From the first inspiration of a desire until a product reaches hands, consumers go through complex and multi-faceted interactions with brands, involving myriads of channels and media. As such, it is important for marketers to understand this shopping “journey” since it is where brands can influence and persuade consumers most effectively and efficiently. In this study, we conduct an exploratory study to understand the patterns and correlates of pre-purchase behaviors and the relationship to actual purchases (made both online and offline) by analyzing survey data obtained in Korea and China. In particular, we examine three key drivers for pre-purchase behaviors: product category, market maturity, and consumer tendencies. To address category-level differences, we compare and contrast grocery and electronics. As for the market maturity, we study Korea and China in which e-commerce is at different stages of development. Finally, consumer tendencies are measured by general shopping tendencies, online activity patterns, and risk perception for e-commerce. Our empirical analyses provide the following findings. First, general shopping tendencies impact the pre-purchase behavior in grocery buying, but not electronics, for both Korea and China. Second, online activity patterns (entertainment and content-creating activities) have an impact on the shopping journey in both categories. Third, risk perceptions for ecommerce only affect pre-purchase behaviors of Chinese consumers. That is, in a developing market at an earlier stage of e-commerce development, consumers perceive online transactions more risky and uncertain, leading to greater pre-purchase behaviors. Lastly, we investigate the link from the information search to the final purchase stages. Consumers buying grocery present a positive and significant relationship between prepurchase and final purchase behaviors whereas electronics present no such relationship across the stages of the consumer shopping journey.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of joint mobilization on forward head posture and to propose an effective method to improve correct body posture and balance. A total of eight patients from a Maitland-applied group (n=8) received mobilization therapy to increase the mobility of the cervical joint, with Maitland's movement grade III intensity for 30 seconds of treatment and 30 seconds of rest, for ten intervals, three times a week for four weeks. The craniovertebral angle (CVA) changes before and after the intervention with the Maitland technique were measured as 56.85 ± 2.31° before, 63.23 ± 2.23° two weeks after, and 64.98 ± 1.27° four weeks after joint intervention. There were significant CVA changes before and after the Maitland technique (P <.05). The results of this study suggest that the Maitland technique is useful for improving the head vertebral angle in patients with forward head posture

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a class of disinfection byproducts and a frequently detected nitrosamine with carcinogenic potentials. This review summarizes NDMA precursors, their formation mechanisms in chloraminated water, and mitigation strategies. Understanding the formation mechanism and characteristics of precursors is essential for developing a mitigation strategy. Dimethylamine (DMA), the most widely studied NDMA precursor, has an NDMA molar yield up to 3%. In comparison, a subset of tertiary amines, e.g., pharmaceuticals, generate up to 90% upon chloramination. Potent NDMA precursors, are characterized by their negative partial charge, low planarity values and molecular weight, and high bond length and pKa values. A nucleophilic substitution of tertiary amine on chloramine is a key reason for the high NDMA yield from the most potent NDMA precursors. The distribution and fate of NDMA in surface water, aquifers, and its formation in the distribution system can be mitigated through two strategies: (1) degrading or/removing NDMA after its formation and (2) pre-treatment of its precursor’s prior chloramination.

Food hazards caused by Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP) products are closely related to the failure of prerequisite program. ISO 22000 introduced the Operational Prerequisite Program (OPRP) to enhance management of the prerequisite program. This program has started to strengthen discriminatory management of hazards identified as high in risk analysis but not selected as Critical Control Points. In addition, the US-FDA has begun to apply Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) obligations to all foods manufacturing and distribution including imported foods. The basic concept of the FSMA is Hazard Analysis and Risk-based Preventive Control (HARPC), which is similar to the OPRP. It is necessary to strengthen the management of the prerequisite program by using the OPRP or HARPC concept, which will improve the effectiveness of HACCP operation.

