Purpose: This study aimed to explore the experiences of unmarried mothers with institutional living experiences in terms of adaptation and self-reliance in the community, as well as the factors that promote and hinder self-reliance. Methods: Data were collected through one-on-one in-depth interviews with six unmarried mothers who lived in unmarried mother-child family welfare facilities before and after childbirth and then moved to the community after leaving the facilities. Based on the collected data, a qualitative case study was conducted using Yin's method of analysis. Results: The results derived five units of analysis and eleven categories. The eleven categories were as follows: ‘The last space I relied on,’ ‘Preparing for self-reliance by adapting to community life’, ‘Choices of your own life,’ ‘Consideration of the environment for raising children,’ ‘Strengthening human capital,’ ‘Self-restraint to secure self-reliance fund,’ ‘Building a support system within a homogeneous group,’ ‘Policy and social service support,’ ‘Planning a future with your child,’ ‘Exterior and disconnection,’ and ‘Dilemma between non-national support recipients and national support recipients.’ Conclusion: Based on the results, we discuss the need for social welfare policies that consider changes in the characteristics of unmarried mothers, social service support, ways to improve social relationships, and the development of self-reliance programs.

Purpose: This study explored the comprehensive experiences of nurses who volunteered for medical services at Saemangeum Jamboree using a systematic qualitative Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis framework. Methods: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 nurses between March and October 2024. The collected data were analyzed using a conventional content analysis methodology with ATLAS.ti 6.2 software. Subsequently, the derived subcategories were systematically organized and classified within a SWOT matrix framework to provide structured insights into the experiences of the volunteer nursing. Results: The comprehensive analysis yielded 125 meaningful codes, which were systematically categorized into 23 distinct sub-themes and ultimately structured into 14 overarching themes within the SWOT matrix framework. The identified strengths included nursing expertise and clinical competency, building therapeutic trust through patient-centered care, and creative problem-solving in crisis situations. The identified weaknesses included experiencing physical and emotional exhaustion, language barriers due to limited foreign language proficiency, and initial resource constraints that compromised the quality of care. The opportunities identified included patient thankfulness reinforcing commitment to duty and guardians, valuable experience in cross-disciplinary collaboration highlighting the importance of teamwork, and increased sponsorship resources throughout the event progression. The identified threats encompassed a lack of response from administrative organization, absence of standardized nursing protocols or manuals, occurrence of the coronavirus disease 2019, ambiguity in roles and responsibility, and insufficient measures to ensure physical safety in the service area. Conclusion: The comprehensive findings of this study suggest that maximizing the effectiveness of nurse volunteers and enhancing volunteer satisfaction in future large-scale international events requires strengthened pre-event training programs, establishment of a systematic resource management system, and development of comprehensive response protocols for various emergency situations. This study provides essential foundational data and practical insights for planning and operating medical volunteer programs at similar international events and contributes valuable knowledge to the field of disaster nursing and humanitarian healthcare delivery.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the experiences, essence, and structure of charge nurses operating in rotational appointment systems in tertiary hospitals. Methods: This qualitative study adopted a phenomenological approach. The participants were 11 charge nurses with rotational role experience working in tertiary hospitals in a metropolitan area. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews lasting an average of 40~60 minutes and, conducted between July 8 and August 30, 2024. Colaizzi's phenomenological method was used for data analysis, which led to the identification of 35 themes, 14 theme clusters, and five categories. Results: The study revealed five categories: (1) ‘Taking the first step as a charge nurse,’ (2) ‘Enduring the weight of being a charge nurse,’ (3) ‘Creating my own charge nurse role,’ (4) ‘Mixed emotions returning after completing the rotation,’ and (5) ‘Ready to take the leap to the next level.’ The findings indicated that charge nurses experienced significant personal and professional growth while performing their roles. They demonstrated leadership, coordinated tasks and personnel, supported staff development, resolved issues, and facilitated communication. This role had a positive impact on both individual professional development and organizational efficiency. Despite initial feelings of anxiety and fear, charge nurses embraced challenges and contributed to improvements in organizational culture and patient safety while setting new goals for continuous growth even after completing their roles. Even in the post-term, they continued to expand their perspectives as nursing managers, increased their influence, and set new goals while pursuing ongoing growth and development. Conclusion: This study provides an in-depth understanding of the experiences of charge nurses in rotational systems in tertiary hospitals. Given the crucial role of charge nurses in the nursing leadership pipeline, it is essential to establish comprehensive hospital-wide programs to nurture leadership skills among front-line nursing managers and create supportive policies that fully enable their engagement.

Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to explore and interpret the meaning and essence of end-of-life care as experienced by nurses in internal medicine wards caring for patients who had completed advance directives (AD). It sought to understand the psychological conflicts, ethical dilemmas, and evolving perceptions of care encountered by nurses during the end-of-life process. Additionally, the study focuses on providing foundational data to support the clinical implementation of the AD system, thereby contributing strategies that improve the quality of end-of-life care and uphold patients' rights and dignity in hospital settings. Methods: A qualitative content analysis was conducted using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 12 nurses from internal medicine wards in tertiary hospitals located in Seoul and surrounding metropolitan areas. Participants had direct experience in providing end-of-life care for patients with ADs. Interviews focused on capturing nurses’ real-life experiences and reflections related to such care. Data were analyzed systematically following the eight-step qualitative content analysis method proposed by Downe and Wamboldt, allowing for the identification of meaningful categories, themes, and patterns. Results: Analysis revealed five major themes and 16 subthemes. The major themes included: (1) Experiences of repeated end-of-life care and advance directives in internal medicine wards, reflecting the frequent encounters of nurses with terminally-ill patients and their ADs; (2) Multifaceted experiences of end-of-life care based on ADs, suggesting the complexities of care shaped by the presence or absence of ADs; (3) Limitations and dilemmas in AD implementation, highlighting the ethical conflicts arising from low public awareness and inconsistent clinical practices; (4) Shifts in perceptions of life and death, including the development of practical attitudes towards death through repeated exposure to dying patients, illustrating the evolving views of nurses; and (5) Hopes for improving end-of-life care in internal medicine wards, emphasizing the need for enhanced care environments, educational support, and institutional backing. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of increasing awareness and improving the clinical application of ADs. Establishing systematic support structures is essential to respect patient autonomy and enhance the quality of end-of-life care in internal medicine wards.

Background: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive lung disease marked by excessive fibrosis and declining respiratory function. While pharmacological treatments help manage symptoms, they offer limited reversal of fibrosis and often have side effects. As a result, interest in rehabilitation approaches such as breathing exercises combined with self-myofascial release (SMR) has increased. These techniques may enhance trunk stability and thoracic flexibility, contributing to improved respiratory function. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of thoracic expansion exercises using SMR techniques on pulmonary function and chest mobility in a patient with PF, and assessed their clinical applicability. Design: Single-subject A-B-A′ design. Methods: A 60s male with idiopathic PF underwent 20 days of intervention. Standard rehabilitation was applied during baseline (A) and follow-up (A′) phases. During the intervention (B), SMR-based breathing exercises were added. Outcomes included Functional Reach Test (FRT), chest expansion, and pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV₁, PEF, FEV₁/FVC). Data were analyzed using the 2SD band method. Results: FRT improved from 23.4 cm (A) to 31.3 cm (B) and 34.2 cm (A′). Chest expansion increased from 1.7 cm to 2.8 cm, and FVC rose from 1.70 L to 2.08 L before dropping to 0.94 L. FEV₁/FVC improved from 80.8% to 86.7% during intervention but decreased at follow-up. Conclusion: SMR-based thoracic expansion exercises may enhance trunk stability, thoracic mobility, and certain pulmonary function indicators in PF patients. These findings suggest potential clinical benefits, warranting further studies to confirm long-term effectiveness.

