The objectives of this study were to find out the plant to enhance immune activity among 42 kinds of foods frequently consumed by the Korean elderly consisting of 5 food groups and 5 wild plants. Each sample was assessed the immunoactive effect by measuring NFkB/ AP1 gene expression, nitric oxide and cytokine production in RAW-Blue™ cell. Soybean sprouts of 47 plants showed the highest NF-κB/AP1 gene expression at the level of 1.13 ± 0.03 (O.D. 650 nm) and Soritae, sweet potato, banana, apple, garlic, crown daisy, cabbage and Ailanthus altissima also had high activity of NF-kB/AP1 gene in RAW-Blue™ cell stimulated by LPS. NO production of Ailanthus altissima was significantly higher than that of other plants and 16 plants of glutinous sorghum, black rice, Seoritae, Heuktae, sweet potato, banana, apple, garlic, mungbean sprouts, spinach, crown daisy, young pumpkin, cabbage, soybean sprouts, Actinidia arguta and Aster scaber were the next best activity. The above results selected 17 out of 47 plant samples. Moreover, soybean sprouts was significantly shown to increase TNF-α (1,509.55 ± 1.38 pg/mL) and IL-1β (54.56 ± 1.08 pg/mL) cytokines in comparison with RAW-Blue cell stimulated by LPS. According to the results of in vitro evaluation, the ethanol extract of soybean sprout increased the production of immune-enhancing cytokines by proliferation of macrophages. In addition, NF-kB transcription factor activity and NO production ability were excellent, and it was selected as a material having excellent immunological activity.

L'apprentissage des langues étrangères s'accompagne inévitablement d'erreurs. Compte tenu du fait qu'il faut beaucoup de temps à un enfant pour parler couramment sa langue maternelle, il est évident que la production linguistique à cet âge n'est pas une forme parfaite sans erreurs. On peut voir aussi que dans la production d'une langue étrangère avec un temps d'acquisition court, les erreurs sont inévitables, plus fréquentes, et interfèrent occasionnellement avec la communication. Les erreurs des apprenants sont classées selon la langue maternelle, la stratégie d'apprentissage, l'environnement socioculturel, etc. Dans cette étude, on s'intéresse tout d'abord à l'influence du coréen et de l'anglais dans le processus d'apprentissage chez les apprenants de français coréens, enfin, on porte attention à l'influence des règles du français que les apprenants ont déjà apprises. L '«interférence», qui est revendiquée dans la théorie de l'analyse constrastive, apparaît principalement au début de l'apprentissage des langues étrangères, elle est donc très utile pour comprendre la langue des apprenants tout débutants. Cependant, puisque la théorie de l'analyse constrastive ne peut à elle seule rendre compte de toutes les erreurs de l'apprenant, nous avons appliqué la théorie intralinguistique de l'analyse des erreurs, qui est apparue après la théorie de l'analyse constrastive. Bien que l'étude des erreurs dans la cause de l'interférence ait été réalisée de diverses manières et qu'elle ait accumulé beaucoup de résultats, le type d'erreur est aussi varié que la production de la langue du locuteur. L’analyse des erreurs est toujours intéressante. Enfin, bien que les erreurs des apprenants aient été plus susceptibles d'être interférées en coréen ou en anglais, il a été constaté qu'il y avait plus d'erreurs à cause des règles de la langue cible qu’ils connaissaient déjà. Il est vrai que les grandes différences de structure entre le français et le coréen rendent l'apprentissage difficile, mais les stratégies réelles des apprenants pour la production de la langue montrent qu'elles sont des références aux règles dans la langue cible plutôt que dans la langue maternelle.

