Background:Agricultural work is physically demanding and is associated with a high frequency of musculoskeletal disorders. It is challenging to comprehensively understand the present status of work-related diseases and injuries among farmers in underdeveloped countries.Objects:This study aimed to elucidate the current status of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in local farmers in Tigray, Ethiopia, and identify the agricultural factors associated work-related musculoskeletal pain (AFWMP) and healthy living and healthy behavior factors associated work-related musculoskeletal pain (HFWMP).Methods:The Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development at Yonsei University conducted a survey of 126 households in Tigray, Ethiopia in 2014. A total of 116 individuals (73 men, 43 women) representing each household answered the questionnaires.Results:1) Work-related musculoskeletal pain (WMSP) most commonly occurred when performing heavy lifting and most frequently occurred in the lower back. 2) Age, self-perceived labor intensity, and months of farming work were significantly higher in the pain group than those in the non-pain group. 3) Overall work-related musculoskeletal pain intensity (WPI) showed positive and negative correlations with years of farming experience and self-perceived health status, respectively. 4) In binary logistic regression, the occurrence of WMSP showed significant associations with self-perceived labor intensity. 5) On multiple linear regression analysis, age, months of farming work, and self-perceived health status had a significant impact on overall WPI.Conclusion:The WMSP of farmers in Tigray, Ethiopia was related to the characteristics of farm working and health status. Furthermore, HFWMP and AFWMP were the chief factors affecting the occurrence of WMSP in farmers in Tigray. Therefore, both HFWMP and AFWMP should be considered for clinical health assessments of farmers with WMSP in underdeveloped African countries.

Background:After a stroke, the control of the trunk muscle may be severely impaired. Due to the importance of trunk control in complex daily postures, the ability to adopt a correct sitting posture is considered a determinant of the recovery of independent function after a stroke.Objects:The purposes of this study were to compare differences in buttock pressure between the left and right sides of hemiplegic patients and differences in their pelvic tilting angles (sagittal and coronal planes) after sitting training with visual biofeedback (VBF) in real time.Methods:Twenty-two individuals with unilateral strokes (11 left-side and 11 right-side hemiplegic stroke patients) participated in this study. Buttock pressure was measured using a pressure mat, and pelvic angles were measured using a palpation meter.Results:The asymmetry of pressure between the right and left (first and third chamber) sides was significantly decreased after the VBF training. The measurements obtained using the palpation meter revealed a significant decrease in the pelvic angles pre- versus post-intervention.Conclusion:VBF training may be distribute a patient’s buttock pressure equally while in a sitting posture and increase the length of time a stroke patient can maintain a symmetrical sitting posture. It can also improve pelvic control while sitting in a neutral position.

현행 게임산업법제도는 게임을 혁신형 미래성장동력 산업으로서 진흥 의 대상으로 규정함과 동시에 과몰입 등을 막기 위한 규제의 대상으로 규정하고 있어 그 이중적 지위에서 오는 갈등이 있다. 그러나 규제냐 혁신이냐를 이분법적 제로섬 게임으로 이해하는 것은 4 차 산업혁명의 시대에 적합한 혁신의 사고 방식이 아닐 수도 있다. 규제 는 그 자체로 필요악이 아니라 혁신을 지원하고 나아가 혁신을 선도하는 역할을 하는 도구로 활용될 수도 있기 때문이다. 규제가 혁신친화적으로 설계된다는 것은 규제가 소기의 목적을 달성하면서도 혁신을 추진하는 제 주체들의 혁신역량을 저해하지 않을 뿐만 아니라 오히려 국가혁신시 스템의 견지에서 바람직한 산업혁신의 경로를 설정하도록 도움을 준다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구에서는 법제도와 혁신의 공진화를 위한 혁신친화적 규제 설계라 는 관점을 설정하고, 게임산업법의 주요 내용 중 특히 대표적인 규제로 인식되는 사후관리제도를 검토한 후 이를 혁신의 관점에서 분석하며 규제 가 소기의 목적을 달성하면서도 산업계의 제반 혁신주체의 혁신역량을 증 진하여 산업의 글로벌 경쟁력을 제고할 수 있는 방안에 대해서 제언하고 자 한다. 본 연구에서는 사후관리제도가 게임물관리위원회와 문화체육관 광부장관 및 지방자치단체장의 업무로 이원화되어 규정되어 있다는 점, 그리고 위반행위에 대한 제재수단이 영업정지처분으로 획일화되어 있고 사전적으로 게임기업이 이를 시정할 수 있는 기회나 의견게진의 기회가 거의 없다는 점을 중점적으로 분석한다. 또한 관련하여 계류된 입법안을 검토함으로써 법리적 측면에서 그리고 규제의 목적을 달성하면서도 기업 의 혁신역량을 저해하지 않는 방안은 업는지에 관하여 제언한다.