Background: The progressive digitalization of contemporary life, coupled with prolonged sedentary behavior, has contributed to the widespread occurrence of forward head posture (FHP) in the general population. Among the various exercise interventions aimed at correcting FHP, stretching exercises and proprioceptive training have garnered significant attention. Objectives: To investigate the effects of stretching exercises and proprioceptive training on craniovertebral angle (CVA), an indicator of forward head posture (FHP), and on the muscle tone of the suboccipital muscles. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty participants were randomly assigned to either the stretching exercise group (n=15) or the proprioceptive training group (n=15), and each group underwent intervention three times per week for six weeks. CVA and muscle tone of the suboccipital muscles were measured before and after the six-week intervention, and the results were statistically analyzed for comparison. Results: Both groups showed a significant increase in CVA after the intervention (P<.05), with no significant difference between the groups. The muscle tone of the suboccipital muscles did not show statistically significant changes either within or between the groups. Conclusion: Six weeks of stretching exercise and proprioceptive training both resulted in a significant increase in CVA, demonstrating that both interventions are effective in improving FHP. However, neither intervention produced significant changes in the muscle tone of the suboccipital muscles.

Background: Flexible flatfoot impairs gait and posture by weakening arch support, potentially leading to musculoskeletal dysfunction. Strengthening exercises, such as the short foot exercise (SFE), have shown promise in correcting this condition. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of SFE with visual feedback on medial arch height and foot function in adults with flexible flatfoot. Design: Experimental research. Methods: Adults diagnosed with flexible flatfoot were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed SFE with visual feedback, whereas the control group performed the same exercises without feedback. Both groups trained three times per week for five weeks. Outcome measures included the Navicular Drop Test (NDT), YBalance Test (YBT), and Tetrax postural analysis. Results: In the NDT, both groups showed significant improvements (P<.05), while in the YBT, only the experimental group showed a significant improvement (P<.05). In contrast, there were no significant changes in the Weight Distribution Index (WDI) and Stability Test (ST) areas of the Tetrax system in either group (P>.05). Conclusion: SFE effectively improved arch height regardless of visual feedback, though only the visual feedback group showed significant improvements in dynamic balance. However, between-group differences were not statistically significant, suggesting that visual feedback provides subtle rather than substantial additional benefits. Further research with larger samples is needed to establish the clinical value of adding visual feedback to SFE protocols.

Background: Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) is a common musculoskeletal condition among middle-aged adults, often causing physical limitations and reduced quality of life. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a widely used non-pharmacological method for pain relief and muscle modulation. Objectives: To compare the effects of two high-frequency, high-intensity TENS protocols on pain, muscle tone, and stiffness in individuals with CNLBP. Design: Single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-eight individuals with CNLBP were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). Both received 60 Hz, highintensity TENS twice weekly for four weeks. Pain equivalent current (PEC), visual analogue scale (VAS), pain degree (PD), muscle tone (Hz), and stiffness (N/m) were measured pre- and post-intervention by a blinded assessor. Results: The EG showed significant improvements in all outcomes (P<.05), while the CG showed significant change only in VAS scores. Between-group analysis showed greater reductions in pain and muscle-related variables in the EG. Conclusion: The EG protocol, with individualized intensity adjustments and targeted stimulation sites, was more effective than the CG protocol in improving pain, muscle tone, and stiffness in adults with CNLBP.

Background: Foam roller exercise is widely used for myofascial release and improving joint range of motion. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the most effective session of thoracic foam roller exercise by examining changes in thoracic kyphosis angle (TKA) and trunk active range of motion (AROM) in healthy males in their 20s. Design: Single-group design. Methods: The study analyzed changes in TKA and trunk AROM across sessions following the application of a thoracic foam roller exercise for 45 seconds per session over three sessions in 16 healthy males in their 20s. Results: Compared to pre-test values, TKA significantly decreased and trunk AROM significantly increased after thoracic foam roller exercise (P<0.01). Post hoc analysis showed a significant decrease in TKA in session 3 compared to session 1 (P<0.01). Trunk AROM (flexion, left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion) showed significant changes in sessions 2 and 3 compared to session 1 (P<0.01). Right rotation significantly improved in session 3 compared to session 1 (P<0.01). Conclusions: For managing thoracic vertebral alignment in healthy males in their 20s, three sessions of thoracic foam roller exercise per day are recommended. For improving trunk AROM management, two sessions per day be sufficient.