Angiotensin receptor blockers, such as telmisartan, are considered effective in the treatment of hypertension and proteinuria due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. It selectively blocks the AT1 receptor and does not affect the AT2 receptor, thus effectively blocking the activity of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. This study aims to compare over time the changes in various indicators, including systemic hypertension and proteinuria, before and after the administration of telmisartan in cats with CKD. Decrease in blood pressure (BP) (p<0.001) and urine protein to creatinine (UP/C) ratio (p<0.001) were found to be statistically significant over time after the administration of telmisartan. BP and the UP/C ratio were 160 ± 22.2 and 0.50 ± 0.647 before telmisartan administration (Day 0), 150 ± 21.0 and 0.27 ± 0.487 on the 30th day (Day 30), 150 ± 17.0 and 0.25 ± 0.376 on the 60th day (Day 60), and 140 ± 17.8 and 0.15 ± 0.233 on the 90th day (Day 90) after administration, respectively. BP and UP/C were statistically significantly lower in cats with CKD over time at each time point from Day 0 to Day 90 at 30 day intervals. Especially after 90 days of telmisartan administration, the improvement of BP and UP/C were estimated to be about 20 mmHg and 0.35, respectively. In conclusion, the oral administration of telmisartan to cats with CKD is effective in improving BP and proteinuria, which has a positive effect on long-term survival in cats with CKD.

헌법 제23조 제3항은 “공공필요에 의한 재산권의 수용·사용 또는 제한 및 그에 대한 보상은 법률로써 하되, 정당한 보상을 지급하여야 한다” 라고 규정하고 있다. 따라서 공공필요에 의한 재산권의 강제적 박탈을 의미하는 공용수용은 헌법 제23조 제3항에 명시되어 있는 대로 국민의 재산권을 그 의사에 반하여 강제적으로라도 취득해야 할 공익적 필요성을 구비해야 한다. 현행 「공익사업을 위한 토지 등의 취득 및 보상에 관한 법률」은 공익사업의 요건을 구체적으로 규정하고 있는 일반법이다. 그러나 110개별 법률에서 수용 또는 사용할 수 있는 공익사업을 별도로 규정하는 특별법이 남발되고 있다. 이로 인한 공익성 판단의 결여로 국민의 재산권 침해 문제가 지속적으로 제기되어 왔다. 이에 정부는 2015년 12월 「공익사업을 위한 토지 등의 취득 및 보상에 관한 법률」을 개정하여, 개별법에 따라 토지수용권이 부여되는 각종 공익사업에 대하여 해당사업 인·허가 전에 공익성 검토의 성격인 중앙토지수용위원회 의견청취를 의무화하였다. 그러나 중앙토지수용위원회의 공익성 검토는 개별사업에 대한 사후 검증절차이므로 입법단계에서 이루어지는 과도한 토지수용권의 부여를 적절히 통제할 수 없는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 따라서 중앙토지수용위원회 공익성 검토제도의 실효성을 제고할 수 있는 입법정책 개선이 시급히 요청되고 있다. 본 연구는 지면상 이미 다수의 선행연구를 통해 제기된 사업인정의제 사업의 남발 및 공익성 판단절차 미흡 등의 문제에 대한 입법론적 해결의 일환으로 「토지보상법」 및 개별법상 공익사업의 공익성 강화를 위한 단기적 입법정책 개선방안을 중심으로 연구의 목적과 범위를 한정하고자 한다.

Echocardiography is one of the most useful diagnostic techniques for differentiating heart disease as well as mitral valve lesion. Forty client-owned small breed dogs (weight, 2.3−13.2 kg) aged between 8−17 years with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) were included in the present study. The diagnosis of MMVD in dogs was made based on the clinical signs, chest radiography data, and echocardiographic findings. Echocardiographic examinations were conducted in accordance with recommended standards for dogs. M-mode, Doppler, and 2D echocardiography were performed in left and right lateral recumbency. 2D echocardiography was used to measure LA and Ao diameter from 2D short axis at the level of the aortic valve. In the comparison of conventional echocardiography indices in dogs with different stages of heart failure with MMVD, significant differences were observed in E/A ratio (p=0.005), EDV (p<0.001), EDVI (p<0.001), E-peak velocity (p= 0.001), ESV (p=0.028), ESVI (p=0.004), LA (p<0.001), LA/Ao Ratio (p<0.001), LVIDd (p<0.001), LVIDd/Ao Ratio (p<0.001), LVIDs (p=0.036), LVIDs/Ao Ratio (p=0.002), and MR Velocity (p=0.026). In addition, distinct correlations were found in EDV (r=0.712), LA/Ao ration (r=0.830), LVIDd (r=0.724), and LVIDd/Ao ratio (r=0.759). This study found that known conventional echocardiographic indices, including EDV, LA/Ao ratio, LVIDd dimension, and LVIDd/Ao ratio correlated with the severity of MMVD in point of significant differences and distinct correlations.

