본고는《全唐诗补编》와《全唐文补编》속의 “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”등 10개의 유니코드 미등재 의난자(疑难字)를 관련 문헌, 자형의 변천, 기타 증거 자료의 세 방면에서 고찰하여 개별 글자 간의 관계를 밝혀 시문 속에서의 의난자를 고증하 여 그 해석의 어려움을 해소하고자 하였다.《全唐诗补编》,《全唐文补编》, 未编码疑难字, 考辨

점차 최근 들어 새로운 기술로 주목받고 있는 무인항공기 또는 드론을 이용한 테러공격의 개연성이 점차 심각한 위협으로 대두되고 있다. 테러 집단의 신기술에 대한 관심과 투자는 자신들의 테러 목적을 달성과 테러 활동을 지속을 위해 새로운 기술적 수단을 찾는 형태로 지속되고 있다. 이에 따라 오늘날 몇몇 테러집단들은 테러공격수단으로 상당한 수준의 드론을 확보하고 있는 상황이다. 이와 관련해 심각한 문제는 드론을 이 용한 공격이 전통적인 무기를 사용할 때 보다 더 많은 사상자를 발생시킬 수 있고, 대량살상무기들인 핵물질이나 화학물질과 함께 이용하면 그 살상력과 파괴력이 더욱 커진다는 점이다. 또한 드론은 값이 싸며, 조종 이나 이용이 간편하고 기존의 보안시스템을 회피할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 더 나아가 앞으로 테러집단의 드론을 이용한 테러공격이 가속화되고 정교화 될 경우 하드타켓에 대한 테러의 접근이 용이해 질 것으로 보여져 그 피해가 더욱 클 것으로 우려된다. 이 같은 무인항공기 또는 드론을 이용한 테러집단의 테러전략과 전술의 변화를 국제사회는 매우 심각하게 받아들이고 대응할 필요가 있다. 테러세력은 언제나 새로운 공격방법, 진전된 공격무기와 수단을 찾는 다는 점을 인식하고 국가안보기관의 대응 역시 새로운 기술발전의 추이에 발맞추어야 할 것이다. 그러나 국제적으로 기존의 항공법 등과 관련한 다수의 기존법률이 안보기관들의 무인항공기/드론 테러에 대한 대응을 효과적으로 지원하지 못하는 문제점이 존재한다는 점이 지적되고 있다. 국내의 경우도 마찬가지로 이 같은 대응에 대해 아직까지 입법적 조치가 이루어지지 않은 상황이다. 따라서 이와 같은 관련 부문에 대한 필요에 따라 이 연구는 국내의 무인항공기 또는 드론의 법적 의미와 그 범위를 파악하고 국내의 무인항공기 관리와 그 문제점들에 대해 평가한다. 또한 미국의 안보기관의 드론 테러 대응 실험 및 연구, 테스트 등을 가능하게 하는 입법조치를 소개하면서 국내의 적용가능성에 대해 논의하였다.

우리나라는 온실가스 감축을 향한 국제사회의 연대에 적극적으로 참여 하여 온실가스 감축목표를 설정하고, 구체적인 설계와 실행을 담당할 기구를 구성하는 한편 법 제정 등 법적 근거를 마련하고 있다. 특히 ‘탄소 중립기본법’이 제정되어 시행을 앞두고 있으나, 법 규정의 추상성과 관련 분야별 개별입법문제 등은 여전히 시급한 과제로 남아 있다. 캘리포니아 주 기후위기법안은 온실가스 감축의 목표가 주민의 건강과 안전에 관한 것임을 명확히 규정하고, 기후위기에 대응하기 위한 온실가스 감축의 구체적 내용도 담고 있다. 또한 온실가스 감축과정에서 등장하는 이산화탄소 포집과 저장 및 활용 등 새로운 기술적 개념 등에 대하여 직접 정의 함으로써 입법목적 구현의 명확한 해석 기준으로 작용할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 특히 관련 기술의 사용에 관한 세부사항까지 구체적으로 규정하여 관계 당사자의 이해를 돕고 있다. 이와 같은 구체적인 규정은 온실가스 감축과정에서 대립이 필연적일 수밖에 없는 관련 사업 분야와 지역주민 등 이해당사자의 이해와 협력을 통한 수용성 제고 등에 필요한 부분이라고 할 것이다. ‘탄소중립기본법’에서 규정하고 있는 입법과제인 이산화탄소 포집 및 활용·저장 기술(CCUS)에 관한 사항들은 새로운 개념일 뿐 만 아니라 기술개발과 활용과정에서의 안정성 확보 등으로 인해 직접적인 산업계의 이해당사자 뿐만 국민들의 수용성 제고 또한 필수적이라 할 것이다. 향후 관련 입법과정에서 캘리포니아주의 기후위기법안이 갖고 있는 세부적인 특성들이 시사 하는 바가 적정하게 참고 될 수 있기를 바란다.

