Usage-based approaches to language acquisition explain language development as a gradual process of generalizing constructions through language experience. This study investigated second language learners’ development of constructional knowledge from the perspective of usage-based language development. A total of 169 Korean EFL students at five grade levels completed a sentence-sorting and a translation task. Results of the sorting task showed stronger constructional sorting as the learners’ grade level increased. Additionally, the sorting of intermediate-level learners was influenced by verb semantics such that the sentences including light verbs were more strongly clustered according to constructions than the sentences with heavy verbs, suggesting learners’ reliance on light verbs in the early stages of constructional development. Results of the translation task demonstrated a higher translation accuracy with increasing proficiency, but with a significant amount of variation across individual constructions contingent on the constructions’ syntactic and semantic complexity. Overall, our findings confirm the usage-based development of L2 learning.

The fish influx and behavioral properties at a set-net off Goseong, South Korea were investigated using an imaging sonar. As a result, the average influx of fish was 33.9% at day time and 66.1% at night time, respectively, which indicated that a majority of fish entered into a playground in the set-net at night. The fish behavioral properties such as target (fish) length, range, orientation and major-axis angle were examined and compared among survey dates (4, 5, and 6 June 2019) using the statistical analysis tool (analysis of variance, ANOVA). The behavioral properties presented differently sometime of survey dates. This is preparatory study to support fish behavior properties in a set-net. It is expected that more elaborated behavioral information of fishes in the set-net is beneficial for designing and deploying a set-net fishing gear as well as general fish behavior research in the future.

Ostrea denselamellosa and Eriocheir japonica samples were collected from the Seomjin River in 2019 as part of the “Research of Host-Associated Bacteria” research program. Almost 200 bacterial strains were isolated from the O. denselamellosa and E. japonica samples and subsequently identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among the bacterial isolates, ten strains possessed greater than 98.7% sequence similarity with published bacterial species that had not previously been recorded in Korea. These species were phylogenetically diverse, belonging to three phyla, four classes, seven orders, and eight genera. At the genus and class level, the previously unrecorded species belonged to Pseudoalteromonas, Aliivibrio, Rheinheimera, Leucothrix, and Shewanella of the class Gamma-proteobacteria, Olleya of the class Flavobacteriia, Algoriphagus of the class Cytophagia, and Lactococcus of the class Bacilli. The previously unrecorded species were further characterized by examining their Gram staining, colony and cell morphology, biochemical properties, and phylogenetic positions.

베트남 메콩 델타 지역은 베트남에서도 쌀 생산이 활발히 이루어지는 지역으로 꼽히고 있으나 기후온난화에 따른 고온 현상 증가로 쌀생산량 감소의 우려가 증대되고 있다. 이에 고온에 따른 벼 피해발생 현황 및 대응 기술에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 한다. 베트남의 평균기온은 2060년 까지 약 2.7oC 증가, 35oC 이상의 폭염은 2030년까지 2달 이상 길어질 것으로 예측되고 있으며 기온상승에 따라 기온이 높은 작기의 벼 생산량이 감소되고 있다. 벼 개화기 온도가 33oC 이상으로 높을 시, 화분의 감수분열에 영향을 미쳐 화분의 활력이 저하되며 수술에서 약의 개열이 감소되어 화분의 방출이 감소될 뿐만 아니라 화분이 암술의 주두에 부착하여 발아 시 발아율을 낮추어 불임 발생이 증가하게 된다. 베트남의 벼 연구소는 고온에 대비하여 베트남 벼 생산의 안정화를 위해서 개화기에 내열성을 가지는 품종 육성 뿐만 아니라 이른 아침에 개화할 수 있는 품종을 육성하고 있다. 또한 재배 적인 측면에서 고온 피해를 줄일 수 있도록 벼 재배시기를 조절하여 기존 3기작에서 고온피해가 큰 시기의 재배를 제외한 2기작으로 재배하는 반면 파종 및 이앙시기를 조절하여 벼의 생육량을 충분히 확보하여 2기작에 따른 수량감소를 최소화하는 연구가 필요하다. 더불어 벼를 재배하지 못하는 무더운 계절에는 농업인의 소득보존을 위해 논을 이용한 물고기 양식 기술 도입하는 것도 필요하며, 시비 방법 등의 개선을 통한 벼 생육량 조절, 물관리 기술 개발을 통한 포장 미세기상변화 등의 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Background: Forward head posture (FHP) is a postural alignment of the cervical vertebrae that leads to increased gravitational load on cervical segmental motions. The overhead arm lift test assesses the ability to actively dissociate and control low cervical flexion and move the shoulders through overhead flexion. Objects: The purpose of this study was to explore muscle activities in the upper trapezius (UT), serratus anterior (SA), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and lower trapezius (LT) alongside changes in head position during the overhead arm lift test in individuals with FHP. Methods: Fifteen subjects with forward head posture and fifteen subjects with normal subjcects were enrolled in this study. The patients performed the overhead arm lift test, and muscle activities of the UT, SCM, SA, and LT were measured using surface electromyography and by evaluating changes in head position. Independent t-tests were used to detect significant differences between the two groups and Cohen’s d was calculated to measure the size of the mean difference between the groups. Results: The FHP group demonstrated significantly increased muscle activity of the UT (32.46±7.64), SCM (12.79±4.01), and LT (45.65±10.52) and significantly decreased activity in the SA (26.65±6.15) than the normal group. The change in head position was significantly higher in the FHP group (6.66±2.08) than the normal group. Effect sizes for all parameters assessed were large between the two groups. Conclusion: The subjects with excessive FHP displayed were unable to fix their heads in position during the overhead arm lift test. The overhead arm lift test can thus be used in clinical settings to confirm control of the neck in these subjects.

The oriental fruit fly is a major polyphagous insect pest with a worldwide distribution. We investigated the development time, survivorship, longevity and fecundity of B. dorsalis at six different temperatures. We applied the computer programs – TWOSEX-MSChart and TIMING-MSChart - to analyze our data. We obtained the population parameters – adult preoviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), oviposition days, eggs per reproductive female, first age of survival rate <50%, proportion of male and female individuals, propoortion of N-type individual, and life table parameters (net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean generation time) - and population projection using two computer programs.