Vitis amurensis, Aralia cordata, and Glycyrrhizae radix have been widely used in Korea, China, and Japan because of their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study investigated the anti-nociceptive and antiinflammatory properties of an ethanol extract (SSB) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Vitis amurensis (stem and leaf), Aralia cordata (stem and leaf), and Glycyrrhizae radix. Anti-nociceptive activity was determined using chemical (acetic acid and formalin) and thermal (hot plate) stimuli-induced algesia tests. Formalin-induced paw edema was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. SSB (25–100 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a positive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), significantly inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response caused by peripherally mediated algesia, but failed to protect thermal nociception in the hot plate test that was employed for centrally mediated analgesic activity. However, morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) used as a positive opioid control alleviated the acetic acid-induced writhing response and thermal nociception in the hot plate test. In the formalin test, SSB (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the second phase response (peripheral inflammatory algesia), but not the first phase response (central algesia), whereas morphine inhibited both phases of the pain response. Both SSB (25-100 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (200 mg/kg) caused significant reduction of the formalin-induced increase of paw thickness, which was the index of inflammation. These results suggest that SSB has a significant anti-nociceptive activity that seems to be peripheral, but not central. SSB also displays antiinflammatory activity in an acute inflammatory model. The present study supports a possible use of SSB to treat pain and inflammation.

Background:Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have impaired postural control, but critically require the control of stability. Consequently, therapeutic interventions for enhancing postural control in children with CP have undergone extensive research. One intervention is sensorimotor training (SMT) using a Flexi-bar, but this has not previously been studied with respect to targeting trunk control in children with CP.Objects:This study was conducted to determine the effect of SMT using a Flexi-bar on postural balance and gait performance in children with CP.Methods:Three children with ambulatory spastic diplegia (SD) participated in the SMT program by using a Flexi-bar for forty minutes per day, three times a week, for six weeks. Outcome variables included the pediatric balance scale (PBS), trunk control movement scale (TCMS), 10 meter walking test (10MWT), and 3-dimensional movement coordination measurement.Results:The SMT provided no statistically significant improvement in PBS, TCMS, 10MWT, or 3-dimensional movement coordination measurement. However, positive changes were observed in individual outcomes, as balance and trunk control movement were improved.Conclusion:SMT using a Flexi-bar may be considered by clinicians as a potential intervention for increasing postural balance and performance in children with SD. Future studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of Flexi-bar exercise in improving the functional activity of subjects with SD.

As diethylnitrosamine (DEN) effect on cell proliferation, DNA damage and stem cell marker(s) expression have been largely unknown in mouse normal hepatocytes (AML-12 cells) cultured over a short-term period, this study was conducted to examine the cell proliferation, Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and Neighbor of Punc E 11 (Nope) expression in AML-12 cells treated with DEN for 24 and 48 h. Cells were treated with DEN (25-800 μg/mL) and cell phenotype was determined, and the MTT assay was used to quantify the proliferation of cells treated with DEN. Expression and distribution of ATM in AML-12 cells were determined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. And Western blot analysis of EpCAM and Nope was performed. Cell viability was significantly increased in response to all doses of DEN treatment compared to control at 24 h (p<0.05 or p<0.01). However, there was no significant increase at 48 h, even though it showed increased trend. Immunofluorescence staining of ATM showed that there was an increase of ATM expression at doses of 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL of DEN treatment, showing strong nuclear staining. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that DEN treatment showed increased trend of EpCAM and Nope expression. Taken together, DEN treatment increased cell proliferation in AML- 12 cells, and it was associated with increased ATM expression.

