Many transgenic domestic animals have been developed to produce therapeutic proteins in the mammary gland. However, purification of therapeutic proteins from transgenic milk are very important for productivity of recombinant protein. Development of a knock-in vector system is needed to improve production of therapeutic proteins. In this study, we are develop Knock-in vector to express human Erythropoietin protein (hEPO) using Gluthathione S-transferase (GST) fusion system on mouse β-casein exon 3 locus. The knock-in vector consisted of the 5 homologous arm (1.02 kb), GST, PreScission protease site, hEPO cDNA, BGH polyA signal, CMV-EGFP, and 3homologous arm(1.81 kb). The analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequence revealed that GST-hEPO mRNA is probably translated with the mouse β-casein sequence and the β-casein-GST-hEPO fusion protein is probably secreted by ER-Golgi pathway. After that, the hEPO protein can be cleaved to remove the GST from the fusion protein by PreScission protease during purification of recombinant protein. This knock-in vector may help to create transgenic mouse expressing human Erythropoietin protein via the endogenous expression system of the mouse β-casein gene in the mammary gland.

The production of therapeutic proteins from transgenic animals is one of the most important successes of animal biotechnology. Endostatin is 20 KDa C-terminal fragment derived from type XVIII collagen and an endogenous inhibitor of tumor growth by inhibition of angiogenesis. In this study, we are developed knock-in vector consists of 5’ arm region (1.02 kb), human Endostatin cDNA, CMV-EGFP, and 3’ arm region (1.83 kb). To express Endostatin gene as transgene, the F2A sequence was fused to the 5’ terminal of Endostatin gene and inserted into exon 3 of the β -casein gene. If this knock-in vector is inserted into the porcine β-casein gene locus by homologous recombination, human Endostatin mRNA are expressed using the gene regulatory region of the β-casein. Also, the β-casein and Endostatin fusion protein is translated and Endostatin protein is separated by F2A self cleavage during translation. In conclusion, our knock-in vector may help to create transgenic pig expressing human Endostatin protein via the endogenous expression system of the porcine β-casein gene in the mammary gland.

The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) are major insect pests that causes crop damage worldwide by piercing leaves, sucking sap and transmitting numerous plant viruses. A new strategy for IPM, the push–pull method uses a combination of repellent intercrops (push) and alluring trap plants (pull) to manipulate the distribution of insect pests and control their populations. So, we surveyed the responses of these pests of tomato to several plants in green house. Lavandula angustifolia, Petunia hybrid, Ocimum basilicum and Rosmarinus officinalis showed about forty-percent push response to F. occidentalis in tomato. However, Gypsophila paniculata attracted the F. occidentalis in tomato on the contrary. Pelargonium tomentosum showed about fifty-percent push response to B. tabaci in tomato. However, Mentha spicata and Gypsophila paniculata attracted the B. tabaci in tomato. The utilization technique of these plants should be more inspected in further study.

The development of resistant seeds to manage this pest is a big challenge for breeders. We investigated the oviposition preference and development of C. chinensis on two susceptible mungbean cultivars (Seonwha and Gyeongseon) and one previously reported resistant cultivar Jangan, compared to the susceptible cowpea, Yeonbun, by offering a multiple choice test and a no-choice test. Additional, insect stage wise development of C. chinensis was also examined at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35℃). The both choice tests results showed that the cowpea is the most suitable seed host for oviposition. Total developmental time from egg to adult stage ranged from 27.01 to 38.2 days, and developmental time was shortest on the cowpea and longest on Jangan mungbean. However, no successful development of C. chinensis on Jangan mungbean occurred at all constant temperatures. Higher rate of adult emergence and longer adult longevity were found on cowpea and mungbean except Jangan mungbean. Results suggest, higher performance of C. chinensis on cowpea and mungbean might be governed by physical as well as chemical attributes of the seeds. Thus, Jangan mungbean could be stand as a resistant one against bruchids and it could be a resistant sources for successful breeding.

The azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis L., which is one of the notorious stored grain insect pest. Temperature-dependent development of C. chinensis. was examined at six temperatures of 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, and 34℃ on azuki bean and cowpea seeds. The total developmental time (egg to adult) decreased with increasing temperature from 14 to 34℃ on both seeds. However, total developmental time varied from 127.9 and 125.9 days at 14℃ to 19.9 and 20.3 days at 34℃ on azuki bean and cowpea seeds, respectively. The lower temperature thresholds (Tmin) were estimated to be 9.52℃ and 10.36℃, and the thermal constants (K) were 526.31 DD and 454.54 DD, on azuki bean and cowpea using general linear model, respectively, and the lower temperature thresholds and the thermal constants estimated by Ikemoto-Takai linear models were 10.63℃ and 10.79℃, and were 466.18 DD and 436.28 DD, on azuki bean and cowpea, respectively. These findings on thermal requirements and temperature thresholds can be used to predict the occurrence, number of generations and population dynamics of C. chinensis.

