재의 입법 동향 등을 고려한다면, 이 또한 절대적인 기준으로서 이를 위반한 정관 상 징계시효규정은 효력이 없다고 보는 것이 타당하다.

Infection with Helicobacter pylori leads to gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Moreover, when the gastric mucosa is exposed to H. pylori, gastric mucosal inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) and reactive oxygen (ROS) species increase. Tribulus terrestris L. is an annual creeping herb of the family Zygophyllaceae. In this study, the effect of Tribulus terrestris L. fruits extract (TTE) extract on H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelial cells was examined. Cell viability was determined by the tetrazolium salt reduction method using WST-1 according to the manufacturer's instructions. AGS cells were pretreated with TTE extract for 24 hrs followed by H. pylori infection for up to 24 hrs. IL-8 secretion in AGS cells was measured by ELISA. The extract yield of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris with 50% ethanol was 20.60%. We analyzed TFE composition by LC. The concentration of Protodioscin in TFE was 310 μg/mL. It was confirmed that exposure to 100 μg/mL of TTE had no significant effect on cell proliferation at the concentrations examined (12.5–200 μg/mL). It was therefore concluded that TTE at these concentrations had no cytotoxic effects on AGS cells and could be used in this study. Pretreatment of H. pylori-infected AGS cells with 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL of TTE for 24 hrs significantly decreased IL-8 production by 12.5%, 25%, 27.5% and 50%, respectively, compared to H. pylori-infected cells without TTE. In this study, we found that TTE inhibited H. pylori-induced IL-8 secretion, thus augmenting their benefit in regard to protection of gastric epithelial cells. This study suggests that ingestion of these plant extracts could have therapeutic implications for patients with H. pylori induced gastritis and duodenal ulcer.

A 2-year-old, spayed male Bengal cat was referred to our clinic due to a mass lesion on the upper lip, as well as lower lip swelling and redness. Furthermore, well-circumscribed, raised, pink lesions were found in the oral cavity. Complete blood counts (CBC) and serum biochemistry profiles revealed no remarkable findings. Bacterial and fungal cultures of the lesion in the oral cavity were negative. Fine needle aspiration of the lesions revealed numerous eosinophils. Based on both clinical examination and cytological evaluation, the cat was diagnosed with feline eosinophilic granuloma. As an initial treatment, oral prednisolone (PDS) with cyclosporine was administered. However, the cyclosporine caused the cat to vomit. The lesion was markedly improved after 2 weeks of PDS-only therapy; this was subsequently tapered for 2 months and discontinued. However, one month later, the lesion had relapsed. The cat was then treated for one month using tacrolimus with PDS, and the clinical signs of eosinophilic granuloma gradually improved. The tacrolimus was gradually tapered for 1 month, and the PDS was gradually tapered for 4 months. There is no standard protocol for the investigation and treatment of feline eosinophilic granuloma. The cat in this report was administered immunosuppressive therapies to treat eosinophilic granuloma. This case report provides evidence the combination of PDS and tacrolimus is effective for reducing relapse in feline eosinophilic granuloma.

Ras activates a series of downstream effectors, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the Rac/Rho pathway after insulin stimulation. Mutations in Ras are found in approximately 30% of all human cancers and are critical factors in tumor initiation and maintenance. There are four Ras proteins with 80-90% amino acid sequence homology with major differences in the carboxyl termini. Ras proteins undergo farnesylation on their carboxyl termini catalyzed by the enzyme protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), which facilitates localization of Ras proteins to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Because inhibition of FTase would prevent Ras from processing into its active form, FTase is viewed as a potential therapeutic target. A variety of FTase inhibitors have showed great potency against tumor cells in preclinical studies. Although many farnesyltransferase inhibitors have been developed, their adverse effects on the mitogenic and metabolic actions of insulin are not completely understood. Here we show that YH3096, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, inhibits insulin-mediated DNA synthesis in HIRc-B cells without affecting c-Jun expression and membrane ruffling in HIRc-B cells. Moreover, YH3096 and its derivatives did not affect insulin-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results provide a laboratory evaluation of the effects of Ras inhibitors on insulin functions.

The lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) show in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The three major micturition centers in brain are pontine micturition center (PMC), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), and medial preopticnucleus (MPA) regions. Previous study showed that c-Fos expression change was associated with LUTS. In present study, the effect of P. ginseng on c-Fos expression in PMC, vlPAG, and MPA regions in rat brain was tested. P. ginseng is the four year-old Korean ginseng. It was collected at the department of medicinal crop research (Eumsunggun, Chungbuk, Korea) in September 2010. The four groups (n = 6) are control group, BPH-induced group, BPHinduced and P. ginseng-treated group, and BPH-induced and finasteride-treated group. BPH in rats was induced by testosterone. After 4 weeks, all animals were sacrificed to evaluate c-Fos expression in PMC, vlPAG, and MPA regions in rat brain. The c-Fos expression was evaluated in the regions of rat brain by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Present results showed that c-Fos expressions in PMC, vl-PAG, and MPA regions in brain of rats in the BPH-induced group were higher compared to c-fos expression of the control group. The increased c-Fos expression in three regions (PMC, vlPAG, and MPA) were decreased by treatment with P. ginseng (200 mg/kg). These results suggest that P. ginseng has an inhibitory effect on the symptoms of BPH and is associated with regulation of c-Fos expression in the brain in a testosterone induced BPH rat model.

It has been known that the ability of Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli (STEC) to produce Stx2e in culture media plays a role in the diagnosis of edema disease and determination of subunit vaccine candidates in STEC isolates. To examine the efficiency of Stx2e production in several commercial media, a Stx2e-producing strain (KEFS1302) was grown in four different media: ISO-Sensitest broth (ISB), E. coli broth (ECB), trypticase soy broth (TSB), and Mueller Hinton broth (MHB), with or without mitomycin C at 37°C (250 rpm) for 6 h. Toxin production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the presence of mitomycin C, ECB was found to be the most suitable medium, reaching a production peak (OD600 = 1.2) at 1 h; Stx2e was mostly produced during the logarithmic phase (within 3 h). On the other hand, toxin production in ISB reached a peak at 3 h after incubation in the absence of mitomycin C. Stx2e was purified by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) using anion-exchange chromatography. The 43 kDa band of Stx2e was confirmed by western blot using the ECB supernatant. Our results showed that ECB and ISB media would be a suitable medium for mass production of Stx2e even if the toxin production is dependent on time.

저출산·고령화로 인하여 노인인구가 급증하면서 10∼20년 후에는 전 세계적으로 많은 국가가 초고령사회에 진입할 것으로 예상되고 있다. 초 고령사회에서는 소수의 생산가능인구가 다수의 노인을 부양해야 하는 부 담이 크게 증대되어 국가적으로 경제성장률이 둔화되고 경쟁력이 떨어질 가능성이 매우 높다. 더욱이 많은 노인들이 제대로 노년기를 준비하지 못하고, 빈곤의 늪에 빠져 고통을 겪으며 인간다운 삶을 누리지 못하는 상황에 직면하게 될 것이다. 이러한 사회적 배경 하에서 지금까지 그리 큰 주목을 받지 못했던 노인문제는 앞으로는 그 구성비율이 높아짐에 따 라 새로운 사회문제로 대두될 것으로 예상된다. 이런 노인문제는 보건, 여가, 교육 등 다양한 형태로 나타날 수 있으며, 또한 해결방안도 여러 가지 있겠지만, 무엇보다도 가장 근본적인 노인문제는 바로 노인 이전에 인간으로서 살아갈 수 있는 기본적인 소득이 보장되어야 한다는 것이다. 이러한 소득보장방법으로는 지금의 노인소득보장제도의 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 퇴직금, 부동산 등의 사적 부 축적, 사적연금, 자녀로부터의 보 조 등과 같은 사적이전제도가 있는 반면에 국민연금을 비롯한 공적연금, 공적부조제도 등을 비롯한 각종 공적이전제도가 있다. 그렇지만 지금의 핵가족화를 비롯한 사회의식 및 구조의 변화는 전통적인 사적이전제도가 앞으로의 고령화 사회에서도 지금과 같은 역할을 할 것인지에 대해서 의 문을 갖게 만들고 있으며, 다른 선진국들처럼 점차 사적인 차원보다는 공적인 차원에서 노인들의 소득보장제도가 그 주류를 이루어야 되지만, 지금의 공적 노인소득보장제도로서는 그 한계점이 있는 것이 사실이다. 노인복지문제는 관련분야의 모든 영역에 대한 종합적인 대책이 마련되어 야 하지만 그 중에서도 가장 중심이 되고 시급히 해결되어야 할 문제는 노인 빈곤문제이다. 노년기의 경제적 빈곤은 기본적인 생존 유지와 노년 기의 적응기능을 저해하는 중요한 요인들 중의 하나이므로, 이를 해결하 고 보다 나은 노후 생활을 보장하려는 적극적인 노력이 필요하다. 이러한 점에서 노인 빈곤에 대한 사회적 차원의 대책인 소득보장 정책 은 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 따라서 본 연구는 앞으로의 공적 차원에 서 노인들의 소득보장을 위한 지금의 제도들이 지니고 있는 문제점들과, 이런 문제점을 개선하기 위해서는 앞으로 어떤 방향으로 발전을 해야 하 는가에 대해 바람직한 노인소득보장 방안을 모색하여 제시하고자 한다.