Rubus coreanus is known to have diverse biological properties, such as free radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activity. In the present study, Rubus coreanus leaf and stem extract (RLSE) was used in boar semen preservation whether it has a beneficial effect on assisted reproductive technology (ART) in mammals. Boar spermatozoa were preserved in Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) in the presence of varying concentrations of RLSE (0-10 μg/mL). Sperm motility, sperm viability, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were examined after 2 days of preservation. The percentage of total motile spermatozoa and progressive motile spermatozoa improved in the spermatozoa preserved with 0.5 μg/mL RLSE. Higher proportions of viable spermatozoa were seen in the presence of 0.5 and 1 μg/mL RLSE than in the control. Intracellular ROS levels decreased when the spermatozoa were preserved in BTS with 0.1–1 μg/mL RLSE. In order to examine the bacterial growth, E. coli was added to liquid semen diluted with antibiotics-free BTS in the presence or absence of RLSE. No anti-bacterial activity of RLSE against E. coli was observed during liquid semen preservation. Although there was no inhibition of E. coli growth, the addition of RLSE might help improve sperm motility and viability during boar semen preservation, suggesting it as a potential reagent for ART in mammals.

본 연구의 목적은 한국뮤지컬의 창작과 공연과정에서 큰 비중을 차지하는 현대무용을 중심으 로 한 대학교과과정을 위한 효과적인 무용교수법을 연구하여 노래와 연기, 그리고 춤까지 병행해 야하는 학생들을 위해 체계적이고 합리적인 무용교육 방법을 제시하는데 있다. 이에따라 뮤지컬 에서의 연극 및 음악적 관점에서 무용을 우선 살펴보고 현대무용과 발레 테크닉, 라반의 에포트 (Effort)움직임, 머스 커닝햄의 안무특징 중 우연기법을 적용한 사례, 그리고 TES즉흥프로그램 훈 련법을 검토한다. 연구자들의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째. 바(bar)를 이용한 발레의 기본훈련 및 점 프와 스트레칭훈련은 현대무용으로도 뮤지컬을 위한 훈련으로 충족 가능한 부분이다. 둘째, 연극 및 음악적인 측면에서 에쮸드(Etude)를 이용한 안정된 움직임과 목소리 그리고 음정과 리듬감은 현대무용훈련으로 향상 될 수 있다. 셋째, 라반의 시간, 공간, 무게, 흐름의 8가지 에포트(Effort) 훈련을 통해 더욱 섬세하게 신체로 표현 할 수 있다. 넷째, 머스커닝햄 우연기법의 움직임 훈련 사례를 통하여 현대무용의 테크닉과 느낌(표현력)을 향상 시킬 수 있다. 다섯째, 현대무용을 기반 으로 TES즉흥프로그램을 이용한 움직임 훈련은 보다 창조적인 캐릭터 형성에 기여한다. 특히 현 대무용을 이용한 교수법은 즉흥과 상상력 그리고 신체접촉으로 무대와의 시공간적인 캐릭터를 적극적으로 창조하고 연기와 움직임, 움직임과 노래의 융합적 훈련을 함으로써 뮤지컬이 가지고 있는 다양한 요소들을 통합된 예술로 정립 시키는데 효율적인 무용교수법이라고 사료된다.