This study was conducted to investigate exact life cycle and Parnassius bremeri’s response to heat shock stress from 2012 to 2016 in Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution through captive breeding. About 16 days(15.7±0.3days) later embryo in eggs were developed as pharate first instar and the eggs of Parnassius bremeri possessed the ability to undergo an extended aestivation hosting a fully developed pharate 1st instar larvae within the chorion. Pharate 1st instar in egg hatched from late in November to early in December about 194 days(194.3±1.1days) later. All pharate 1st instar in egg and out of egg survived at 25℃, 35℃. In case of 45℃ survival rate of pharate 1st instar in an egg (93.8±6.3%) was significantly higher than those (22.2±10%) of pharate 1st instar out of an egg. All was dead at 47.5, 50, 52.5 and 55℃.

Rotaviruses are enteric pathogens causing acute watery dehydrating diarrhea in humans and animals. The importance of group C rotavirus (GpC-RV) infections has not been established as the studies on the GpC-RV have been hampered by the lack of an in vitro culture system. However, diarrheal diseases associated with GpC-RV have been gradually increasing worldwide. In this study, VP6 gene of bovine GpC-RV Korean isolate was expressed, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against VP6 were produced and characterized. The VP6 gene was cloned and expressed based on a baculovirus expression system. Indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA), polymer chain reaction (PCR), and Western blot assays were used to confirm expression of VP6 gene synthesized by the recombinant baculovirus. Eleven mAbs against VP6 were produced using expressed VP6. Cross-reactivity of the mAbs was assessed with recombinant VP6 proteins from porcine GpC-RV and human GpA-RV, or different serotypes of group A rotavirus strains by IFA test. Some mAbs reacted with intact porcine GpC-RV Cowden strain as well as bovine GpC-RV VP6 recombinant baculoviruses, but not with human and animal GpA-RV strains. The VP6-specific mAbs might be useful to develop immunodiagnostic tests such as rapid diagnostic kit, IFA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of GpC-RV.

In early 2015, L’Oréal’s luxury cosmetics brand LANCÔME launched a product called Miracle Cushion™, a sponge soaked in liquid foundation. By integrating a cosmetic formula with a sponge in a compact case, it distinguished itself from other conventional makeup products, e.g., liquid foundation in a glass bottle or pressed powder in a portable compact. On Lancôme’s website, Miracle Cushion™ is described as follows: “a foundation revolution has arrived – liquid makeup in a cushion.” LANCÔME’s “revolution” actually originated from AMOREPACIFIC, Korea’s number one beauty group which had a sales revenue of KRW 4.7 trillion (USD 3.9 billion) in 2014. By launching Air Cushion® in March 2008, AMOREPACIFIC created a new makeup product category called “cushion.” By July 2015, the total cumulative number of AMOREPACIFIC’s cushion products sold in 13 countries was 63 million units. In 2014 alone, more than 26 million units were sold – one every 1.2 seconds. The sales revenue was KRW 641 billion (USD 542 million), which accounted for more than 13% of AMOREPACIFIC’s total revenue. AMOREPACIFIC launched Air Cushion® under IOPE, one of its premium brands. The company initially positioned Air Cushion® as sunscreen. Equipped with mass production facilities, AMOREPACIFIC sold 517,000 units of cushions in 2010, which accounted for KRW 14.5 billion (USD 12.2 million). Furthermore, the company started to automate the entire manufacturing process for cushions. With this automation, the sales revenue of Air Cushion® in 2011 reached KRW 33.6 billion (USD 28.4 million) - more than doubled compared to 2010. Obviously, it was a huge success for sunscreens under a single brand. From 2012, AMOREPACIFIC began to expand cushions for other in-house brands besides IOPE. Simultaneously, AMOREPACIFIC started to reposition cushion as makeup “foundation,” not “sunscreen.” HERA, AMOREPACIFIC’s luxury brand with a strong heritage in color makeup, took the initiative in repositioning cushion. This was also a strategic decision to diversify distribution channels: the main distribution channels of premium brands such as IOPE were Sephora-like specialty stores and discount stores whereas the primary distribution channels of luxury brands such as HERA were department stores and door-to-door networks. With HERA focused on domestic market expansion, LANEIGE, the most globalized brand of all in AMOREPACIFIC, pioneered the global market for cushions. Starting from its entry into Hong Kong and China in 2002, LANEIGE had already expanded its presence in more than 10 countries including Singapore, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Specifically, LANEIGE was perceived in most Asian countries as a cosmetics brand spearheading “K-Beauty” trends, part of the “Korean Wave” phenomenon. Thus, LANEIGE capitalized on its brand reputation accumulated over the years in the Asian market to expand cushions. LANEIGE designed a brand concept for its cushion as BB Cushion to make the most of the popularity of BB creams across Asia. In 2012, LANEIGE BB cushion was first launched in Singapore in January, followed by Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam in March, and finally Taiwan in April, all prior to its release in Korea in May. Initially, it emphasized the brightening function to fulfill the demand for whitening products already popular throughout Asia. From 2013, LANEIGE started to offer a variety of product lines customized to different consumer needs from each country. For example, LANEIGE launched BB Cushion Pore Control for consumers in hot, humid areas of Southeast Asia and BB Cushion Anti-aging for consumers in extremely cold and dry areas of China. Starting with HERA and LANEIGE in 2012, AMOREPACIFIC continue to release cushions under other brands by stages - SULWHASOO, ETUDE HOUSE in 2013, and INNISFREE, MAMONDE in 2014, etc. Every cushion product launched under different brands was named “cushion.” For example, HERA UV Mist Cushion, LANEIGE BB Cushion, SULWHASOO Perfecting Cushion, ETUDE HOUSE Precious Mineral Any Cushion, INNISFREE Water Glow Cushion, MOMONDE Cover Powder Cushion, etc. With the consistent labeling, AMOREPACIFIC succeeded in categorical differentiation. Stimulated by the widespread popularity of AMOREPACIFIC’s cushion foundations, competitors followed. Among local companies, LG Household and Healthcare was the first to enter into the cushion market in August 2012. Among the foreign brands, it was Lancôme. This paper is trying to understand how to achieve breakthrough innovation and create a new product category in the mature market such as cosmetics by analyzing the case of AMOREPACIFIC’s cushion.