Skin barrier function can be assessed non-invasively, including by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, and sebum level. The aim of this study was to evaluate day-to-day variation in measurements of TEWL, skin hydration, and sebum level at various anatomic sites and the relationship between these parameters in normal dogs. Measurements were repeated five times on two separate days in five clinically normal Beagle dogs at seven anatomic sites, i.e., the left and right pinnae, left and right axillae, left and right groin areas, and ventrum. Coefficient of variation was used to show the variation in measurements. Correlations between each of the measurements were analyzed to determine the contribution of skin hydration and sebum level to TEWL. There was no variation in the measurements obtained according to time or anatomic site (P>.0.05). The coefficient of variation was highest for sebum level (209.0 ± 81.8%) followed in descending order by skin hydration (62.7 ± 34.5%) and TEWL (41.1 ± 6.9%). Of the seven anatomic sites sampled, the left and right pinnae showed the lowest variation in repeated measurements for TEWL (39.2%), skin hydration (29.6%), and sebum level (75.5%). There was no significant relationship between the results for each measurement (P>.0.05). Because of its relatively low variation on repeated measurement, TEWL might be the most useful way of evaluating skin condition in dogs.

Locomotion can be investigated using visual locomotion scoring or computer-assisted techniques such as force plates or pressure plates. Although visual locomotion scoring is inexpensive, it is subjective and depends on observers. Conversely, computer-assisted techniques are objective and more sensitive than visual assessment. Many studies of gait in large breed dogs have been conducted using these techniques; however, there have been few investigations of small to toy breed dogs. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to conduct gait analysis in small to toy breed dogs and to suggest normal reference ranges for clinical application. Twenty healthy dogs with no lameness or orthopedic pain weighing from 2 kg to 12 kg were used. The dogs were divided into two groups according to their weight, after which gait analysis was conducted using a pressure plate. The pressure force ratio between the forelimb and hindlimb was significantly lower in group 2 (mean 4.2 kg) than group 1 (mean 10.4 kg), while the stance time ratio between the forelimb and hindlimb tended to increase in group 2, but there was no significant difference. Other numerical values in group 2 tended to decrease, with some significant differences being observed. Overall, the results suggest that there are different gait features in small to toy breed dogs when compared with middle and large breed dogs.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia (E.) coli is a major problem in pig farms. To tackle this issue, in July 2011, the Korean government banned the use of antimicrobials for growth promotion of animals in farms. Moreover, E. coli encoding the Stx2e gene cause edema disease which results in high mortality and morbidity in pig farms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli encoding the Stx2e gene isolated from weaned piglets with diarrhea before and after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in Korea from 2007 to 2016. In this period, 479 E. coli isolates were obtained from weaned piglets with diarrhea, and of them, 144 E. coli isolates encoding the Stx2e gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction. The susceptibility of the E. coli isolates to antibiotics were tested using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The most frequently observed resistances in isolates obtained from weaned piglets in the last 10 years were to tetracycline (92.4%) and chloramphenicol (88.9%). The prevalence of resistance to colistin (3.1% to 16.5%) and tetracycline (86.2% to 97.5%) was also observed to have increased over this period. Additionally, multi-drug resistance was also found to have increased (87.7% to 97.5%) after the ban on AGPs. These findings provide useful data for designing prevention and treatment strategies for postweaning diarrhea and edema disease, and can be used in future studies on antimicrobial resistance in Korea.

