The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, acts as a vector of more than 100 plant viruses. B. tabaci is known to harbor a primary endosymbiont (Portiera) and 6 secondary endosymbionts (Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Fritschea, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia and Wolbachia). These endosymbionts play important roles in the acquisition and transmission of plant viruses. Using PCR analysis, we identified endosymbiotic bacteria in various B. tabaci populations collected from different places of Korea. Distribution of endosymbionts was different according to the biotype of B. tabaci. Subsequently, their relative densities of endosymbionts were compared between TYLCV-viruliferous and non-viruliferous populations of the Q biotype using quantitative realtime PCR. We found that the densities of Portiera, Cardinium and Hamiltonella are higher in viruliferous than non-viruliferous whiteflies. Our results suggest the role of endosymbiont for the TYLCV transmission of whiteflies.

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a vector of more than 100 plantdiseased viruses as well as a serious pest to various horticultural crops. Virus acquisition affects the vector’s development and reproduction, but its mechanism is largely unknown. Here we compared the temperature responses between non-viruliferous and TYLCV-viruliferous Q biotype of B. tabaci. When both non-viruliferous and viruliferous whiteflies were exposed for 1 and 3 h at 4, 25, and 35°C, the mortality rate of viruliferous whiteflies is higher than nonviruliferous after exposure at 4°C and 35°C, but no differences at 25°C between them. Analysis of the expression levels of heat shock protein (hsp) genes using the quantitative realtime PCR showed that viruliferous whiteflies has higher expression in hsp70, and hsp90 at both 4°C and 35°C, but no differences at 25°C. The results suggest that vector insects may not be durable to unfavorable temperature conditions when they acquisite plant viruses.

The green peach aphid(Myzus persicae) and sweet-potato whitefly(Bemisia tabaci) biotype Q are serious pests in hot pepper and cucumber. To optimize the formulation type of Clothianidin 1.8% granule, coated and extruded granule formulation types were tested against green peach aphid in hot pepper and sweetpotato whitefly in cucumber. Clothianidin 1.8% granules were incorporated in soil before transplant of hot pepper and cucumber. At recommend dose(540g ai/ha), the efficacy of Clothianidin 1.8% coated and extruded granules were 83.3% and 94.4% and continued until 50 days and 70 days against green peach aphid, respectively. Against sweet-potato whitefly, the efficacy of Clothianidin 1.8% coated and extruded granules were 65.7% and 96.3% at 32 days in cucumber, respectively. Clothianidin 1.8% extruded granule was safe on crops (hot pepper, cucumber, melon, cabbage etc.) at 540g ai/ha (recommend dose) and 1080g ai/ha. The results suggested that Clothianidin 1.8% extruded granule is promising as a best insecticide against green peach aphid and sweet-potato whitefly, because of the high efficacy and low phytotoxicity.

UBV I CCD photometry of NGC 2353 is performed as a part of the "Sejong Open cluster Survey" (SOS). Using photometric membership criteria we select probable members of the cluster. We derive the reddening and distance to the cluster, i.e., E(B - V ) = 0.10 ± 0.02 mag and 1.17 ± 0.04 kpc, respectively. We find that the projected distribution of the probable members on the sky is elliptical in shape rather than circular. The age of the cluster is estimated to be log(age)=8.1 ± 0.1 in years, older than what was found in previous studies. The minimum value of binary fraction is estimated to be about 48 ± 5 percent from a Gaussian function fit to the distribution of the distance moduli of the photometric members. Finally, we also obtain the luminosity function and the initial mass function (IMF) of the probable cluster members. The slope of the IMF is Γ = -1.3 ± 0.2.

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a vector insect of more than 100 plant-diseased viruses as well as a serious pest of various horticultural crops. B. tabaci is a species-complex that consists of at least 24 biotypes, which show different biological characteristics including host range, fecundity, insecticide resistance and virus transmission. Here we identified biotype, endosymbiotic bacteria, and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) acquisition of various B. tabaci populations collected in Korea. In addition, we compared those profiles with B. tabaci collected from Bangladesh and Myanmar, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. PCR diagnosis of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) showed that all B. tabaci populations of Korea were Q-biotype and closely related with a subgroup I (MedBasin 1), which is indigenous to the Western Mediterranean area. Ribosomal DNA analysis of 5 endosymbionts showed that both Cardinium and Hamiltonella were detected in most tested populations while the presence of Arsenophonus, Fritschea and Wolbachia dependent on populations. Our results suggest that the acquisition of TYLCV do not related with the endosymbiont profile of B. tabaci.