Since there are intimate relationships between customers and customer equity, this study aims to explore the effects of covert and overt narcissistic consumers on luxury brands’ customer equity. The authors confirm the significance of the previous qualitative study on the two types of narcissists in regard to luxury consumption and customer equity by using quantitative methods. Narcissism basically means a self-loving tendency in one’s mind. People with narcissism overly respect themselves and act in an egotistical way(Lasch, 1980). Some scholars state that there are distinctions in narcissists in that they can be either overt or covert. Covert narcissists are hypersensitive, feel inferiority, pursue social power and honor, crave compliments, have strong jealousy, feel dissatisfaction with work and society, have fragile egos, and a likelihood of conscience contamination. People with covert narcissism also try to avoid damage both physically and emotionally. Overt narcissists pursue social success, lack depth, ignore and devalue others, have strong aspirations, and passion for ethics, social politics, and aesthetic issues. They believe in their own grandiosity, which causes direct expression of exhibitionism, self-importance, and a preoccupation with getting the attention and admiration from others(Hendin & Cheek, 1997; Park & Kang, 2013; SALMAN AKHTAR & Thomson Jr, 1982).

Cordyceps species are known to produce numerous active components and are used for diverse medicinal purposes because of their varied physiological activities, including their anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Cordycepin, one of adenosine analogues, differs from adenosine in that its ribose lacks an oxygen atom at the 3' position. Cordycepin has been reported to be a main effector molecule in Cordyceps extracts that executes antiviral activities against several viruses including influenza virus, plant viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), murine leukemia virus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In addition, adenosine and its deaminase inhibitor showed strong antiviral potentials that were about 4,000 times more potent than the activity of the direct inhibitory effect by adenine arabinoside on Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, suggesting adenosine itself plays an important role to produce antiviral activities. In this study, we show that cordycepin and adenosine possess antiviral and antitumor activities against EBV and EBVassociated gastric carcinoma, respectively. Furthermore, we report epigenetic mechanisms used by cordycepin and adenosine to exert their antiviral and antitumor effects.

The house fly, Musca domestica L. is a serious cosmopolitan pest in livestock production systems. Poultry farmers employ various techniques to control them but rely heavily on the use of chemicals which has the serious drawback of the target pest becoming resistant. We have selected two native natural enemies in Gyeonggi area where selected for the biological control of the house fly. Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae), commonly found in poultry manure, is an important predator of house fly eggs and larvae. The substitute food source was developed for the mass rearing of C. pumilio. Spalangia nigroaenea (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) not only parasitized the host to produce its progeny but also killed host pupae by feeding. The parasitoid induced mortality had an effect on the parasitoid-to-host density relationships.

Assuming that implicit and explicit knowledge are two different constructs, the current study takes unpaired English unaccusatives as its target grammar feature to investigate these two types of knowledge among Korean EFL learners. In line with the growing body of research utilizing a battery of tests, this study adopts a combination of validated tests to assess implicit and explicit knowledge. In doing so, this study lends support to previous studies, in that the L2 learners’ two types of knowledge are not on par. The findings indicate that proficiency was not correlated with the learners’ explicit knowledge, while it was highly correlated with their implicit knowledge. Moreover, regardless of the grammaticality of the unaccsuative sentences, the role of subject animacy varied depending on the learners’ different type of knowledge in relation to proficiency. Finally, a critical discussion on the importance of separating the two constructs of knowledge and implications for future research are provided.