This study conducted a social network analysis to investigate stem cell research which was actively being studied as an alternative for the treatment of intractable diseases due to infinite proliferation and differentiation ability. Papers was extracted from the PubMed database (DB) on the subject of ‘Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) and Embryonic Stem Cells (ES)’, and ‘Adult Stem Cell (AS) and Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MS)’. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) term was filtrated from each area. MeSH term of iPS and ES field was 148 (international), 71 (domestic), otherwise AS and MS were 89 (international), 78 (domestic). Keyword networks were visualized using degree centrality value and the core keywords compared. There was no difference in iPS and ES field compared with the domestic and international high-ranked keywords. Gene Therapy in the international level, Liver Regeneration and the Umbilical Cord in domestic were highly centered. In AS and MS fields, Neuron was high degree centrality both. Time lagged high ranked 30 keywords in slope were different, ‘Adipose Tissue’ increased both, otherwise ‘Stem Cell Transplantation’ did domestically. Although the absolute amounts of the research papers are different, research subjects had become similar to international trends following certain time lags. On the other hand research is conducted on the specific subjects in Korea. Keyword analysis will be useful method for searching a subject to actively being studied in stem cell research area.

Recently, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) has been widely used in the areas of diagnosis, monitoring treatment efficiency, and prognosis for various heart diseases, especially heart failure (HF). In this paper, we try to estimate the prognostic significance of NT-proBNP as a risk evaluation marker in Non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) patients. We selected NSTEMI patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) primarily using a drug-eluting stent within 24 h after the onset of chest pain. We compared incidences of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including death, myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis (ST), and target vessel revascularization (TVR) in two patient groups according to a high or low serum concentration of NT-proBNP, which was measured in the emergency room (ER). We intend to minimize selection bias selecting comparing groups, considering covariate of observed variables together using propensity score matching (PSM) and propensity score weighting (PSW) based on propensity score (PS) to control the difference in baseline characteristics between high- and low NT-proBNP groups. We found that as the log NT-proBNP value increases by 1 through a hazard function of COX’s analysis, the risk of MACE increases by 1.312 times. This result indicated that the NT-proBNP level on ER admission can be used as a significant prognostic indicator to estimate 1 year of MACE in NSTEMI patients who were treated with PCI within 24 h after the onset of chest pain.