The Semi-Rigid Pavement (SRP) mixture is composed of Gap Graded Asphalt (GGA) mixture (air void = 20~28%) and cement paste. By inserting cement paste into voids in GGA mixture, SRP can provide not only flexibility but also rigidity characteristics on pavement performance. SRP can mitigate pavement surface temperature increase during summer session, provide better smoothness and mitigate rutting distress due to heavy weight vehicles, successfully. In Japan, SRP is widely applied in cross section area, heavy vehicle parking lot and highway ticketing booth in highway network system. In South Korea, SRP was introduced and applied since 2005. However, still more researches and studies are needed to understand material characteristics and improve performance of SRP. Moreover, the current SRP system in South Korea merely follows and adapts the aggregate gradation information from Japan which needs to be amended and customized into original material (i.e. aggregate, binder and cement) situation of South Korea. In this paper, SRP system based on Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) mixture design originated from Korea Expressway Corporation (KEC) and enhanced cement paste with addition of fly-ash and slags was developed. In addition, an optimized proportion between asphalt mixture air voids and cement paste amount with consideration of economic benefit was introduced. Based on field evaluation process it can be said that the newly developed SRP system can successfully adapted not only in static site on highway: parking lots or ticketing booth, but also in dynamic site on highway: driving and wheel path.

In case of performing asphalt pavement overlay on existing concrete pavement layer, applying asphalt emulsion tack-coating or spreading prime-coating is considered to improve adhesion between asphalt and concrete layer. After coating work is done a curing process is considered not only for promoting evaporation process in coated (and/or spread) asphalt emulsion, but also for generating a membrane which can act as a bonding agent. Finally, asphalt overlay construction is performed when this curing process is completely done. However, during asphalt overlay construction process remarkable amount of spread tack-coating layer is lost due to asphalt material transfer vehicles (e.g. trucks, approximately 40~50% of total spread tack coating material is lost). In this paper, a new pavement equipment contains simultaneous asphalt emulsion spreading ability and corresponding construction techniques are introduced. Through applying this equipment, non-stop two step sequent working process: spreading asphalt emulsion on to existing concrete pavement layer then paving asphalt material for overlay construction, is available. During pavement working process temperature of asphalt material was kept with ranged between 130ºC and 170ºC. After performing field performance evaluation, it was found that crucial improvement in pavement layer adhesion, crack and rutting resistant ability were observed compared to the conventional paving method.

A protein-lipid film formed on the surface of soymilk by heating can be applied in various areas such as edible package film, cosmetic sheet, and meat analog. In this study, a colloid formulation of isolated soy protein (ISP) and soybean oil (4:1) was used to make protein-lipid films and it compared with the product using soymilk (Glycine max L. Merrill) for making a meat analog of fibrous shape. The colloid with 2.3 cm depth in a pan at 85︒C produced 8 sheets of protein-lipid films. The films were collected from the pan as a bundle to make a fibrous shape. Color parameters and texture profile analysis (TPA) were measured depending on the order of the film formation. Color parameters (Hunter-values) of the films using ISP and oil notably decreased the lightness and increased the redness as the order of the films. And changes of color differences in the films using ISP and oil were larger than those in the films using soymilk. TPA Parameters of the film such as hardness, resilience, springiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess were increased as increasing the order of the films formation. In the films using ISP and oil, lipid concentration was the highest in the first formed film rather than other films. However, in the films using soymilk, lipid concentration was similar among the order of the films. Consequently, the films using ISP and oil were produced non-uniformity of color, texture, and lipid composition in the order of the film formation compared with the films using soymilk. Combination of the soy protein-lipid films as a bundle could be used as a meat analog which had non-uniformity and fibrous shape.

The South Korean Ministry of the Environment has revised the laws relating to the management of interior air quality for multiple use facilities, and recommends maintaining carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in passenger vehicles below 1000 ppm during operation in urban areas of large cities. However, the interior CO2 concentration of passenger vehicles can rapidly increase and exceed 5000 ppm within 30 min, as observed when two passengers are traveling in urban areas of the South Korean city of Jeonju with the air conditioner blower turned off and the actuator mode set to internal circulation mode. With four passengers, CO2 concentration can reach up to 6000 ppm within 10 min. To counter this, when the actuator is set to external mode, CO2 concentration can be maintained below 1000 ppm, even after a long period of running time. As part of the air conditioning system, alkali-treated activated carbon fiber filters are considered to be far superior to the commercial non-woven filters or combination filters currently commonly in use.