Background: Core stabilization exercises are a key component of exercises for the conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of two different home-based exercise instruction methods (leaflets versus video materials) for children with AIS performing core stabilization exercises. Design: A retrospective study. Methods: Pediatric outpatients diagnosed with AIS were assigned to either a leaflet group or a YouTube video group. They were instructed to perform core stabilization exercises at home daily, completing three sets per day for six months. Pre- and post-exercise (6 months) evaluations included X-rays to measure the Cobb angle and the degree of vertebral rotation. Additionally, endurance in maintaining the Superman and Bird-dog positions was assessed. Results: After 6 months of intervention, the leaflet and YouTube groups showed no significant differences regarding Cobb angle, rotational degree, or endurance in the Bird-Dog and Superman positions. However, within-group comparisons before and after the 6-month exercise period showed a significant improvement in Cobb angle in the leaflet group. If exercise leaflets are effectively utilised, they could facilitate the implementation of core stabilization exercises in children with AIS, potentially improving their prognosis. Conclusion: Providing exercise instruction via a leaflet may be more effective than using a YouTube video in facilitating adherence to core stabilization exercises and improving spinal alignment in children with AIS.

Background: Stroke often results in hemiparesis, which leads to asymmetrical plantar pressure and impaired balance control. The gastrocnemius muscle plays a key role in plantar flexion and postural stability. Dysfuncion of this muscle is associated with decreased posterior foot pressure and increased fall risk in stroke patients. Objectives: To investigate the effects of gastrocnemius muscle stimulation using microcurrent stimulation therapy on plantar pressure distribution and functional balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty chronic stroke patients were divided into an experimental group (microcurrent stimulation therapy+conventional rehabilitation therapy) and a control group (conventional rehabilitation therapy only). plantar pressure (posterior foot pressure), center of anteroposterior pressure displacement (CAP), and balance ability were measured using the berg balance scale (BBS) and functional reach test (FRT) before and after 8 weeks of intervention. Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant increases in posterior foot pressure and reductions in CAP after intervention. BBS and FRT scores also significantly improved. Although the control group showed some improvements, the changes were smaller and less consistent. Conclusion: Microcurrent stimulation targeting the gastrocnemius muscle improved plantar pressure symmetry and postural stability in stroke patients, suggesting its effectiveness as an adjunctive balance rehabilitation intervention.

Background: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is widely used for movement assessment but suffers from subjective scoring that leads to inconsistent evaluations. While previous studies have focused on reliability, the validity of AI-supported assessment remains unexplored. Objectives: To evaluate the reliability and validity of an AI-based motion analysis system using MediaPipe for three FMS movements. Design: Prospective reliability and validity study with repeated measures. Methods: Thirty healthy adults (age 23.4±2.8 years) performed three FMS tests (Deep Squat, Hurdle Step, Inline Lunge) recorded on video. Three evaluators (two experienced physical therapists and one novice) assessed recordings in three phases: Phase 1 involved traditional assessment by experts only to establish criterion reference, Phase 2 had all evaluators using AI support, and Phase 3 consisted of repeated AI-supported assessment. The AI system provided real-time visual feedback of joint angles and alignment through MediaPipe skeletal tracking. Results: Criterion validity showed strong agreement between traditional expert assessment and AI-supported assessment (r=0.94, P<.05). Inter-rater reliability improved from good (ICC=0.89) to excellent (ICC=0.91) with AI support. The novice evaluator achieved immediate expert-level performance with only 0.05 points difference from experts. Intra-rater reliability was excellent for all evaluators (ICC=0.84-0.89). Conclusion: The AI-based system demonstrated strong validity and improved reliability for fundamental movement assessment. While AI support enabled novice evaluators to achieve expert-level performance immediately, it may increase sensitivity to subtle movement variations. This technology shows promise for standardizing movement screening, though current limitations restrict its application to standing movements.