로 실시된 궐위로 인한 대통령선거로서 선거과정에서 예상하지 못한 문 제들이 드러났다. 궐위로 인한 대통령선거가 현실적으로 발생할 가능성 이 매우 낮다는 전제 하에 헌법과 공직선거법이 궐위로 인한 대통령선거 의 특성을 반영한 적절한 규율을 하지 않았기 때문이다. 궐위로 인한 대 통령선거가 비록 2017년에는 실시되었지만 앞으로 이러한 선거가 실시 될 가능성이 현저히 낮다면 2017년 제19대 대통령선거에서 문제되었던 사항들에 대하여 침묵을 지키고 이를 방치하더라도 무방할지 모른다. 하 지만 대통령의 궐위에는 대통령의 사망, 사임, 탄핵결정 등이 포함되므로 앞으로도 대통령의 임기 도중 대통령 궐위사태가 발생할 가능성은 여전 히 존재하고 따라서 궐위로 인한 대통령선거가 실시될 가능성도 상존한 다. 그러므로 이번 제19대 대통령선거를 계기로 제기된 여러 문제점들을 검토하고 입법적인 미비점이 있다면 보완을 하고 현실에 부합하지 않는 조항이 있다면 현실에 맞도록 개정할 필요성이 있는 것이다. 이러한 문 제의식을 가지고 궐위로 인한 대통령선거에서 제기된 여러 문제점과 개 선방안을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현행 헌법 제68조 제2항이 대통령이 궐위된 때에는 60일 이내에 후임자를 선거하도록 규정하는 것은 적절한 기간을 설정한 것으로 생각 된다. 둘째, 궐위로 인한 대통령선거의 투표시간을 오전 6시부터 오후 8 시까지로 규정한 것은 궐위로 인한 대통령선거가 국회의원 등의 보궐선 거와는 다르다는 점을 간과한 것으로, 임기만료로 인한 대통령선거에서 와 마찬가지로 오전 6시부터 오후 6시까지로 규정하는 것이 현실에 부합 하는 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 궐위로 인한 대통령선거는 전국을 단일선 거구로 하는 선거임과 동시에 국민적 관심사가 중대한 공직선거이므로 투표일을 공휴일로 하는 명시적 근거조항이 필요하다. 셋째, 궐위로 인한 대통령선거에서 당선된 후임자의 임기에 관하여 명문의 규정이 없어 논 란이 될 수 있다. 그러므로 궐위로 인한 대통령선거에서 당선된 후임자 는 새롭게 5년의 임기를 시작함을 명문화할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 가짜뉴스 가 기승을 부리는 것을 방지하고 국민의 알 권리 구현을 위하여 여론조 사결과공표 금지기간을 현행보다 단축할 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 대통령선 거가 있으면 각 정당은 거액의 국고보조금을 지급받는데 선거국고보조금 을 지급받은 정당의 후보자가 선거일 전 사퇴할 경우에는 지급받은 국고 보조금을 반환하도록 강제하는 공직선거법의 개정이 필요하다. 또한 현 행 공직선거법에는 법정요건 충족 시 선거비용 전체액수에 대한 일정한 보전을 규정하고 있는데 선거국고보조금을 제외하고 후보자나 정당이 마 련하여 지출한 금액만을 보전하도록 공직선거법을 개정할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로, 대통령선거에 결선투표제를 도입하는 문제와 관련하여 결선 투표제의 도입필요성이 긍정된다고 하더라도 현행 헌법을 개정하지 않고 법률적 차원에서 도입할 수는 없다고 하겠다.

Background: Given the potential benefits of wellness programs promoting physical activity of the community-dwelling frail elderly, it is recommended that comprehensive wellness programs combined with the component of physical activity. This may improve overall health and potentially lower the health care cost of the frail elderly. In general, the frail elderly residing in community or those after being discharged from hospitals are often committed to enhancing the status of participation in physical activity. Objects: The purposes of this study were to identify specific shortcomings of current wellness programs as part of continuum of community rehabilitation services and to propose alternatives for the care of the community-dwelling frail elderly. Through this study, geriatric health care professionals may be able to implement assessments and programs to successfully promote an effective continuum of care for the frail elderly. Methods: Article reviews were summarized and evaluated. Results: A model elaborating the relationship between components of successful wellness program and participation in physical activities for the community-dwelling frail elderly are recommended. First, periodic monitoring the levels of physical activity by the use of online measurement system should be considered. Second, individualized adaptive technologies for selecting optimal physical activities for the elderly may be better fit to individuals’ current status of physical activity. Conclusion: The current status of physical activity in community-dwelling frail elderly can be monitored by online assessment systems. Through the innovative measurement system, elderly may assess his/her physical activity status overtime, select optimal physical activities matching the status, and create the elderly’s own adaptive wellness programs that match to the status while residing in his/her community.

Background: The active knee extension (AKE) test commonly used to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Many researchers have tested the reliability of the AKE test; however, no published studies have examined the intrarater and interrater reliability of the AKE test using a PBU. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of the AKE test performed with a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) on healthy subjects. Methods: Sixteen healthy male participants volunteered and gave informed consent to participate in this study. Two raters conducted AKE tests independently with a PBU. Each knee was measured twice, and the AKE testing was repeated one week after the first round of testing. Results: The interrater reliability’s intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) were .887∼.986 for the right knees and .915∼.988 for the left knees. In addition, the intrarater (test-retest) reliability (ICC3,1) values ranged between .820∼.915 and .820∼.884 for Raters 1 and 2, respectively. The values for the standard error of mesurement were low for all tests (.81∼2.97˚); the calculated minimum detectable change was 2.24∼8.21˚. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the AKE test performed with a PBU had excellent interrater and intrarater reliability for assessing hamstring flexibility in healthy young males.