Osteoporosis is a major worldwide public health problem that poses a great economic burden to society. Puerariae Radix, the dried root of Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi, has been widely used in Asia. This study investigated the effects of Puerariae Radix (PR) on bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. C3H/HeN mice (10 weeks old) were divided into sham and OVX groups. The OVX mice were treated with vehicle, 17β-estradiol (E2), PR (oral administration, 250 mg/ kg/day) or PR (intraperitoneal administration, 50 mg/ kg/every other day) for 6 weeks. Grip strength, uterus weight, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), estradiol concentration and osteoclast surface levels were measured. Tibiae were analyzed using microcomputed tomography. There were no significant differences in the degree of grip strength, body weight and uterine weight between OVX group and PR-treated group. As compared with the OVX group, the serum estradiol levels were significantly increased in the PR-treated group. PR (i.p.) significantly preserved trabecular bone volume, trabecular bone number, structure model index and bone mineral density of proximal tibiae metaphysic. The administration of PR lowered serum ALP and osteoclast surface levels in OVX mice, suggesting that PR can reduce the bone turnover rate in mice. The results indicate that the supply of PR can prevent OVX-induced bone loss in mice.

The purpose of this study was to investigate probiotic characteristics and immune enhancing effects of Bifidobacterium (B.) longum KBB1-26 and BIF-4, B. breve KBB5-22 isolated from human intestine for probiotic use in humans and animals. We measured acid, bile and heat tolerance, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia (E.) coli, Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, and Listeria (L.) monocytogenes. Immune enhancing effects of B. longum and B. breve were investigated by measuring nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor (NF–κb), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α) in RAW 264.7 cells or RAW BLUE cells. B. longum KBB1-26 was survived at pH 2.0. B. longum KBB1-26 and BIF-4, B. breve KBB5-22 also showed tolerance to 0.3% of oxgall bile salt. B. longum KBB1-26 was able to survive at 70 ℃ and 80 ℃ for 20 min. KBB1-26 showed the antimicrobial inhibition zone to pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli (12 mm), S. Enteritidis (14 mm), S. aureus (14 mm) and L. monocytogenes (41 mm). The production of NO (4.5 ± 0.00μM/mL) and IL-1β (39.7 ± 0.55pg/mL) of KBB1-26 significantly higher than BIF-4 and KBB5-22, respectively. In addition, KBB1-26 and KBB5-22 induce the production of high level of TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages. Collectively, B. longum KBB1-26 have acid, bile, heat tolerance, antimicrobial activity and immune enhancing effects. These results suggest that KBB1-26 can be used as probiotics for humans and animals.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the sentence-writing task on English vocabulary learning of Korean high school students. The effectiveness of the sentence-writing task can be explained based on the Involvement Load Hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001); yet, there has been no consistency in the results of the previous studies on this hypothesis. In the present study, the effects of the sentence-writing task on vocabulary learning were re-examined in comparison with the gap-filling task. In addition, considering that there have been no studies addressing the effects of autobiographical elaboration (relating the meaning of a certain word to one’s own experience) on memory, the effects of the autobiographical sentence-writing task were compared to those of the imaginary sentence-writing task. Forty high proficiency and 40 low proficiency learners were randomly assigned either of the sentence-writing or the gap-filling task. The results demonstrated that the sentence-writing task is more effective in vocabulary learning than the gap-filling task, regardless of the learners’ proficiency levels. However, no significant difference was found between the effects of the autobiographical sentence-writing task and the imaginary sentence-writing task. Based on the results, the pedagogical implications were discussed in the conclusion chapter.