COVID-19로 인해 큰 혼란이 야기되었는데, 중국은 데이터를 이용하여 방역을 하였고 중국내 감염병 발생이 어느 정도 억제되었다. 하지만 데이터화 대응 상황은 양날의 검처럼 중대한 공중위생사건이 발생하여 대응 상황을 완화하는 동시에, 개인정보의 안전에 대한 위험도 내포하고 있다. 최근 2년동안 COVID-19의 방역과정에서 생기는 개인정보 보호 문제에 대응하기 위하여, 중국은 <개인정보보호법>을 제정하여 공포하였다. 중국에서는 과거부터 개인정보 보호입법에 관한 논의가 수차례 있었으나 입법에 이르지 못하다가 최근 COVID-19의 방역과정에서 생기는 개인정보 보호의 문제에 대한 대응 필요성이 대두된 가운데 중국은 20 21년 8월 20일 개인정보보호법을 제정하여 공포되었으며 동법은 같은 해 11월 1일부터 시행되고 있다. 이 연구는 중국에서의 데이터화 대응 상황 중 발생하는 개인정보 보호의 문제점을 검토한다.

최근 중국은 상표를 악의적으로 선점하고, 손해배상을 청구함으로써 금전적 이익을 얻으려는 행위가 증가하고 있다. 상표권 보호 원칙에 관해 중국은 등록주의를 채택하고 있는데, 즉 누구나 상표국에 상표를 신청할 수 있고 심사를 통과하면 「상표법」상의 법적 보호를 받을 수 있다. 상표국은 상표출원에 대한 형식심사 과정에서 신청한 상표가 타인이 선사용한 상표인지에 대한 심사를 진행하지 않고, 신청한 상표의 상표등 록 가능 여부만을 심사하기 때문에 상표신청자는 타인의 미등록 사용상표를 우선 등록할 수 있으며, 악의적으로 상표를 선점한 상표권자도 권리침해를 주장할 수 있는 것이다. 미·중 간의 지식재산권 분쟁·갈등을 해결하는 과정에서 중국 당국은 상표권자의 권리를 강화하고, 상표권 침해자의 침해행위를 중지하는 등의 행정적 조치를 지속하였으며, 이를 통해 상표권자의 침해행위 대한 구제조치가 응당 타당하다는 사회적 분위기가 형성된 것도 이와 같은 현상이 발생하는 것의 한 가지 요인으로 작용하였다. 또한, 2013년 제3차 「상표법」 개정에서 징벌적 손해배상을 도입하는 등 상표권자의 민사적 구제조치를 강화하는 입법이 지속됨에 따라 금전적 이익을 노린 악의적 상표선점을 위한 출원이 가속화되고 있다. 이에 중국 입법기관은 법률적 규제를 통해 악의적 상표출원을 원천 금지하고 이에 대한 처벌을 강화하는 제4차 개정을 통해 ‘악의적 상표출원 거절’ 조항을 도입하는 등 악의적 상표선점을 통해 민사적 구제조치를 남용하는 행위를 미연에 방지할 수 있는 법적 근거를 마련하였다. 또한 ‘신의성실의 원칙’을 적용하여 상표권자의 청구권을 제한하는 판례의 경향이 나타나고 있다. 무엇보다 디지털 전환에 따른 플랫폼 비즈니스의 활성화 로 인한 상표권 침해의 태양이 다양하게 나타나고 있기 때문에 「상표법」 외에 「반부정당경쟁법」과 「전자상거래법」을 활용하여 제한하는 방안도 적극적으로 활용되고 있다. 우리나라도 제4차 산업혁명 시대에서의 효과적인 상표 보호라는 시대적 과제 앞에 서 있는바, 중국 「상표법」상 악의적 상표권자 청구권 제한과 관련된 조항과 주요 판례를 분석 하여 우리나라 입법에의 시사점을 도출해 보았다.