Background: Loss of sagittal balance can lead to excessive thoracolumbar (TL) kyphosis, which is a postural impairment characterized by an increase in kyphotic curvature in these two regions of the spine. Excessive TL kyphosis has been shown to adversely affects quality of life and activities of daily living (ADL). Objectives: This study aimed to investigate immediate spinal motion and resultant postural changes after the application of single thoracic extension mobilization. This was compared to the application of two extension mobilizations, one of which was applied to the lumbar region in the second group of patients with excessive TL kyphosis. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Methods: A total of 53 participants (71.6 years, 20 male/33 female) were recruited. All participants had greater than 40° of TL kyphosis, as measured with a single gravity-dependent inclinometer positioned over the T1 spinous process. One group received thoracic extension mobilization only, whereas the other group received both thoracic and lumbar extension mobilization. Results: Both groups demonstrated an improvement (decrease) in the thoracolumbar kyphosis angle. The group that received thoracic mobilization alone demonstrated a 6.46° change (P<0.0001), while the group that received both mobilizations demonstrated a change of 11.96° (P<0.0001). Combined mobilization applied to both the thoracic and lumbar regions resulted in a significantly greater change (reduction) in TL kyphosis (5.50°, P<0.0001). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the addition of a second mobilization to the lumbar region results in greater active TL extension and reduced TL kyphosis. Clinicians treating patients with excessive kyphotic curvature should be mindful of the contribution of the lumbar region to loss of sagittal balance. The addition of this simple manual mobilization to the lumbar region appears to yield better short-term improvements in patients with overly kyphotic spinal posture.

AlN thin film is highly valued for use as a high-temperature material because of its excellent heat resistance, thermal conductivity and high mechanical strength. In addition, it is known as a replacement material for ZnO, because it can be applied to surface acoustic wave elements and high-frequency filters using piezoelectric properties or sound velocity. In this study, an alternating sputtering method was used to fabricate an AlN thin film with excellent film quality. The c-axis orientation and residual stress of the fabricated AlN thin film were measured using an X-ray diffraction method. Nitrogen gas pressure and target electrode conversion time are important deposition conditions when producing a thin film using the alternating sputtering method. The AlN thin film fabricated on the glass substrate using the alternating planar magnetron sputtering method exhibited a crystal structure in which the c-axis was preferentially oriented in the normal direction of the substrate surface. The c-axis orientation was better when the target electrode switching time was short under the condition of low nitrogen gas pressure. Residual stress is tensile stress in the very low nitrogen gas pressure range (PN ≤ 0.3 Pa), compressive stress in the low nitrogen gas pressure range (0.3 < PN < 0.9 Pa), and in the high nitrogen gas pressure range (PN ≥ 0.9 Pa), it becomes tensile stress. Residual stress shows tensile stress when the switching time is short, tensile stress decreases as the switching time increases, and becomes compressive stress when the switching time is sufficiently long (300 to 600 s). Compared to the simultaneous sputtering of two targets, the use of the alternating sputtering method can produce a high-quality thin film with excellent c-axis orientation and low residual stress.

Gas sensors play a crucial role in monitoring harmful gas concentrations and air quality in real-time, ensuring safety and protecting health in both environmental and industrial settings. Additionally, they are essential in various applications for energy efficiency and environmental protection. As the demand for hydrogen refueling stations and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles increases with the growth of the hydrogen economy, accurate gas concentration measurement technology is increasingly necessary given hydrogen's wide explosion range. To ensure safety and efficiency, gas sensors must accurately detect a wide range of gas concentrations in real-world environments. This study presents two types of gas sensors with high sensitivity, stability, low cost, fast response time, and compact design. These sensors, based on volume and pressure analysis principles, can measure gas filling amounts, solubility, diffusivity, and the leakage of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and argon gases in high-density polyethylene charged under high-pressure conditions. Performance evaluation shows that the two sensors have a stability of 0.2 %, a resolution of 0.12 wt･ppm, and can measure gas concentrations ranging from 0.1 wt･ppm to 1400 wt･ ppm within one second. Moreover, the sensitivity, resolution, and measurement range of the sensors are adjustable. Measurements obtained from these sensors of gas filling amounts and the diffusivity of four gases showed consistent results within uncertainty limits. This system, capable of real-time gas detection and characterization, is applicable to hydrogen infrastructure facilities and is expected to contribute to the establishment of a safe hydrogen society in the future.

Many recent research efforts have focused on developing high-performance wearable health monitoring systems. This work presents a mechanically stretchable and skin-mountable sensor system based on a conductive polymer composite-based elastic printed circuit board (EPCB) in which a resistive-type composite strain sensor is monolithically integrated. The composite-based EPCB is simply prepared by patterning a silver nanowire (AgNW)/dragon skin (AgNW/DS) composite film in a programmable manner using a direct cut patterning technique. The proposed sensor system was successfully fabricated by directly mounting various components (e.g., microcontroller, circuit elements, light emitting device chips, temperature sensor, Bluetooth module) on the prepared AgNW/DS-based EPCB. The fabricated sensor system was found to be highly stretchable and rollable enough to maintain tight adhesion to the wrist region without significant physical deterioration, even when the wrist was in motion. The wireless sensor system attached to the wrist part enabled us to monitor the wrist motion and surrounding temperature in real time, opening the possible application as a wearable health monitoring platform.

The structural, thermal, and electrical characteristics of the superconducting Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ compound are the main subjects of this work. The solid-state reaction (SSR) method was used to prepare the samples. The samples were placed in a furnace and heated at 820 °C for 70 hours at a heating rate of 5 °C/min. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were then performed on the prepared samples. XRD results revealed an orthorhombic crystal structure with variations in the lattice constants a, b, and c (where a = 5.416, b = 5.432, and c = 36.5 Å). The highest superconducting transition phase fraction (HTP%) was 78.76 %. The composition and morphology of the superconducting compound were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Images were taken at 20 kX magnification, where we observed nanoparticles with a size of 86.65 nm had formed. The elemental analysis of the sample was conducted with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the results showed the presence of different elements and their proportions for each sample. Thermal conductivity was also measured and it was found that the sample conductivity increased with increasing temperature. The electrical resistivity was examined, and it was observed that the resistivity decreased as the sample was cooled. The results showed that the highest initial critical temperature was 131 K, while the zero critical temperature was 114 K.

Magnetic nanoparticles in nanofluid have a unique ability in that they can be influenced by an external magnetic field, making them a promising heat-exchanging fluid to meet the demands of highly efficient thermal systems. The parametric impact of the magnetic field (static and time-varying) on the heat exchanging rate of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and water-based ferrofluid was investigated in this study. The experimental setup for generating a variable frequency magnetic field and analyzing the thermal behavior of ferrofluid is presented. Temperature data was obtained as heat is transferred from heated water to the ferrofluid used as a coolant. An enhancement of the heat transfer of the magnetic nanofluid was observed when varying the magnetic field frequency, through experimental analysis. The concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the ferrofluid was varied (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%)to study the impact of nanoparticle loading on heat transfer. An alternative approach for controlling the heat exchange rate in thermal systems is proposed, utilizing the magnetic tunability of the ferrofluid.

This paper focuses on methods for quantifying landfill gas emissions, including odor, odor generation mechanisms, odor emission characteristics according to the time of waste deposition, and odor measurement data from landfills. This study analyzed the concentration ranges and median values of 22 odor compounds measured at landfill gas collection wells and various landfill surface locations across both domestic and international landfill sites. These locations included active operational areas, final cover surfaces, and leachate treatment zones. The odor with the highest measured concentration at the landfill gas collection well was H2S (with a median value of 818,616 mg m–3). During landfill operations and on the surface of uncovered landfill layers, the concentrations of NH3 (with a median value of 1,613 mg m–3) and H2S (with a median value of 279.5 mg m–3) were found to be high . Concentrations of toluene, xylene, ketones, and sulfide odors were also high at covered landfill surfaces. Additionally, NH3, styrene, and H2S had high concentrations in the leachate treatment area. The odor intensity, measured on the surface of covered sanitary landfills for domestic waste, ranged from 6 to 2,080 mg m–3 (dilution to threshold). The concentrations of NH3 and H2S were relatively high in domestic sanitary landfills. The odorous compounds that contributed the most to odor intensity were nitrogen-containing odors, sulfur-containing odors, and aldehydes. In order to effectively manage landfill odors in the future, research should be continuously conducted to accurately measure and predict odor emission fluxes from landfills. In addition, it will be necessary to develop emission reduction technologies that take into account landfill odor emission characteristics.