게임산업법은 “사행성게임물”을 정의하며, 이는 “게임물”의 개념에서 제외됨을 명확하게 규정하고 있다. 판례 역시 “사행성게임물”에 있어 ① 제한적인 내용 또는 방법에 의한 게임의 진행, ② 재산상 이익 제공 또는 손실의 ‘직접성’을 명백하게 요구한다. 그런데 현행 게임산업법상 “사행성게임물”은 사행행위규제법상 “사행성 유기기구”의 개념에 전면적으로 포섭 가능한 개념으로 파악할 수 있다. 규범적 체계에 있어 동일한 사항을 불완전한 형태로 더군다나 불필요하게 중복적으로 규정하는 것은 규범의 수범자에게 혼란만을 가져올 뿐이다. 따라서 현행 게임산업법상 “사행성게임물”은 사행행위규제법상 “사행성 유기기구”의 개념으로 포섭하여 명확하게 규정함으로써 규범의 체계적 정합성을 제고할 필요가 있다고 할 것이다.

Background: The hamstring muscles in the lower extremity are highly important for knee joint stability and can be classified into medial and lateral hamstrings according to the anatomical position, which have some different functions. To measure the strength of the individual hamstring muscles, manual muscle testing is clinically performed by dividing rotation postures into internal and external postures. However, this has no sufficient scientific background. Objects: This study aimed to test the difference that the tibial rotation would cause in the muscle activity of the medial and lateral hamstrings. Methods: The muscle activities of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus were measured in a total of three different postures (neutral position and internal and external rotations) with 3 replications. During the maximal isometric contraction, resistance was constantly provided by the string attached to the strap, not by manual resistance of the examiner. Before and after electromyography measurements, the participants underwent hamstring flexibility measurement using the active knee extension test in the supine position on the treatment table Results: The semitendinosus had a 12.56% reduction in muscle activity in external rotation as compared with that in neutral position. The biceps femoris and semimembranosus showed reduced muscle activities in both external and internal rotations as compared with those in neutral position. Only the women showed significant decreases in the comparison between pre and post-active knee extension. Conclusion: Only the semitendinosus muscle was consistent with the anatomical speculation. However, the reduction in the muscle activity of the semitendinosus as compared with that in neutral position was only 12.56%, the clinical value of which may be difficult to justify.

This study investigates individual verb differences in Korean learners‟ use of English non-alternating unaccusatives as well as the factors that influence various errors. Specifically, it focuses on the effects of L1 transfer and animacy of subjects on overpassivization errors. Concordance lines from a learner corpus consisting of 6,572 essays written by Korean college-level learners were analyzed to observe the syntactic distribution across ten non-alternating unaccusative verbs. The results revealed that overpassivization errors show disproportionate dispersion across the ten unaccusative verbs, and that Korean L1 influence is not a significant factor while inanimate subjects influence overpassivization. Furthermore, salient error patterns such as transitivization and overgenerated be were identified from the Korean learners‟ use of unaccusative verbs. This study proposes that some unaccusative verbs are more susceptible to overpassivization errors, and that Korean learners of English will benefit from being able to identify the factors contributing to errors for each unaccusative verb.

Background: Posterior-anterior (PA) vertebral mobilization, a manual therapy technique has been used for relieving pain or stiffness treating in spinal segment for in clinical practice, however evidence to gauge efficacy is yet to be synthesised. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of PA mobilization of the thoracic spine on the respiratory function in patients with low back pain (LBP). Methods: The study participants included 30 patients with chronic LBP. They were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. The experimental and control groups received PA mobilization of the T1-T8 level of the thoracic spine and placebo mobilization, respectively. All patients received interventions for 35 minutes a day, five times a week, over 2-week period, respectively. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow 25∼75% (FEF25∼75%), and chest wall expansion were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to compare the correlation between respiratory function and chest measurement. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25∼75% (p<.05), and chest wall expansion (p<.05) compared with the control group. Conclusion: PA mobilization of the upper thoracic spine may be beneficial for improving respiratory function parameters including FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25∼75%, and chest wall expansion in patients with chronic LBP.