K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (KBT) thin films were prepared by sol-gel processing for future use in piezoelectric generators. It is believed that the annealing temperature of films plays an important role in the output performance of piezoelectric generators. KBT films prepared on Ni substrates were annealed at 500 ~ 700 oC. Tetragonal KBT films were formed after annealing process. As the annealing temperature increased, the grain size of KBT films increased. KBT thin films show piezoelectric constant (d33) from 23 to 41 pC/N. The increase of grain size in KBT films brought about output voltage and current in the KBT generators. Also, the increase in the displacement of specimens during bending test resulted in increases in output voltage and current. Although KBT generators showed lower output power than those of generators prepared using NBT films, as reported previously, the KBT films prepared by sol-gel method show applicability as piezoelectric thin films for lead-free nanogenerators, along with NBT films.

The precipitation effect of Al-6%Si-0.4%Mg-0.9%Cu-(Ti) alloy (in wt.%) after various heat treatments was studied using a laser flash device (LFA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Solid solution treatment was performed at 535 oC for 6 h, followed by water cooling, and samples were artificially aged in air at 180 oC and 220 oC for 5 h. The titanium-free alloy Al-6%Si-0.4%Mg-0.9%Cu showed higher thermal diffusivity than did the Al-6%Si-0.4%Mg-0.9%Cu-0.2%Ti alloy over the entire temperature range. In the temperature ranges below 200 oC and above 300 oC, the value of thermal diffusivity decreased with increasing temperature. As the sample temperature increased between 200 oC and 400 oC, phase precipitation occurred. From the results of DSC analysis, the temperature dependence of the change in thermal diffusivity in the temperature range between 200 oC and 400 oC was strongly influenced by the precipitation of θ'-Al2Cu, β'-Mg2Si, and Si phases. The most important factor in the temperature dependence of thermal diffusivity was Si precipitation.

Cr thin films with O added are deposited on sapphire substrate by DC sputtering and are nitrided in NH3 atmosphere between 300 and 900 oC for various times. X-ray diffraction results show that nitridation begins at 500 oC, forming CrN and Cr2N. Cr oxides of Cr2O3 are formed at 600 oC. And, at temperatures higher than 900 oC, the intermediate materials of Cr2N and Cr2O3 disappear and CrN is dominant. The atomic concentration ratios of Cr and O are 77% and 23%, respectively, over the entire thickness of as-deposited Cr thin film. In the sample nitrided at 600 oC, a CrN layer in which O is substituted with N is formed from the surface to 90 nm, and the concentrations of Cr and N in the layer are 60% and 40%, respectively. For this reason, CrN and Cr2N are distributed in the CrN region, where O is substituted with N by nitridation, and Cr oxynitrides are formed in the region below this. The nitridation process is controlled by inter-diffusion of O and N and the parabolic growth law, with activation energy of 0.69 eV.