Background:Rounded shoulder posture (RSP), a postural abnormality, might cause shoulder pain and pathologic conditions. Although most previous research has investigated RSP focusing on the proximal structures of the shoulder, such as the scapula and pectoralis muscles, the relationship between RSP and anterior distal structures of the upper extremity, such as the biceps brachii muscle and elbow joint, is not clearly understood.Objects:This study aimed to investigate the correlations between RSP and the biceps brachii length, elbow joint angle (EJA), pectoralis minor length, general pectoralis major length, humeral head anterior translation (HHAT), glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction (HAD).Methods:Twelve subjects with RSP (6 male, 6 female) were recruited. All subjects fulfilled the RSP criteria indicated by a distance ≥2.5 cm from the posterior aspect of the acromion to the table in the supine position. The examiner measured each of the following parameters twice: RSP, biceps brachii length, EJA, pectoralis minor length, pectoralis major length, HHAT, glenohumeral IR, ER, and HAD. Pearson’s correlation coefficient(r) was used to assess the correlation between RSP and all the variables.Results:There was a significant moderate positive correlation between RSP and biceps brachii length (r=.55, p=.032), moderate negative correlation between RSP and pectoralis minor length (r=-.62, p=.015), and moderate positive correlation between RSP and HHAT (r=.53, p=.038).Conclusion:The biceps brachii length, pectoralis minor length, and HHAT could be used to evaluate patients with RSP. Better understanding of the correlation between these factors and RSP could help in the development of effective methods to treat patients with this condition in clinical management.

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases and activated by binding with activated Rho GTPases such as Rac or Cdc42. PAKs regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling, cell motility, cell survival, and apoptosis. Also, PAKs are involved in several diseases such as cancer, virus infectious diseases, mental retardation, Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. Therefore, the substances that are able to inhibit PAK activation can be used as powerful tools and medicines for PAK relative diseases or specific inhibitors for study of PAK signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated and characterized the 5 compounds of 4-benzene-1, 2-naphthoquinone (NQ) family as candidate substances to inhibit the PAK1 activation in vitro and in cells. Binding between p21-binding domain (PBD) of PAK1 and Cdc42 was blocked by 5 NQ-compounds in ELISA assay. Myelin basic protein (MBP) phosphorylation was dramatically reduced by treatment of these compounds in vitro kinase assay for Cdc42-induced or constitutive active PAK1 mutant. Also, phosphorylation at Thr 423 of transfected PAK1 was inhibited by treatment of 5 NQ-compounds in 293T cells, respectively. Finally, NQ-5 inhibited strongly the PAK1 activation by PDGF stimulation and cell motility in PDGF-induced wound migration assay in NIH 3T3 cells. Therefore, these NQ compounds will be good candidates as target molecules to regulate PAK1-related diseases or inhibitors to study PAK1 signaling pathway.

With emphasis on native genetic resource, Korean native chicken is one of the major native breeds in poultry in Korea. The weight-age data from 216 pullets of Korean native chicken were used to fit the growth curve using Gompertz model. Live weights have been recorded every three weeks for 36 weeks for 5 strains. All available weight data from birth to the 6 specific ages of week were used for the estimation of parameters. The variation in estimates of mature weight (A) decreased with the increase of age 21 through 36 weeks for all 5 strains studied. However, the variation of rate of maturing (k) showed a tendancy increase with the increase of age. These results indicate that the fitting of growth curve is getting more stable for asymptotic value (A) and more flexible for curve shape (k) with the increase of weight-age data range. Correlations among estimates of A and among estimates of k at various ages showed the highest range of 0.93 ~ 0.99 between 30 and 36 weeks except for the maturing rate (k) of red brown strains. The correlations between A and k tended to fluctuate and were not significant statistically at various ages. Thus, the estimates of growth curve parameters, A and k suitable for genetic studies in Korean native chicken can be derived from accumulated weight-age data after 30 weeks of age.