빅 데이터, 인공지능 등 발전된 정보통신기술 시대를 대비하기 위하여 개인정보의 활용이 절실한 지금, 엄격한 사전 동의 방식을 채택하고 있는 우리의 「개인정보 보호법」이 처리자의 활용 재량을 확대하는 방향으로 개정되어야 한다는 논의가 활발하다. 이런 맥락에서 등장한 것이 「개인정보 보호법」을 개정하여 유럽과 같이 개인정보 처리에 있어서 양립 가능성 개념을 도입하자는 논의이다. 최근의 「개인정보 보호법」의 개정안 중에는 개인정보의 수집·이용(제15조), 제3자 제공(제17조) 및 목적 외 이용·제공(제18조)에 양립가능성 개념을 도입하고 정보주체의 동의 없이도 처리가 가능하도록 예외를 인정하는 법안들이 등장하였다. 그 취지는 개인정보의 보호와 활용의 균형점을 찾는다는 의미에서 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 양립 가능성을 도입하고 있는 「개인정보 보호법」 개정안들도 법 기술방식과 인정 범위에는 차이가 있다. 또한 ‘정당한 이익’의 개념과 혼재되어 사용되고 있기도 하다. 이는 「개인정보 보호법」과 GDPR에서의 개인정보 ‘처리’(processing)를 규정하는 방식이 서로 다르고, 양립 가능성을 우리의 언어로 법문화 하는 과정에서 기인한 차이라고 보인다. 이러한 차이점을 최대한 수렴하여 아래와 같이 개정 방안을 제안하고자 한다. ‘양립 가능성’은 개인정보의 최초 수집이 있고, 그 수집 목적과 다른 새로운 목적이 생겼을 때 양립 가능한지를 판단하는 제도이다. 따라서 「개인정보 보호법」에서의 처리 단계 중에서 ‘목적 외 이용·제공’을 규정하는 제18조에 개념을 도입하고, 양립 가능성 여부를 판단하는 기준도 같은 조문에서 규정하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 보인다. ‘양립 가능한’의 개념은 개정안에 ‘수집 목적과 관련성이 있다고 합리적으로 인정되는’으로 법문화 되었는데 이는 정당한 이익의 개념과 혼동을 줄 수 있으므로, ‘양립 가능한’으로 기술하되 개념의 유동성은 그 판단 기준을 제공함으로써 완화할 수 있을 것이다. 현행 「개인정보 보호법」에서도 통계작성 등 목적으로 ‘특정 개인을 알아볼 수 없는 형태’로 제공하는 것은 동의없이 목적 외로 이용 또는 제공이 가능하다. 그러나 특정 개인을 알아볼 수 없는 형태에 대하여 규정하고 있는 별도의 조항이 없다. 따라서 ‘특정 개인을 알아볼 수 없는 형태’를 ‘가명처리’ 개념으로 대체하고, 통계작성 등 목적 외 처리가 인정되는 경우라 하더라도 가명처리 등 안전조치를 의무화하는 병행 개정이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Background: We developed a novel integrative lumbar stabilization technique that combines lumbar extension (LE) exercise with abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) to ameliorate low back pain (LBP) associated with neuromuscular imbalance and instability, based on the collective evidence of contemporary spinal rehabilitation. Objects: The specific aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of LE exercise with and without ADIM on core muscle strength, lumbar spinal instability, and pain, as well as functional characteristics in individuals with LBP using advanced radiographic imaging techniques. Methods: patients with mechanical LBP (N = 40, 6 males; 35.1±7.6 years) were recruited and randomly assigned either to the combined LE and ADIM (experimental group) or the LE alone (control group). Outcome measures included the visual analog scale, the modified Oswestry Disability Index, muscle strength imbalance (MSI), and radiographic imaging. The lumbar intervertebral displacement (LID), intervertebral (IV) and total lumbar extension (TLE) angles were calculated to evaluate the lumbar segmental instability. Results: The experimental group showed significant differences in the L3-L4, L5-S1 LIDs, L4-L5 and L5-S1 IV angles, and TLE angle as compared to the controls (p<.05). Immediate pain reduction and muscle strength imbalance ratio were significantly different between the groups (p<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the addition of ADIM significantly increased lumbar spinal stabilization in individuals with LBP, thereby reducing pain associated with functional lumbar flexion during daily activities.