Cu matrix composites reinforced with chopped carbon fiber (CF), which is cost effective and can be well dispersed, are fabricated using electroless plating and hot pressing, and the effects of content and alignment of CF on the thermal properties of CF/Cu composites are studied. Thermal conductivity of CF/Cu composite increases with CF content in the in-plane direction, but it decreases above 10% CF; this is due to reduction of thermal diffusivity related with phonon scattering by agglomeration of CF. The coefficient of thermal expansion decreases in the in-plane direction and increases in the through-plane direction as the CF content increases. This is because the coefficient of thermal expansion of the long axis of CF is smaller than that of the Cu matrix, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of its short axis is larger than that of the Cu matrix. The thermal conductivity is greatly influenced by the agglomeration of CF in the CF/Cu composite, whereas the coefficient of thermal expansion is more influenced by the alignment of CF than the aggregation of CF.

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) based thin-film solar cells have attracted growing attention because of their earthabundant and non-toxic elements. However, because of their large open-circuit voltage (Voc)-deficit, CZTSSe solar cells exhibit poor device performance compared to well-established Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) and CdTe based solar cells. One of the main causes of this large Voc-deficit is poor absorber properties for example, high band tailing properties, defects, secondary phases, carrier recombination, etc. In particular, the fabrication of absorbers using physical methods results in poor surface morphology, such as pin-holes and voids. To overcome this problem and form large and homogeneous CZTSSe grains, CZTSSe based absorber layers are prepared by a sputtering technique with different RTA conditions. The temperature is varied from 510 oC to 540 oC during the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. Further, CZTSSe thin films are examined with X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, IPCE, Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy techniques. The present work shows that Cu-based secondary phase formation can be suppressed in the CZTSSe absorber layer at an optimum RTA condition.

As the size of market for electric vehicles and energy storage systems grows, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing. Currently, commercial LIBs are fabricated with liquid electrolytes, which have some safety issues such as low chemical stability, which can cause ignition of fire. As a substitute for liquid electrolytes, solid electrolytes are now being extensively studied. However, solid electrolytes have disadvantages of low ionic conductivity and high resistance at interface between electrode and electrolyte. In this study, Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), one of the best ion conducting materials among oxide based solid electrolytes, is fabricated through RF-sputtering and various electrochemical properties are analyzed. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of LLZO are found to significantly improve with co-sputtered Li2O. An all-solid thin film battery is fabricated by introducing a thin film solid electrolyte and an Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) cathode; resulting electrochemical properties are also analyzed. The LLZO/Li2O (60W) sample shows a very good performance in ionic conductivity of 7.3  108 S/cm, with improvement in c-rate and stable cycle performance.

This study investigated the reaction between clay and Mn. Mn was coated using a manganese sulfate on porcelain plate and sintered from 1,100 oC to 1,250 oC. The body begin to shrink around 950 oC with the increase in temperature and rapidly progressed after 1,100 oC. Shrinkage of celadon body was performed at a lower temperature than for other substrates. Quartz, kaolin, and feldspar were the main crystalline phases of the starting materials, but they became mullite and crystobalite during the firing process, and some formed amorphous glass. When manganese sulfate was applied and fired, manganese oxide was fused, and some manganese oxide reacted with the substrate to show a dense microstructure different from that of the substrate; the substrate had pores. The manganese coated porcelain fired at 1,200 oC had L* values of 55.25, 36.87, and 37.13 for the white ware, celadon body, and white mixed ware, respectively; with a* values of 4.63, 3.07, and 2.15, and b* values of 7.93 and 3.98, it was found to be 3.42. This result indicated that the color of the surface was affected during firing by the chemical reaction between the substrate and manganese.

Laser cladding a surface treatment process that grants superior characteristics such as toughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance to the surface, and rebuilds cracked molds; as such, it can be a strong tool to prolong service life of mold steel. Furthermore, compared with the other similar coating processes – thermal spray, etc., laser cladding provides superior bonding strength and precision coating on a local area. In this study, surface characteristics are studied after laser cladding of low carbon steel using 18%Cr-2.5%Ni-Fe powder (Rockit404), known for its high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance. A diode laser with wavelength of 900-1070 nm is adopted as laser source under argon atmosphere; electrical power for the laser cladding process is 5, 6, and 10 kW. Fundamental surface characteristics such as crossectional microstructure and hardness profile are observed and measured, and special evaluation, such as a soldering test with molten ALDC12 alloy, is conducted to investigate the corrosion resistance characteristics. As a result of the die-soldering test by immersion of low carbon alloy steel in ALDC12 molten metal, the clad layer's soldering thickness decreases.