Background:Active trigger points (TrPs) of the suboccipital muscles greatly contribute to the occurrence of chronic tension-type headache, with increased sensitivity of TrPs and facilitated referred pain.Objects:This study aimed to investigate whether the integration of high-frequency diathermy into suboccipital release is more beneficial than the use of suboccipital release alone.Methods:Thirty subjects were assigned to either experimental group-1 (EG-1) to undergo suboccipital release combined with high-frequency diathermy (frequency: 0.3 MHz, and electrode type: resistive electronic transfer), or EG-2 to undergo suboccipital release alone, or the control group (CG) with no intervention, with 10 subjects in each group. The assessment tools included the headache impact test 6 (HIT-6), perceived level of tenderness, neck disability index, and neck mobility. Intervention was performed for 10 minutes, twice per week, for 4 weeks, and measurements were performed before and after the interventions.Results:The between-group comparison of the post-test values and changes between pretest and post-test showed significant differences for all parameters at p<.05, except for the left-to-right lateral bending range. In the post hoc test, EG-1 showed significant differences for the parameters in comparison with the CG, while no significant differences in the perceived tenderness level, on both temporal regions, were found between EG-2 and CG. Furthermore, the HIT-6 score and perceived tenderness level, in the right temporal region, showed significant differences between EG-1 and EG-2. In the within-group comparison, EG-1 and EG-2 appeared to be significantly different between pretest and post-test (p<.05), except for the perceived tenderness level in the right temporal region, with significance for the EG-1 group only (p<.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that the suboccipital release technique may be advantageous to improve headache, tenderness, and neck function and mobility, with more favorable effects with the incorporation of high-frequency diathermy.

최근 국내에서는 2009년과 2015년 교육과정개정을 통해 문화예술교육에 대한 필요성과 중요 성이 크게 대두되었다. 특히 연극교육은 다른 장르의 예술교육보다 새로운 교육정책이 요구하는 학생들의 창의력향상과 부합하고, 통합교육의 실천적 방향성을 제시하는 대안적 모델로 평가된 다. 최근 2014년 9월 24일에 발표한 ‘2015 교육과정 개정안’에는 초등학교 국어교과에 연극이 대 단원으로, 중학교 국어교과에는 단원으로, 그리고 고등학교 예술교과에서는 일반선택과목으로 포함될 수 있는 내용이 담겨있다. 서구의 경우에도 연극의 교육적 중요성은 오래전부터 인식되어져왔다. 많은 경우에 공공사회 에서 올바른 시민역할의 확립과 사회적 교류의 가능성을 익히는 주요한 교육적 도구로써 연극을 활용하였으며, 현재 제도권 교육시스템 내에서 연극은 공공사회에서 개인의 역할인식과 올바른 사회적 관계성 유지를 위해 주요한 교육적 역할을 담당하고 있다. 본 논문은 문화예술교육의 오랜 역사와 변화의 과정을 거친 유럽의 대표적 국가인 독일의 학 교연극교육의 교육적 방법을 살펴보고자 한다. 특히 독일연극사에 공연이론과 제작에 큰 위치를 차지하고 있으며 현 독일 연극교육 프로그램에 영향을 끼친 베를톨트 브레히트(Bertolt Brecht)의 교육극(또는 학습극)에 대한 생각을 살펴봄으로 현 한국학교 교육에서 요구되는 창의력 증대와 융합(통합)교육이 독일 연극교육에서 어떻게 실천되는지 직, 간접적으로 확인해 보고자 한다. 이러한 연구배경에는 연극교육이 現 국내 학교교육에서 요구되는 창의력 증대와 융합(통합)교 육제시를 위해 적합하다는 사실을 증명하고, 앞으로 연극교육이 한국 문화예술교육 정책적 방향 성을 구축을 위해 큰 역할을 담당할 것이라는 논지가 담겨있다.