In this study, a multiliteracy model is proposed that can be applied to foreign language education in the era of artificial intelligence (AI), in which language-related technologies are rapidly developing. Artificial intelligence-based translation and interpretation technologies are lowering the threshold of foreign language use, and speech recognition (SR) technology and text-to-speech (TTS) technology break down the boundary between spoken language and written language. With such Information Communication Technology (ICT) literacy, therefore, foreign language literacy along with first language literacy tends to be integrated into multiliteracy. Besides, as our society has become specialized, the importance of content literacy of each specialized field is emphasized more and more. As a result, in foreign language education, a multiliteracy model is needed with Content-Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) methodology. With introducing a multiliteracy model, in this study, a translation course between first and foreign languages and a content course of book publishing are introduced as samples of the application of the multiliteracy model.

Background: Alignment of the lower limb is an important factor, influencing balance and gait in kinematics and kinetics, in patients with and without a flat arched foot. Flat arched foot are associated with the range of motion (ROM) of the hip and alignments of the knee joints, is strongly influenced. Objects: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between hip joint ROM and quadriceps angle (Q-angle), by dividing them into two groups according to the presence or absence of flat feet, using a navicular drop test (NDT) and resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP). Methods: Forty elderly patients were allocated to the experimental group (flat foot group, n1=20) or the control group (non-flat group, n2=20). Universal and digital goniometer, tractograph and tape measure were used to determine the related changes in the hip ROM, Q-angle, NDT and RCSP. joint (right, r=.803, p<.001), (left, r=.951, p<.001) were highly correlated with NDT, and also, was moderately correlated with Q-angle (right, r=.562, p=.019), (left, r=.757, p<.001). Passive internal ROM of the hip joint (right, r=.742, p=.001), (left, r=.922, p<.001) were highly correlated with NDT, and also, was moderately correlated with RCSP (right, r=-.530, p=.029) and with Q-angle (right, r=.710, p=.001), (left, r=.698, p=.002) in the flat foot group. However, no strong correlation among the hip ROM, NDT, RCSP and Q-angle were found in the non-flat foot group. Conclusion: This research may provide evidence of the correlations between hip internal ROM and flat foot.

Background: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) leads to many musculoskeletal disorders and affects daily activities such as walking. In the majority of the population, mild LLD is a common condition. Nevertheless, it is still controversy among researchers and clinicians on the effects of mild LLD during gait, and available studies have largely overlooked this issue. Objects: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of mild LLD on the gait parameters and trunk acceleration. Methods: A total of 15 female and male participants with no evidence of LLD of >.5 ㎝ participated in the present study. All participants walked under the following two conditions: (1) The non-LLD condition, where the participants walked in shoes of the same heel height; (2) A mild LLD condition induced by wearing a 1.5 ㎝ higher heel on the right shoe. The GAITRite system and tri-axial accelerometer were used to measure gait parameters and trunk acceleration. To compare the variation of each variable, a paired t-test was performed. Results: Compared to the non-LLD condition, step time and swing phase were significantly increased in the mild LLD condition, while stance phase, single support phase, and double support phase significantly decreased in the short limb (p<.05). In the long limb of the mild LLD condition, single support phase significantly increased, while swing phase significantly decreased (p<.05). Furthermore, significant decrease in the gait velocity and cadence in the mild LLD condition were observed (p<.05). In the comparison between both limbs in the mild LLD condition, the step time and swing phase of the short limb significantly increased compared with the long limb, while step length, stance phase, and single support phase of the long limb significantly increased compared with the short limb (p<.05). Additionally, trunk acceleration of all directions (anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, vertical) significantly increased in the mild LLD condition (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that mild LLD causes altered and asymmetrical gait patterns and affects the trunk, resulting in inefficient gait. Therefore, mild LLD should not be overlooked and requires adequate treatment.

