1. Antifungal activity of water extracts The antifungal activity of the water extracts against L. edodes was proportional to the concentration of the water extracts. The antifungal activity of the water extracts at 1000 ppm was the highest among the tested concentration against L. edodes mycelia. The antifungal activity were significantly different from each concentration of the water extracts. Therefore, it can be concluded that the water extracts of the P. densiflora sawdust have inhibitory compounds to the growth of L. edodes mycelia. 2. Yield and antifungal activity of fractions from water extracts The powdered water extracts was further treated serially using organic solvents in order to separate the water extracts into the fractions of n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetate-soluble, methanol-soluble and methanol-insoluble. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction showed much higher antifungal activity than the other fractions. The antifungal activity of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction against L. edodes at 1000 ppm showed a statistically significant difference in the fractions of n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetate-soluble, methanol-soluble and methanol-insoluble. And, there was not significantly difference between the antifungal activities of the n-hexane-soluble and methanol-soluble fractions at 1000 ppm. 3. Antivungal activity of fractions of organic solvent extracts The fractions were isolated from each organic solvent by the silica-gel column chromatography and then the fractions were confirmed and divided on the values of Rf by the thin-layer chromatography. The fractions were produced six band of the n-hexane, nine band of the ethyl acetate and eight band of the methanol extracts. The HIII fraction from the n-hexane extracts showed the highest growth inhibition against L. edodes mycelium.

After having inoculated the mycelium of L. edodes on the block medium, the P. densiflora sawdust of the B and C groups were the slowest of their respective groups on day 169.4 and day 169.9 harvesting times. The first harvest of the fruiting body from the Q. variabilis sawdust of the control medium was obtained on day 162.9

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is a fast-growing, warm-season legume crop that is primarily cultivated in developing countries of Asia. We constructed a draft genome sequence of mungbean to facilitate genome research into the subgenus Ceratotropis and to enable a better understanding of the evolution of leguminous species. The draft genome sequence covers 80% of the estimated genome, of which 50.1% consists of repetitive sequences. In total, 22,427 high confidence protein-coding genes were predicted. Based on the de novo assembly of additional wild mungbean species, the divergence of what was eventually domesticated and the sampled wild mungbean species appears to have predated domestication. Moreover, the de novo assembly of a tetraploid Vigna species (Vigna reflexo-pilosa var. glabra) provided genomic evidence of a recent allopolyploid event. To further study speciation, we compared de novo RNA-seq assemblies of 22 accessions of 18 Vigna species and protein sets of Glycine max and Cajanus cajan. The species tree was constructed by a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method using highly confident orthologs shared by all 24 accessions. The present assembly of V. radiata var. radiata will facilitate genome research and accelerate molecular breeding of the subgenus Ceratotropis.