지상파 방송프로그램은 직접수신비율이 높지 않은 반면, 방송산업에서 시청자의 선호도는 가장 높은 킬러콘텐츠이다. 종합유선방송사업자(이하 ‘SO’라 한다)의 출범이후, 지상파방송사는 SO가 지상파방송프로그램을 무상으로 재송신할 수 있게 하였고, 이를 통해 지상파방송사는 광고 수 익을 극대화 시켜왔다. 그러나 지난 2009년 이후 지상파방송사와 SO간 재송신 행위가 난시청 해소를 위한 수신보조 행위인가에 대하여 분쟁이 있어왔고, 법원이 수신보조행위를 넘어 SO의 독자적인 방송사업에 해당 한다는 판결을 내림으로서 이들 분쟁은 새로운 국면을 맞게 되었다. 지 상파방송사의 저작권이 인정된 만큼, SO의 전송 선로설비 사용에 대해 서도 합리적인 사용료를 지급하여야 한다는 논의가 있으며, 이러한 대가 산정의 공정성을 위해서는 지상파 동시재송신의 대상이 되는 ‘방송프로그 램’에 ‘방송광고’가 포함되는지에 대한 검토가 선행되어야 한다. 재송신대 상에 지상파광고가 포함되는지에 대한 검토가 중요한 이유로는 첫째, 광 고수익을 주 수익원으로 하고 있는 지상파방송사업이 송출과정에서 있어 서는 시청자의 직접 수신 비율이 매우 낮다는 점, 둘째, 이러한 지상파방 송 수신 과정에 있어 국민대다수가 유료방송플랫폼의 전송 선로설비를 활용하고 있다는 점, 그러나 지상파 동시재송신 대상이 되는 ‘방송프로그 램’에 ‘방송광고’가 포함되는 지 여부가 법률상 불명확 하다는 점 등이다. 따라서 본 고에서는 지상파 동시재송신 대상이 되는 ‘방송프로그램’에 ‘지상파광고’가 포함되는지 여부를 검토 하였다. 우선 “방송광고”를 “방송 프로그램”에 포함시키지 않고 각각 분리하여 다루는 것이 업계 관행이며 기존 연구들의 전제된 사항이라고 볼 수 있다. 다음으로 지상파 재송신 제도의 취지 자체가 보편적 서비스 구현의 보장이 전제되어 있으나, ‘광 고’의 재송신은 시청자의 보편적 시청권 보장을 내용으로 하는 공공성에 해당되는 것이라고 볼 수 없다. 또한 지상파방송사와 SO의 관계가 경쟁 체계로 변화하였고 양자 간의 공정경쟁 측면에서 볼 때 합리적 이유 없 이 방송프로그램에 방송광고가 포함된다고 해석하는 것은 지상파방송사 일방에게만 유리한 법적 해석으로 타당하지 않다. 따라서 지상파 동시재 송신의 대상이 되는 ‘방송프로그램’에 ‘방송광고’는 포함되지 않는다고 해석하는 것이 타당하다. 그러나 궁극적으로 이러한 해석의 모호함으 로 야기되는 혼란을 개선하기 위한 가장 바람직한 방안은 법률의 개정 을 통해 지상파 동시재송신 대상인 ‘방송프로그램’에 ‘방송광고’가 포함되 지 않음을 명확히 하는 것이다.

Background:Research efforts to improve the pulmonary function of people with limited chest function have focused on the diaphragmatic ability to control breathing pattern. Real-time ultrasonography is appropriate to demonstrate diaphragmatic mechanism during breathing.Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing training using real-time ultrasonographic imaging (RUSI) on the chest function of young females with limited chest mobility.Methods:Twenty-six subjects with limited chest mobility were randomly allocated to the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) depending on the use of RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training, with 13 subjects in each group. For both groups, diaphragmatic breathing training was performed for 30-min, including three 10-min sets with a 1-min rest interval. An extra option for the EG was the use of the RUSI during the training. Outcome measures comprised the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathing, pulmonary function (forced vital capacity; FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1-sec; FEV1, tidal volume; TV, and maximal voluntary ventilation; MVV), and chest circumferences at upper, middle, and lower levels.Results:The between-group comparison revealed that the diaphragmatic excursion range during deep breathing, FVC, and middle and lower chest circumferences were greater at post-test and that the changes between the pretest and post-test values were greater in the EG than in the CG (p<.05). In addition, the subjects in the EG showed increased post-test values for all the variables compared with the pretest values, except for TV and MVV (p<.05). In contrast, the subjects in the CG showed significant improvements for the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathings, FVC, FEV1, and middle and lower chest circumferences after the intervention (p<.05).Conclusion:These results indicate that using RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training might be more beneficial for people with limited chest mobility than when diaphragmatic breathing training is used alone.