온라인게임에 대한 결제한도는 십수년 동안 그 법적인 근거를 찾기가 쉽지 않음에도 셧다운제와 함께 한국의 게임 규제를 상징하는 가장 강력 한 규제 중 하나로서 자리매김 해왔다. 결제한도가 게임물 내용으로 강 제 편입되고 나면, 게임을 이용에 제공하면서 결제한도를 초과하게 되는 상황이 발생하게 될 때 게임사업자는 형사처벌 및 영업정지라는 심각한 두 가지의 법적 위험에 처하게 된다. 결제한도는 외견상 ‘과소비 억제’라 는 규제 본연의 기능을 수행하고 있는 것처럼 보이나 실질은 전혀 그 기 능을 수행하고 있지 못한다. 오로지 특정 게임사업자가 게임 매출을 일 정수준 이상으로 발생시키지 못하도록 하는 기능만을 수행하고 있을 뿐 이다. 이는 국내 산업구조 왜곡 및 국제 경쟁력 약화로 이어진다. 법률유보의 원칙조차 위반하고 있는 전근대적 규제인 결제한도는 셧다 운제와 같이 ‘게임은 나쁜 것’이라고 하는 잘못된 전제에서 출발한 규제 이다. 자율규제로 규제 목적을 달성할 수 있음에도 정부규제를 적용하는 것은 과도한 후견주의적 태도이다. 과소비에 대한 억제의 필요성이 사회 적 합의에 따라 요구되는 영역이라면, 정책적으로는 자율규제의 방향이 제시되어야 한다. 이에 정부의 역할은 자율규제가 효과적으로 기능할 수 있도록 지원하는 것에 그쳐야 할 것이다.

Background: Scapular posterior tilt (SPT) is important in the prevention of abnormal scapular movement and pain during elevation of the arm. However, previous studies have overlooked increased upper trapezius (UT) muscle activity interrupting the normal force couple of scapular motion and compensation of levator scapulae (LS) muscle activated simultaneously with UT during SPT exercise. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of modified SPT with depression exercise versus SPT exercise on serratus anterior (SA), lower trapezius (LT), UT, and LS muscle activities and the clavicular tilt angle, in subjects with rounded shoulder posture (RSP) and myofascial pain in the UT muscle region. Methods: Eighteen subjects with RSP were recruited and randomly allocated to 2 groups; 9 in the SPT group and 9 in the SPT with depression group. All subjects met the specific RSP criteria and had myofascial pain of UT region. Depending on the allocated group, subjects performed the assigned SPT exercise and EMG data were recorded during the each exercise. Clavicular tilt angle was defined as the angle between the line joining the medial and lateral end of the clavicle and a horizontal line. Results: The SA muscle activity was significantly greater in SPT with depression than with SPT exercise (p<.05). The UT, LS muscle activity and the clavicular tilt angle was significantly lower in SPT with depression than with SPT exercise (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings were insightful because the potential risk of pain from overactivation of the UT and LS was considered, in contrast with SPT exercise. SPT with depression exercise can be implemented as an effective method to facilitate scapular muscle activity for stability and to prevent myofascial pain in the neck and shoulder.

Background: The measurement of the strength of the shoulder muscles is an important element of the overall assessment of patients with various shoulder disorders. However, the clinical utilization of this measurement is dependent on its reproducibility. Objects: To explore the reproducibility of the measurements derived from testing of the isokinetic strength of shoulder muscles in patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff. Methods: A total of 20 patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff participated in this study and were assessed twice in 1 week. Isokinetic testing was performed concentrically for shoulder flexors, abductors, and external rotators and eccentrically for the shoulder extensors, adductors, and internal rotators. The relative and absolute reproducibility of the peak torque (PT) and ratios were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal clinically important difference (MCID), respectively. Results: Overall, high to excellent ICC, clinically acceptable SEM and MCID values were obtained for the PT (ICC: .83-.95, SEM: 1.2%-9%, MCID: 3.4%-25%) and ratios (ICC: .85-.93, SEM: 5.1%-10%, MCID: 14.2%-27.6%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that isokinetic tests may be effectively utilized for the determination of shoulder strength profiles and appropriate position are recommended to perform test without pain in patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff.