이 서평의 목적은 평신도가 이해할 수 있을 정도로 쉽게 쓰여 진 조직신학 대작인 『신학이 있는 묵상』을 통해 화석화된 교의학의 위상을 환기하고 평신도 들에게 신학이 있는 신앙을 제시함으로써 기독교의 참된 정신을 회복하는데 있 다. 한국교회는 난해한 신학서적들이 즐비하고 무수한 양의 신학 이론들이 만연 하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 교회는 더욱더 많은 병리현상을 양산하고 사회와 격리 된 게토가 되어 가고 있다. 전문 신학자와 현장 목회자들의 합작으로 저술된 신 학이 있는 묵상은 이러한 한국교회의 문제를 올바른 신학교육의 부재로 진단한 다. 그래서 저자들은 조직신학의 모든 주제를 망라하는 묵상으로 병들어 있는 한국교회를 치유하고자 한다. 평자 또한 묵상의 저자들의 저술 내용에 전체적으 로 공감한다. 그러나 묵상이 한국교회에 올바른 신앙의 토대를 세우는 것에 목 적을 두면서도 그 방법론에 있어서는 서양 신학적 입장에서만 서술된 것에는 동의할 수 없다. 따라서 평자는 앞으로 묵상이 서양신학 뿐만 아니라 동양과 한 국의 사상적 맥락에서도 서술되기를 제안한다.

목 적 : MRCP Study는 간담계 및 췌장부위의 질환을 조사하는데 있어 비침습적으로 유용하게 사용되는 진단 방법이다. 다양한 간담췌관계의 질환에서 MRCP의 진단적 유용성과 정확성에 대해 보고 되었고 자기공명 간담췌관조영술(MRCP)이 담관결석을 진단하거나 담도의 해부학적 구조를 관찰하는데 있어 내시경역행간담췌관조영술(ERCP)을 대체 할 수 있다고 보고 되었다. 이에 MRCP Study중 3D 영상구현이 가능한 T2 space rst cor 검사시 환자의 체형과 몸무게에 따른 영상의 화질 차이점을 알아보고 진단적 유용성을 비교분석 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원에서 2013년 03월부터 2014년 02월까지 을지대학교병원에서 MRCP 검사를 시행한 34명을 대상으로 하였다. 34명중 남자 18명, 여자 16명, 평균연령은 55세이다. 검사장비는 siemens Skyra3.0T를 이용하였고 Parameter는 FOV 350mm, TR 2400ms, TE 695ms, Slice Thickness 1.0mm, Flip angle 120deg, Resolution 384×384 (ipat grappa factor3), Bandwidth 352Hz/px로 Trigger gating mode를 Phase scout mode와 Liver dome mode를 각각 검사하여 결과 분석은 영상의학과 복부전문의 1명, 전공의 2명, MR전문 방사선사 2명이 정성적으로 평가하였다. 결 과 : 검사 대상자들을 BMI 지수에 따라 구분하였고 영상의 분석결과 과체중 집단에서는 phase scout mode는 과체중 15명, 정상체중 4명이 우위를 나타냈고, liver dome mode는 과체중 5명, 정상체중 10명이 우위로 분석되었다. 검사 소요시간은 phase scout mode 5분 21초, liver dome mode 4분 36초로 41초정도의 차이로 평균검사시간은 liver dome mode가 적게 소요되었다. 결 론 : MRI 검사에 있어 그 목적에 맞는 sequence와 parameter를 적용하는 일은 임상검사에서 유용한 영상을 얻어내는데 있어 매우 중요하다. 그 중 MRCP 검사에 있어서도 환자의 체형이나 연령에 따라 적당한 검사방법을 택함으로써 획득되는 최종 영상의 질은 확연히 달라진다. 본 연구에서 34명의 검사자들을 대상으로 liver dome mode와 phase scout mode를 시행하여 과체중은 phase scout mode, 정상체중은 liver dome mode를 이용하여 검사하는 것이 유용함을 확인할 수 있었다.

목 적 : 고자장 3.0T MRI가 보편화되면서 임상에서 다양하게 이용되고 있다. 특히 척추 질환의 병리적 감별에 있어 지방 신호를 제거하는 지방억제기법이 유용하게 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 자체 제작한 phantom 영상을 획득하고 element의 signal intensity와 homogeneity를 분석하고자 한다. 또한 임상영상을 평가하고 각 지방억제기법의 장·단점을 비교·분석하여 최적의 지방억제를 위한 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본 연구를 위하여 자체 제작한 phantom을 CHESS, SPAIR, STIR, Dixon sequence로 검사하여 각각 5개의 coronal 영상을 획득 한다. 5개의 영상 중 3번째 영상에서 1~25번까지 설정된 ROI의 signal intensity를 측정하여 평균과 변동계수를 산출한다. 임상영상에서는 Brain, C-spine, L-spine을 분석하여 유용한 기법을 평가 한다. 결 과 : Phantom영상의 Signal Intensity는 CHESS>Dixon>STIR>SPAIR로 SPAIR의 영상이 지방소거가 가장 양호하게 분석되었고, CHESS는 영상의 중심부로 부터 멀어질수록 지방제거가 현저하게 저하되었다. 영상의 변동계수는 CHESS>SPAIR>STIR>Dixon 으로 전체 영상의 homogeneity는 Dixon이 가장 양호하였다. Brain 임상영상의 지방억제는 STIR가, homogeneity는 Dixon이 양호하였다. C-spine은 STIR와 Dixon이 지방억제, homogeneity 모두 양호하였다. L-spine은 SPAIR와 CHESS의 지방억제가 양호하였고, homogeneity는 Dixon, STIR가 양호하였다. 결 론 : Phantom 영상의 지방제거는 SPAIR, STIR가 가장 우수하였고, 영상의 homogeneity는 Dixon이 가장 양호한 영상으로 평가 되었다. 환자를 대상으로 한 임상검사에서는 Brain 임상영상의 지방억제는 STIR가, homogeneity는 Dixon이 양호하였다. C-spine은 STIR와 Dixon이 지방억제, homogeneity 모두 양호하였다. L-spine의 지방억제는 SPAIR와 CHESS가, homogeneity는 Dixon, STIR가 양호하였다.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of action-observation training on arm function in people with stroke. Fourteen chronic stroke patients participated in action-observation training. Initially, they were asked to watch video that illustrated arm actions used in daily activities; this was followed by repetitive practice of the observed actions for 3 times a week for 3 weeks. Each training session lasted 30 min. All subject participated 12 training session on 9 consecutive training days. For the evaluation of the clinical status of standard functional scales, Wolf motor function test was carried out at before and after the training and at 2 weeks after the training. Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the results of the clinical test. There was a significant improvement in the upper arm functions after the 3-week action-observation training, as compared to that before training. The improvement was sustained even at two weeks after the training. This result suggest that action observation training has a positive additional impact on recovery of stroke-induced motor dysfunctions through the action observation-action execution matching system, which includes in the mirror neuron system.

A total of 222 udder-half milk samples of lactating goats were collected from two herds in Korea during 2008 and all samples were subjected to bacteriological examination. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were also determined for all samples except for 13 (5.9%), which were collected from halves of udders with clinical mastitis. A total of 85 bacteria were isolated from 82 (36.9%) of 222 milk samples tested. Staphylococci were the predominant pathogens, accounting for almost 70% of the isolates: Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) and S. aureus constituted 55% (47/85) and 14.1% (12/85), respectively. Among 209 samples tested for SCC, bacteria were isolated from 36 of 115 (31.3%) samples with SCC of <1×106 cells/㎖ and 38 of 94 (40.4%) samples that had SCC of ≥1×106 cells/㎖, respectively. All S. aureus were detected from samples with SCC of ≥1×106 cells/㎖, while 25 of 47 (61.0%) CNS were isolated from milk samples with SCC of <1×106 cells/㎖. Mean SCC of milk samples that harbored S. aureus and CNS was 4,787×103 cells/㎖ and >1×106 cells/㎖, respectively. All S. aureus and CNS isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except for penicillin, to which 2 (16.6%) S. aureus and 12 (25.5%) CNS isolates showed resistance.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and is led to physical disability. Yet the development of effective disease-modifying treatments has lagged. In this study, I examined the effect of physical therapeutic intervention through microcurrent stimulation and attempt to find which degree of intensity, either 25 or 500 with a regular 5 pps pulse, is more effective in the osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced with a mixture of 2% carrageenan and 2% kaolin in 26 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The mixture (0.1 ) was injected into the intra-articular capsule of knee joint once a week for three weeks. Five animals did not show degenerative changes by radiological findings and excluded in the following experiment. Osteoarthritic animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (, , =7/each): untreated, treated with 25 , treated with 500 . All experimental groups received microcurrent stimulation for four weeks (15 min/day, 5 days/week). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis on the walking corridor was accomplished every week. Histological preparations and immunohistochemical staining with insulin-like growth factor-1 were also done in the articular cartilages. All of these parameters were compared with those of osteoarthritic control group (n=7). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis revealed that changes of walking track (paw width) and stride length was significantly increased in both experimental groups. The better results were observed in experimental group treated with 25 intensity without significance than group treated with 500 . Histological preparations disclosed that routine hyaline cartilage of articular surface were altered to fibrous cartilage in untreated group and experimental group treated with 500 intensity. But a little changes were seen in experimental group treated with 25 intensity. Immunolocalization of insulin-like growth factor-1 was simultaneously decreased according to the duration of osteoarthritis, and did not show significant difference among the groups. In this study discovered that the microcurrent stimulation, especially 25 intensity, had a positive effect by the ethological inspection, histological and immunohistochemical stainings. These results suggest that microcurrent stimulation with low-intensity might be effective in the promotion of healing process for the osteoarthritis.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of action observational physical training (AOPT) on manual dexterity and corticomotor facilitation in stroke patients. Ten hemiparetic patients participated in this study. Each subject was asked to participate the three conditions; base condition (Base), physical training (PT), AOPT. Participants were asked to observe the action in the video that a therapist moved the blocks during the AOPT conditions. Corticomotor facilitation was determined in three conditions by monitoring changes in the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited in hand muscles by transcranial magnetic stimulation. MEP responses were measured from the first dorsal interosseous after participants attended to three conditions. For the manual dexterity, Box and Block test (BBT) was used. The results of present study were summarized as follows: MEPs amplitude significantly tended to be larger than PT and Base condition. The scores of BBT in the AOPT condition were also significantly larger than other conditions. In conclusion, this finding of present study indicates that physical training for observation of an action is beneficial for enhancing a dexterity of paretic arm in stroke patients.

Chemicals for cosmetics, including skin, the skin absorbs some of the research in the field of science or pharmacy recently, about the environment and the health of the heightened interest in skin absorption. Many other human attributes and absorption evaluation studies are underway in various areas. This study were used rats and carried out to find out the effects of commercial permanent wave products to skin which are composed with thioglycolic acid and bases. Results were as follows. Permanent wave penetrated to 3 hours later with steady state in skins and was not significant changeable after 20hr later. In case of neutralizer with thioglycolic acid lag time and permeability coefficient in healthy skin were 3.32hr and 0.101μg/cm2/hr, in old skin were 3.08hr and 0.117μg/cm2/hr, and in wounded skin were 3.02hr and 0.166μg/cm2/hr. In conclusion, lag time and permeability coefficient in old skin and wounded skin were faster than healthy skin. In vivo, We were studied to general time and method of permanent wave. We found out that fine wrinkle and rash of skin were changeable in the case of treating with permanent wave drugs than normal skin.

Recently, technology growth and globalization of the market bring the age of knowledge based economy. These competitive environment require that the firms should cooperate among industry, academia, and institute. Cooperation between firms and universities for research and development is one of the most important business strategy in improving their business competences. This paper studied the factors of the firm involvement in the cooperation between firms and universities for technology development. To analyze the involvement factors, the data of 'R&D activity survey' of Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) were used. Based on results of the analysis, 6 factors such as firm size, the years of firms, ratio of the researchers, the ratio of collaborative investments, the ratio of new product development, and the number of property right were significant. As the technology cooperation get flourished, the results of this research is expected to play a meaningful role as an basic data for developing the cooperation between industry and academia policy for technology development.

The range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion in older women was associated with gait abnormalities and the risk of falls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-stretching exercise on the flexibility of the plantar flexors of the ankle and the characteristics of gait in healthy elderly women. Fifteen participants were assigned randomly into an exercise (n=8) or control (n=7) group. The exercise group attended a self-stretching program approximately 30 minutes for 3 days per week for 4 weeks. The active ankle dorsiflexion ROM and gait measurements were taken prior to beginning the stretching program and 1 day after the last stretching day. Results showed that the active ankle dorsiflexion ROM was significantly increased in the exercise group than in the control group after the stretching program (p<.05). However, gait parameters, including gait speed, cadence, and stride length were not significantly different between the two groups (p>.05). The results suggest that a 4-week self-stretching program is capable of provoking a significant increase in ankle dorsiflexion ROM in elderly, community-dwelling women. Additional research is needed to investigate the effect of gait-specific exercise combined with stretching exercise on gait ability.

브로콜리의 새싹 발아와 생리활성에 효과적인 영향을 미치는 LED 광질 종류를 구명하기 위해 청색, 녹색, 적색, 백색, 황색, 적색+청색광을 조광 14시간, 암조건 10시간, 온도는 주간 25, 야간 18로 조절하여 종자 발아와 새싹을 생장을 시켰다. 생리활성 조사는 새싹을 메탄올로 추출한 것을 이용하여 실시하였다. 종자 발아율은 광의 종류에 관계없이 3일 만에 100%의 발아율을 나타냈다. 파종 후 8일째의 신선중은 청색광처리구에서 0.389g/10plants로 가장 높았다. 총페놀화합물 함량은 백색광 처리구에서 83.0mg·L-1으로, 총플라보노이드 함량은 청색광 처리구에서 72,6mg·L-1로 가장 많았다. 전자공여능은 추출물 2,000mg·L-1일 때 백색광 처리구에서 93.5%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 아질산염 소거능은 추출물이 500mg·L-1일 때 황색광 처리구에서 66.9%로 가장 높게 나타났다 Tyrosinase 저해 활성은 추출물이 2,000mg·L-1일 때 적색광 처리구에서 14.5%로 가장 높게 나타났다.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) leg patterns on the muscle activation of neck flexors. Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study. Each subject performed bilateral asymmetrical PNF leg patterns against manual resistance under four conditions: through the full range of motion toward the right side, left side, and the end range in the right side, left side. Electromyographic (EMG) data was collected from the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles as neck flexors. The root mean square (RMS) value of the SCM was measured and normalized from maximal EMG activity of the SCM. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test and repeated analysis of variance (ANOV A) was used to compare the statistical significance. The results of this study are summarized as follows: Firstly, the RMS values of SCM were significantly higher in all four PNF leg patterns than in the resting condition (p<.05). Secondly, there was no significant difference in muscle activation according to the direction of PNF leg patterns (p>.05). Thirdly, there was no significant difference in muscle activation according to the point of range of the motion of leg patterns (p>.05). It is suggested that PNF bilateral asymmetrical leg patterns have a considerable effect on muscle activation of the SCM, regardless of the range of motion and direction of PNF bilateral asymmetrical leg patterns.

본 연구에서는 불소계 고분자인 PVdF (poly(vinylidene fluoride))에 HFP (hexafluoropropylene)가 결합된 공중합체인 PVdF-HFP로 충전용 이차전지의 분리막으로 쓰이는 다공성 막을 상전이 방법으로 제조하였다. 용매인 DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide)에 PVdF-HFP를 단일상으로 녹인 후 깨끗한 유리판에 캐스팅하여 막을 얻었다. 기공은 증류수로 채워진 응고조에서 용매-빈용매 교환으로 형성되어진다. 얻어진 분리막에서 가장 높은 공극률은 60%로 얻어졌다. 시차주사현미경(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)을 이용하여 분리막의 단면 관찰을 통해 다공성을 확인하였고 UTM (universal testing machine)을 이용하여 측정된 분리막의 인장강도는 PVdF-HFP 30 wt%에서 최대 6.57 MPa의 값을 나타내었다.

Environmental Enrichment (EE) alone is not capable of enhancing the fine digit and the forelimb functions. Therefore, we applied modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) under the influence of EE to assess its effect on promoting improved forelimb sensorimotor functions. Focal ischemic brain injury was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats (60 rats, 250±50 g) through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Before MCAO induction, all rats were trained in modified limb placing tests and reaching tasks for 1 week. Then they were randomly divided into three groups: Group I: application of standard environment (SE) after MCAO induction (n=20), Group II: application of EE after MCAO induction (n=20), Group III: MCAO+EE, mCIMT and task-oriented training that was initiated at 10th day after MCAO induction (n=20). We also applied mCIMT (between 9 AM and 5 PM/daily) which included restraining the forelimb ipsilateral to the lesion using the 'Jones & Schallert' method. We assessed the change of modified limb placing, single pellet reaching test and the immunoreactivity of BDNF by immunohistochemistry (pre, 1st, 5th, 10th and 20th day). Group I showed no improved outcome, whereas group II and III significantly improved on the use of the forelimb and the immunoreactivity. The qualitative analysis of the skilled reaching test, of group III showed the greatest improvement in the fine digit and the forelimb function. These results suggest that EE combined with mCIMT is more functional in promoting enhanced fine digit and forelimb functional movements.

The purpose of this study was to investigate electromyographic activities of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) by the shape of the ultrasound head. Twelve healthy subjects participated and performed ultrasound therapy with a round head and a long handled head during each 5-minute application. Electromyographic activities of the FDS and FCU were recorded by surface electrodes and normalized by maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) values. There was no difference in the muscular fatigue of FDS and FCU as determined by the shape of the ultrasound head (p>.05). Without the shape of head, the mean power frequency decreased with the time. There also was no difference in %MVIC of the FDS and FCU as determined by the shape of the ultrasound head (p>.05), but the force exerted exceeded 20%MVIC. There was however a significant difference in the amount of cumulative workload of the FDS and FCU as determined by the shape of ultrasound head (p<.05). The workload was however not affected by the shape of the ultrasound head. Constant static grasp of ultrasound transducer head during ultrasound therapy is considered a high risk factor of work-related musculoskeletal disease.

Muscle weakness in the hemiplegia following stroke is an important factor which determines the quality of life in the future. Therefore, muscle strengthening exercise is essential for functional recovery in hemiplegic patients. Even though the popular conception is that muscle strengthening exercise causes spasticity and associated reaction that hemiplegia patients don't want, and that it disturbs functional recovery, recently there have been many new reports against that opinion. Therefore, the effects of strengthening exercise programs on functional recovery in hemiplegic patients are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of strengthening exercise programs for the knee joint using isokinetic exercise on the associated reaction of the upper extremities. Comparing the muscle activities of biceps brachii and triceps brachii during, before, and immediately after 2 and 5 minute intervals of isokinetic exercise, we examined the increase and decrease of associated reaction. Twenty stroke inpatients participated in this study. Surface electromyography was used to get muscle activity data from biceps brachii and triceps brachii. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. The flexor and extensor peak torque were significantly higher on the sound side than the affected side (p<.05). 2. Before and after strengthening exercise, there was no significant difference in muscle activities (surface electromyographic root mean square values) between the sound and affected side. 3. Muscle activities were examined during, before, and immediately after 2 and 5 minute intervals of isokinetic exercise. There were significant differences in muscle activities between, before and during the exercises, during exercise and 5 minutes after exercise in the biceps brachii (p<.05), and during exercise and 5 minutes after exercise in the triceps brachii (p<.05). In conclusion, there was no relation between strengthening exercise and associated reaction in the upper extremities. Rather, muscle activities after exercise had a tendency to decrease relative to before the exercise. Thus, it is considered that intensive strengthening exercise contributes to improvement of functional recovery without increase in associated reaction in hemiparetic patients.