본 연구는 도매상에서 판매하고 있는 염소육의 영양학적 및 미생물학적 품질을 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시료는 1년생, 2년생, 3년생 염소육을 대상으로 수행하였으며, 각 연령별에서 3마리씩 4부분의 다른 부위(어깨, 목, 허리, 다리)를 선정하여 총 36점을 대상으로 본 실험을 수행하였다. 염소육의 품질을 평가하기 위하여 각 시료의 외형, 색, 냄새, 육즙, 일반조성분, pH, 총균수, 대장균군과 효모수를 측정하였다. 각 부위별 염소육의 pH는 평균적으로 5.647- 5.692로 나타내어 각 부위별 염소육의 pH는 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않은 반면 연령별 염소육의 pH는 5.585-5.743로 유의적 차이(p < 0.01)를 나타냈다. 각 연령별 염소육의 육즙함량은 32.24-42.10%로 유의적인 차이(p < 0.01)를 나타내었으며, 마블링은 다른 부위보다 목살부위에서 더 명확하게 확인할 수 있었다. 염소육의 단백질 함량은 20.78-27.71% 의 결과로 유의적 차이(p < 0.01)를 나타내었고, 다리부위는 다른 부위에 비하여 높은 단백질 함량을 나타내었으며 각 부위별 염소육의 지방 함량은 2.657-11.469%로 유의적인 차이(P < 0.01)를 나타냈다. 염소육의 수분함량은 69.20- 73.31%, 1년생 염소육의 회분함량은0.989 ± 0.129%로 다른 연령대의 염소육보다 높은 것으로 나타났으며 이 결과 또한 유의적인 차이(P < 0.01)를 나타내었다. 칼슘의 함량은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않은 반면 1년생 염소육의 인의 함량은 0.149 ± 0.0251%로 다른 년생의 염소고기에 비하여 높은 것으로 나타냈다. 연령별 염소육의 총균수 수준은 5.05- 5.15 log cfu/g으로써 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않은 반면 각 부위별 염소육의 대장균군의 오염수준은 2.56-3.05 log cfu/g 으로 유의적인 차이(P < 0.01)를 나타냈다. 연령별 염소육 또한 대장균군 오염수준은 2.79-2.84 log cfu/g 으로써 유의적인 차이(P < 0.05) 를 나타냈으며 1년생 염소육의 대장균 오염수준은 다른 연령의 염소육에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 효모의 오염수준 또한 각 부위별(P < 0.01), 연령별(P < 0.05) 로 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 염소육의 영양학적, 미생물학적 품질은 염소의 연령과 판매 부위에직접적인 영향을 받는 것으로 사료된다.

Common reed (Fragmites australis), a local invasive grass, was investigated as a possible feedstock for the production of activated carbon. Dried crushed stems were subjected to impregnation with phosphoric acid (30, 40 and 50%) followed by pyrolysis at 400~500℃ with final washing and drying. Obtained carbons were characterized by determining: carbon yield, ash content, slurry pH, textural properties and capacity to remove color bodies from factory-grade sugar liquor. Produced carbons possessed surface area up to 700 m2/g, total pore volumes up to 0.37 cm3/g, and proved to be microporous in nature. Decolorization of hot sugar liquor at 80℃ showed degrees of color removal of 60 up to 77% from initial color of 1100~1300 ICU, at a carbon dose of 1.0 g/100 ml liquor. No correlation seems to hold between synthesis conditions and % R but depends on the degree of microporosity. A commercial activated carbon N showed a comparative better color removal capacity of 91%. Common reed proved to be a viable carbon precursor for production of good adsorbing carbon suitable for decolorization in the sugar industry, as well as in other environmental remediation processes.