Background:To improve lumbo-pelvic stability, passive support devices (i.e., a pelvic belt) are recommended clinically. Nevertheless, to understand the influence of passive support on lumbo-pelvic stability, it is necessary to examine the influence of a pelvic belt on the abdominal and hip abductor muscles.Objects:To examine the effects of a pelvic belt on the forces of the hip adductor and abductor muscles and activity of the abdominal muscles during isometric hip adduction and abduction.Methods:This study recruited 14 healthy men. All subjects performed isometric hip adduction and abduction with and without a pelvic belt in a neutral hip position. Load cells, wrapped with a non-elastic belt, were placed above the medial and lateral malleoli of the dominant leg to measure the muscle forces of the hip adductors and abductors, respectively. The forces of the hip adductors and abductors were measured using a load cell during isometric hip adduction and abduction, while the electromyographic activities of the bilateral rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles were measured.Results:The forces generated by the hip adductors and abductors were significantly greater with the pelvic belt than without (p<.05). No significant differences in abdominal muscle activities between the two conditions were found (p>.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that use of a pelvic belt could lead to effective strengthening exercise of hip muscles in individuals with sacroiliac joint pain.

Background:Limitation of hamstring extensibility is often associated with various musculoskeletal problems such as alterations in posture and walking patterns. Thus, certain appropriate strategies need to be established for its management.Objects:The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the neural mobilization technique and static stretching exercises on popliteal angle and hamstring compliance in young women with short hamstring syndrome (SHS).Methods:Thirty-three women with SHS were randomly assigned to either group-1 (n1=17) that underwent the neural mobilization technique or group-2 (n2=16) that underwent the static stretching exercises. Outcome measures included the active popliteal angle (APA) and a hamstring’s electromyographic (EMG) activity at a maximum popliteal angle of the baseline. Intervention for each group was performed for a total time of 3-min (6 sets of a 30-sec application).Results:There were significant interactions between time and group in the APA [group-1 (pre-test to post-test): 69.70±8.14° to 74.14±8.07° and group-2: 68.66±7.42° to 70.52±7.92°] (F1,31=6.678, p=.015) and the EMG activity of the hamstring (group-1: 1.12±.30μV to .69±.31μV and group-2: 1.19±.49μV to 1.13±.47 μV)(F1,31=6.678, p=.015). Between-group comparison revealed that the EMG activity of the hamstring was significantly different at post-test between the groups (p<.05). Furthermore, in within-group comparison, group-1 appeared to be significantly different for both variables between pre- and post-test (p<.05); however, group-2 showed significant difference in only the APA between pre- and post-test (p<.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that the neural mobilization technique and static stretching exercises may be advantageous to improve hamstring compliance in young women with SHS, resulting in a more favorable outcome in the neural mobilization technique.

이 연구는 지역방송에 대한 지역민의 의견을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 9개 지역민방 시 청자 게시판의 게시 글을 분류하고, 의견을 유형화 하였다. 주요 결과로 지역방송 시청자게시판 의 게시 글은 문의, 평가, 요구 등 세 가지로 유형화 할 수 있었다. 이 중 문의를 제외한 평가와 요구를 통해 지역민의 의견을 종합한 결과, 심층성, 접근성, 전문성, 프로그램완성도, 공정성, 정 확성, 자체제작 및 편성, 지역성, 상호작용 등 9개의 의견으로 유형화 할 수 있었다. 지역방송에 대한 지역민 의견은 정확성, 전문성, 완성도, 공정성 측면에서는 지역프로그램의 많고 적음을 떠 나, 일반적인 저널리즘 원칙과 방송 원칙을 수행하는 것을 원하고 있었으며, 이런 요소들이 충족 되지 않을 때 지역방송을 낮게 평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 그동안 지역성 개념에서 중요하 게 다뤄지지 않았던, 접근성에 대한 요구가 많음을 발견할 수 있었다.

