Paid search advertising is the most popular online advertising format, and many large firms allocate a considerable amount of their advertising budget to it. In contrast, small and medium-sized firms have a limited advertising budget that potentially forces them to experience the ineffectiveness of paid search advertising. In this study, we identify the various paid search advertising strategies that even small and medium-sized firms can implement and examine the effect of the different advertising strategies on the number of clicks as a primary advertising performance measure. Using the data regarding keyword advertising from a search engine, we find that advertisers can increase the number of clicks not only by increasing their bids, but also by optimal keyword selection, targeting, and active advertisement management. Our findings provide a practical insight that there are many other advertising strategies for the managers to utilize beyond budget efficiently.

This research scrutinizes the synergism of virtual reality, the Internet, and television on credibility, memory, attitude, presence, and purchase intention. Respondents are randomly assigned to view two advertisements on the same or different media. This present study parses outs the relationship between immersive media and extant media in cross-media advertising.

Widespread consumption of fresh-cut vegetables without cooking results in ingestion of major foodborne pathogens including Bacillus cereus. In this study, we aimed to develop a method to rapidly detect B. cereus in fresh-cut vegetables by combining commercial PCR analysis with enrichment of the pathogenic levels. A mixture of B. cereus strains (KCTC1013, KCTC1014, KCTC1092, KCTC1094, and KCTC3624) was inoculated on the surface of fresh-cut cabbage lettuce (20 g) and baby leafy vegetables (10 g) to concentration 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 log CFU/g. Eighty milliliters of TSB with 0.15% polymyxin B was used for cabbage lettuce, and 90 mL of medium was used for baby leafy vegetables and incubated at 42oC for 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 h. One milliliter of the enriched media was plated on mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin agar for quantification, and another 1 mL was used for DNA extraction for PCR analysis. Additionally, the minimum number of sub-samples to be tested from a pack of fresh-cut vegetable samples was determined using 5 sub-samples. The results from this study showed that for detecting B. cereus in fresh-cut cabbage lettuce, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 h enrichment were required to at least detect 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 log CFU/g of B. cereus, respectively. B. cereus in fresh-cut baby leafy vegetables could be detected after 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h of enrichment at 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 log CFU/g, respectively, using a combination of enrichment and PCR analysis. To determine if a pack of fresh-cut vegetable is positive, the minimum number of sub-samples should be 3. These results can be used to develop a rapid detection method to semi-quantify B. cereus in fresh-cut vegetable samples combining enrichment and PCR.

본 연구는 EcoCal® (산화 칼슘) 및 GF Bactostop® (유 기산염 믹스)을 소시지에 사용하였을 때 항균 효과를 확인하였다. 소시지 제조 시, 대조군과 0.1% EcoCal® (0.1ECO), 0.1% EcoCal®+0.5% GF Bactostop® (0.1ECO + 0.5GF), 0.2% EcoCal® (0.2ECO) 및 0.2% EcoCal®+0.5% GF GF Bactostop® (0.2ECO+0.5GF) 등 총 5개 군을 첨가하여 소시지를 제조하였다. 제조가 완료된 소시지를 진공 포장하고 10주 동안 10oC에서 저장하며 7-10일 마다 시료를 균질화 하고 tryptic soy agar 및 Lactobacilli MRS agar 에 도포하여 호기성 일반세균 및 젖산균을 각각 확인하였다. 그 결과, 0.1ECO+0.5GF 첨가한 소시지가 가장 효과 적인 항균 효과를 나타냈으며, 0.1ECO 첨가 소시지가 두 번째로 효과적인 항균 효과를 나타냈다(P<0.05). 일반세균수는 대조군, 0.2ECO 및 0.2ECO+0.5GF 첨가 소시지에서는 저장 후 42일까지 점차 증가했지만(P<0.05), 0.1ECO 및 0.1ECO+0.5GF 첨가 소시지에서는 저장 후 49일까지 일반세균의 생장이 억제되었다(P<0.05). 젖산균 수는 대조군, 0.2ECO 및 0.2ECO+0.5GF 첨가 소시지에서 약 49일 까지 증가하였으나(P<0.05), 0.1ECO 및 0.1ECO+0.5GF 첨가 소시지에서 젖산균 생장이 억제되었다. 본 결과는 소시지 제형에 0.1% EcoCal®+0.5% GF Bactostop®을 첨가 하면 젖산균의 생장을 억제하여 소시지의 보존 기한을 연장시키는데 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

A eukaryotic microalga was isolated from seawater in Janghang Harbor, Korea and its morphological, molecular, and physiological characteristics were investigated. Due to its simple morphology, no distinctive characters were found by morphological observation, such as light microscope or scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/ TEM). However, molecular phylogenetic evidence inferred from the concatenated small subunit (SSU) 18S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data indicated that the isolate belonged to the newly described Micractinium singularis. Furthermore, it was clustered with Antarctic Micractinium strains and it also showed a psychrotolerant property, surviving at temperatures as low as 5°C. However, its optimal growth temperatures range from 15°C to 25°C, indicating that this microalga is a mesophile. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that the isolate was rich in nutritionally important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC) revealed that the high-value antioxidant lutein was biosynthesized as an accessory pigment by this microalga, with glucose as the major monosaccharide. Therefore, in this study, a Korean marine M. singularis species was discovered, characterized, and described. It was subsequently added to the national culture collections.