본 연구의 목적은 미국, 유럽에 출원된 기후기술관련 특허의 특성을 분석하고 지재권 소송경향을 파악하여 우수한 기후기술에 대한 지재권 제도가 원활하게 활용되도록 제언함에 있다. 기후변화관련 유효특허 중 기술 분류상에서는 감축기술이, 국가별로는 미국이 유럽보다 더 많은 비중을 차지하고 있었다. 기후변화 감축, 적응, 리스크 예측 등 기후기술영역별로 지재권의 보호를 통해 배타적인 권리를 부여하는 것은 발명의 진흥에는 도움이 되지만 기술공유에는 장애가 될 여지도 있다. 이에, 특허법상 특허권 이전 및 공유에 대한 제도를 활용하거나, 「기후변화적응법」(안),「환경기술 및 환경산업 지원법」,등의 제·개정을 통한 제도적인 보완책도 가능하다. 또한 기후변화 관련 소송에 있어 최근의 주요한 소송전략으로서 공공신탁이론을 활용한 사례와 헌법 및 인권주장의 사용한 사례를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 2015년을 기점으로 공공신탁이론과 헌법 및 인권주장이 기후변화 소송에 사용되고 그러한 주장이 법원에 의해 받아들여지면서 개별국가의 책임성이 보다 강조되고 있다. 이런 경향성에 따라 각국은 기후변화에 대처하는 다양한 정책을 개발할 필요성이 제기되고 있는데, 지적재산권과 관련하여서도 새로운 특허개발의 촉진ᆞ개발된 특허의 국가간 이전 등 다양한 정책방안이 마련될 토대가 형성되는 상황이다. 국가책임을 강조하는 현 소송경향을 반영하여, 특허매입 및 실시권 제도의 활용, 자유실시 제도, 강제실시권의 적용 폭을 넓힌다면 범지구적 기후변화 문제를 해결할 기후기술의 지재권을 보호하면서도 기술공유의 공익성도 증진시킬 것으로 판단된다.

Background: Round shoulder posture, results from excessive flexed posture of the thorax, is defined as a position of scapular protraction, anterior tipping, and downward rotation. However, previous studies have focused on only passive position of the thorax during scapular posterior tilting (SPT) and have not reported on SPT combined with correction of flexed posture. Objects: The aim of this study was to compare effects of SPT and SPT with prone trunk extension (SPT + PTE) on activities of the lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and thoracic erector spinae and degree of posture in subjects with round shoulder and flexed posture. Methods: Fifteen subjects with round shoulder and flexed posture were recruited. The caliper was used to measure the degree of round shoulder and flexed posture. Electromyography was performed to collect data of muscle activities. Paired t-test was used to compare two exercise (α=.05). Results: When SPT + PTE was applied, the degree of round shoulder posture (p=.001) and flexed posture (p=.039) significantly decreased compared with that when SPT was applied. The lower trapezius activity significantly increased in the SPT + PTE condition compared with that in the SPT condition (p=.026). There were no significant differences in serratus anterior activity between SPT + PTE and SPT. The thoracic erector spinae activity significantly increased in the SPT + PTE condition compared with that in the SPT condition (p=.014). Conclusion: SPT + PTE might be one of the effective methods to enhance activities of lower trapezius and thoracic erector spinae, and to reduce round shoulder posture and flexed posture in subjects with round shoulder and flexed posture.

This study deals with the case of education of storytelling with activation of diffuse thinking using mind map. Through this case study, we can confirm that mind map is a useful method for smooth progress of storytelling work and for producing 'meaningful' result for learners. As a result of studying the products of the learner's activities, it was confirmed that the mind map stimulates stimulation for storytelling, theme, transition to new vision, insight into life, and writing to maturity. Through this case study, we were able to reaffirm the fact that mind map encourages diffuse and free thinking which are core functions. Furthermore, it was a meaningful time for both teachers and learners to confirm that it was possible to work on storytelling smoothly. This study suggests that mind map is the work of activating diffuse thinking to create creative ideas, but on the other hand, it is possible to write a story based on a topic that can be done at the level of university student learners.