미국의 시민소송은 행정절차법(Administrative Procedure Act, APA)상 시민이 정부 행위의 작위와 부작위에 관해 이의를 제기할 능력 을 부여한 조항에 뿌리를 두고 있으며 개별 환경실체법을 통해 시민들에 게 정부, 그리고 직접적인 환경오염 원자를 제소할 수 있는 보다 강력한 권리로 자리매김하였으며 시민소송 제도의 활용은 환경정책의 개발과 이 행에 있어서 시민이 강력한 역할을 할 수 있게 하였다. 본고는 미국의 시민소송을 개괄하고, 시민소송이 환경법에 미친 영향을 살펴볼 것이다. Ⅱ장에서는 시민 소송과 사법심사 제도의 세 가지 유형을 살펴보고 Ⅲ장 에서는 미국 환경법상 시민소송 사례를 살펴보고 IV. 장에서는 시민소송 을 제기하기 위해 넘어야 하는 법적 장애물과 구제수단을 논할 것이다. 끝으로 결론에서는 환경정책의 집행에 적극적이고 능동적인 동반자로 서 참여할 수 있는 소송 구조의 문제점과 소송절차의 대안의 모색이 필요하며 미국 법원이 환경행정처의 정책과 집행에 영향을 미쳤던 교 훈을 참고하여 시민소송 제도의 도입과 평가가 요청된다. 지난 40년 간의 시민집행제도는 여전히 미국의 권력분립과 대의민주주의 원칙에서 논쟁의 주제이며 시민소송은 계속해서 향후 미국 환경법 제도에 걸쳐 중 요한 영향을 줄 것임에 분명하다. 우리나라의 경우 환경 침해에 대한 사 법적 구제는 대부분 불법행위로 인한 손해배상 청구 소송에 한정되어 있 어 환경 보호의 본령이라고 할 수 있는 사전 환경 침해방지는 거의 외면 되다시피 한 실정이고 이를 타파하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 현행 환경 정 책 기본법을 위시한 개별 환경법에 대한 근본적인 수술이 절실하며 그중 여기에 소개되는 시민소송 제도의 장․단점을 면밀히 검토한 뒤 가까운 시 기에 그 입법화를 과감히 추진해야 되리라고 본다.

Background:Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) rely on their upper limbs for body-lifting activity (BLA). While studies have examined the electromyography (EMG) and kinematics of the shoulder joints during BLA, no studies have considered foot position during BLA.Objects:This study compared the effects of different foot positions during BLA on the shoulder muscle activities, peak plantar pressure, knee flexion angle, and rating perceived exertion in individuals with SCI.Methods:The study enrolled 13 mens with motor-complete paraplegic SCI, ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) A or B. All subjects performed BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest and on the floor independently. Surface EMG was used to collect data from the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii. The peak plantar pressure was measured using pedar-X and the knee flexion angle with Image J. Borg’s rating perceived exertion scale was used to measure the physical activity intensity level. The paired t-test was used to compare the shoulder muscle activities, peak plantar pressure, knee flexion angle, and rating perceived exertion between the two feet positions during BLA.Results:The activity of the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii and rating perceived exertion decreased significantly and the peak plantar pressure and knee flexion angle increased significantly when performing BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest compared with on the floor (p<.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that individuals with SCI may perform BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest for weight-relief lifting to decrease the shoulder muscle activities and the rating perceived exertion and to increase the peak plantar pressure and the knee flexion angle.