최근 5년간(2013년~2017년) 국립나무병원으로 진단 의뢰된 수목 피해는 3,073건으로 매년 600여건 정도로 나타났다. 문의 유형별로 보면 전화가 79.6%로 가장 많았고, 내방이 10.7%, 인터넷 홈페이지 문의 또는 우편물 상담이 9.7% 순이었다. 수종별로는 소나무가 전체 대비 40.7%를 차지하여 소나무에 대한 국민의 관심이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 소나무 이외에 느티나무(5.9%), 벚나무(5.1%), 단풍나무(4.2%) 순으로 피해에 대한 문의가 많았다. 피해 원인별로는 병해충에 의한 생물적 피해가 1,385건(45.1%)이었으며, 그 중 해충에 의한 피해가 958건(31.2%)으로 병해에 의한 피해 427건(13.9%)보다 2배 이상 더 많이 발생하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2017년도 진단 의뢰된 423건 중 피해의 원인을 정확하게 알 수 없는 경우 114건은 “기타”로 분류되었으며, 이들을 제외한 비생물적 원인의 144건 피해는 수목관리의 부적정 89건(61.8%), 생리적 피해 17건(11.8%), 약해 13건(9.0%), 기상해 9건(6.2%) 등이었다. 특히, 해충의 피해는 깍지벌레류, 진딧물류, 나무좀류, 나방류 등의 순으로 피해가 많았다.

최근 강원도에서 생산되기 시작하는 잎새버섯의 수확후배지를 활용하여 산업곤충의 한 종인 장수풍뎅이의 사육가 능성을 알아보고 장수풍뎅이 사육농가의 유충먹이 구입 시 경제적 비용절감 및 버섯재배농가의 부산물활용에 따른 신 소득을 창출하고자 시험을 추진하였다. 잎새버섯 배지는 참나무 85%와 밀기울 15%의 조성으로 이루어져 장수풍뎅이의 사육에는 무리가 없어 보였으며, 실제 유충 2령충을 4개월 사육한 결과 개체중이 21.6g으로 대조배지(참 나무발효톱밥) 개체중 20.2g보다 양호하였으며 폐사율도 낮게 나타났다. 유충의 가능한 사육밀도를 알아보기 위해 일반적으로 제시하는 밀도(75마리/60L)를 기준으로 0.5, 1.5배의 밀도를 사육한 결과 60L용기에 100마리 정도 사육이 가능하였다. 성충의 암수비율에 따른 산란시험에서는 암수비율 동일조건에서 산란수가 많았으며 잎새버섯 수확후배 지에서보다는 참나무 발효톱밥에서 산란이 양호하였다. 또한 산란효과를 높이기 위해 시판젤리에 여러 가지 첨가제를 넣어 시험한 결과 흑설탕을 첨가한 먹이조건에서 산란이 좀 더 양호한 것으로 나타났다.

Modern technique development provides a new opportunity to expand entomological researches. Aerial insect sampling has been conducted with fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). With improved maneuverability, rotary-wing UAVs can serve as more convenient and feasible tools with lower cost. A rotary-wing UAV with remotely controlled insect nets was developed to collect insects at designated altitudes above the rice field (ca. 80 × 240 meter (width × length)) in Boryeong, South Korea. From 21 flights in June, July, and August 2017, 235, 7, 6, and 3 insects were caught at 5, 10, 50, and 100 meters above the rice field, respectively. The collected insects were identified to family level. Diptera (Phoridae and Chironomidae), Hemiptera (Aphididae and Delphacidae), and Thysanoptera were found from the sample, some of which may contain possible insect pests on rice. Therefore, UAVs have potential as an alternative aerial insect sampling method.