Herein, a series of g-C3N4 modified Bi2MoO6 nanocomposites using Bi2MoO6 and melamine as original materials are fabricated via sintering process. For presynthesis of Bi2MoO6 an ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal technique is researched. The structure and composition of the nanocomposites are characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The improved photoelectrochemical properties are studied by photocurrent density, EIS, and amperometric i-t curve analysis. It is found that the structure of Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles remains intact, with good dispersion status. The as-prepared g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6 nanocomposites (BMC 5-9) are selected and investigated by SEM analysis, which inhibits special morphology consisting of Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles and some g-C3N4 nanosheets. The introduction of small sized g-C3N4 nanosheets in sample BMC 9 is effective to improve the charge separation and transfer efficiency, resulting in enhancing of the photoelectric behavior of Bi2MoO6. The improved photoelectronic behavior of g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6 may be attributed to enhanced charge separation efficiency, photocurrent stability, and fast electron transport pathways for some energy applications.

Background: Lunge exercises are lower extremity rehabilitation and strengthening exercises for patients and athletes. Most studies have shown the effectiveness of the forward and backward lunge exercises for treating patellofemoral pain and anterior cruciate ligament injuries (by increasing lower extremity muscle activity) and improving kinematics. Objects: However, it is not known how the two different lunge movements affect trunk muscle activities in healthy individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominis and erector spinae muscles during forward and backward lunge exercises in healthy participants. Methods: Twelve healthy participants were recruited. Electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominis and erector spinae was recorded using surface electrodes during forward and backward lunges, and subsequently normalized to the respective reference voluntary isometric contractions of each muscle. Results: Activity of the erector spinae was significantly higher than that of the rectus abdominis during all stages of the backward lunge (p < 0.05). The activity of the erector spinae was significantly greater during the backward than forward lunge at all stages (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Backward lunging is better able to enhance trunk motor control and activate the erector spinae muscles.

Background: Considering the kinetic chain of the lower extremity, a pronated foot position (PFP) can affect malalignment of the lower extremity, such as a dynamic knee valgus (DKV). Although the DKV during several single-leg movement tests has been investigated, no studies have compared the differences in DKV during a single-leg step down (SLSD) between subjects with and without PFP. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the DKV during SLSD between subjects with and without PFP. Methods: Twelve subjects with PFP (9 men, 3 women) and 15 subjects without PFP (12 men, 3 women) participated in this study. To calculate the DKV, frontal plane projection angle (FPPA), knee-in distance (KID), and hip-out distance (HOD) during SLSD were analyzed by twodimensional video analysis software (Kinovea). Results: The FPPA was significantly lower in PFP group, compared with control group (166.4° ± 7.5° and 174.5° ± 5.5°, p < 0.05). Also, the KID was significantly greater in PFP group, compared with control group (12.7 ± 3.9 cm and 7.3 ± 2.4 cm, p < 0.05). However, the HOD not significantly differed between two groups (12.7 ± 1.7 cm and 11.4 ± 2.5 cm, p > 0.05). Conclusion: The PFP is associated with lower FPPA and greater KID. When assess the DKV during SLSD, the PFP should be considered as a crucial factor for occurrence of DKV.

Background: Individuals with scapular winging may have proprioceptive dysfunction which is important for motor control and causes shoulder instability. Reduced serratus anterior (SA) and lower trapezius (LT) muscle activity accompanied by over-active upper trapezius (UT), and pectoralis major (PM) may be contributing factors. Flexi-bar (FB) exercise may be used to increase joint position sense (JPS) and alter the target muscle activities. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of flexi-bar exercise prior to knee push-up plus (FPK) versus knee push-up plus (KPP) on JPS and muscle activity of SA, LT, UT, and PM in subjects with scapular winging. Methods: Eighteen subjects with scapular winging were recruited. JPS was investigated at baseline, after KPP and after FPK. Passive and active JPS errors were calculated by isokinetic equipment. Surface electromyography was used to record muscle activities during KPP and FPK. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc analyses were used to analyze the JPS error measured at baseline, after KPP and after FPK. Paired t-tests were used to compare muscle activities between KPP and FPK. Results: Passive JPS error was significantly decreased after KPP (p = 0.005) and after FPK (p = 0.003) compared to the baseline. Active JPS error was also significantly decreased after KPP (p = 0.016) and after FPK (p = 0.012) compared to the baseline. There was no significant difference in the passive and active JPS errors between KPP and FPK. SA activity during FPK was significantly increased (p = 0.024), and LT activity during FPK was significantly increased (p = 0.006). There were no significant differences in the UT and PM activity. Conclusion: FB might be recommended to immediately improve passive and active JPS and to selectively increase SA and LT muscle activities during KPP in individuals with scapular winging.

Background: Physical activity and quality of life (QOL) influence the health status of older adults. Recently, the use of wearable devices to monitor physical activity has increased. Objects: This study examined the relationship between the amount of physical activity, measured using a wearable device, and QOL among older adults. Methods: In total, 71 older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) were enrolled. The amount of physical activity was measured using a wearable device with a wrist strap, and daily physical activity was classified according to intensity (sedentary, light, moderate, or very active). Self-reported QOL was evaluated using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were conducted to analyze parametric and non-parametric variables, respectively. The relationship between amount of daily physical activity and SF-36 scores was assessed. Results: The correlation analyses revealed positive correlations between the amount of moderate- intensity and very active physical activity (minutes/day) and SF-36 scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Physical activity of at least moderate intensity is associated with better QOL in older adults. Further studies are required to verify the effects of increased physical activity on QOL in older adults.

Background: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-Child and Youth version (ICF-CY) is designed to record the characteristics of developing children and examine the influence of a child’s environment on their health. Objects: This study was designed to determine the relationship between the clinically extracted ICF-CY items and The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) items. Methods: Thirty patients (17 males and 13 females) who were hospitalized in a pediatric and youth patient unit of a rehabilitation hospital were included in the study. Four health professionals (two physical therapists and two occupational therapists) working independently linked the PEDI and GMFM-66 items to the activity and participation domains of the ICF-CY. Results: There were strong negative correlations between the ICF-CY subdomains and the PEDI subdomains (r = 0.76–0.95; p < 0.05). There were positive strong correlations between the ICF-CY subdomains and the GMFM-66 (r = 0.76–0.95; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The extracted ICF codes were a valid tool for evaluating the mobility and selfcare conditions of cerebral palsy in the pediatric rehabilitation area.

Background: The body schema, which is constantly updated using somatosensory information, enables accurate movement. Since pain is reported as a possible source to alter the body schema, the left right judgement test (LRJT) has been widely used in the pain rehabilitation. However, there was a lack of consistency in the effect of the pain on the LRJT results, and for the effect of the LRJT as a part of intervention programs for pain patients. The deeper understand of the LRJT is necessary for better reproducibility, and to expand the therapeutic applications of the LRJT in the pain and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Objects: This literature review aimed to understand the LRJT and to study the potential of the LRJT for therapeutic applications. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for studies relevant to LRJT. To establish the query set, the term was regarded from various perspectives. Results: The selected studies were classified into three categories: LRJT development, factors influencing LRJT, and therapeutic applications. Conclusion: Left right judgement test is the evaluation tool for the integrity of body schema as well as a tool for implicit motor imagery. Pain, proprioception, and other factors influence the performance of the LRJT.