Background : The root of Angelica gigas Nakai is used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea for the treatment of many diseases. Poor water solubility of the active compounds from A. gigas Nakai is a major obstacle to bioavailability. Methods and Results : This work aimed to enhance the solubility of active compounds by a chemical (viz. surfactant) and physical (HME, hot melt extrusion) crosslinking method (CPC) in A. gigas Nakai. Infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed multiple peaks in extrudate solids representing new functional groups including carboxylic acid, alkynes and benzene derivatives. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the extrudate showed lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and lower enthalpy (ΔH) [Tg: 43℃; ΔH: <6 (J/g)] compared to the non-extrudate (Tg 68.5℃; ΔH: 123.2) formulations. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed amorphization of crystal materials in extrudate solid. In addition, enhanced solubility (53%), nanonization (403 ㎚), and higher amount of extracted phenolic compounds were achieved in the extrudate solid compared to non extrudate (36%, 1499 ㎚, respectively). Among the different extrudates, acetic acid and span 80 mediated formulations showed superior extractions efficiency. Conclusion : We conclude that the HME successfully enhanced the production of amorphous nano dispersions of phenolic compound including decursin from extrudate solid formulations. human dermal fibroblasts, which is, associated with the regulation of procollagen biosynthesis resulting from AMRP-induced TGF-β1 expression and the mitogenic activity in HDF cells, and therefore, is expected to reduce the age-dependent loss of extracellular matrix proteins.

Background: The root of Angelica gigas Nakai is used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea for the treatment of many diseases. However, the poor water solubility of the active components in A. gigas Nakai is a major obstacle to its bioavailability. Methods and Results: This work aimed at enhancing the solubility of the active compounds of A. gigas Nakai by a chemical (using a surfactant) and physical (hot melt extrusion, HME) crosslinking method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed multiple peaks in the case of the extrudate solids, attributable to new functional groups including carboxylic acid, alkynes, and benzene derivatives. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the extrudate soilid had a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and enthalpy (ΔH) (Tg : 43℃, ΔH : < 6 J/g) as compared to the non-extrudate (Tg : 68.5℃, ΔH : 123.2) formulations. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed the amorphization of crystalline materials in the extrudate solid. In addition, enhanced solubility (53%), nanonization (403 ㎚), and a higher amount of extracted phenolic compounds were achieved in the extrudate solid than in the non-extrudate (solubility : 36%, nanonization : 1,499 ㎚) formulation. Among the different extrudates, acetic acid and span 80 mediated formulations showed superior extractions efficiency. Conclusions: HME successfully enhanced the production of amorphous nano dispersions of phenolic compound including decursin from extrudate solid formulations.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of two-dimensional factor of motivators and hygiene on civil servants’ job satisfaction using the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) as a technique employed to analyze the measurement and structural models. Exploratory study was deployed to evaluate the relationship among variables. By using multistage stratified sampling, statistical data was collected from a survey of 441 public municipal civil servants who have employed in various levels (municipal government, districts and communes) in Vietnam. The findings provided evidence that hygiene factors (relationship with leader, salary, relationship with coworker and working environment) directly impact on civil servants’ job satisfaction. Meanwhile, only career development factor from motivators significantly influenced on public employee’s job satisfaction. Based on the empirical results, the hygiene factors of job satisfaction are more dominated that the motivators one. This finding suggests that municipal governments should focus policies on improving the hygiene factors which lead to higher job satisfaction on civil servants. Gaining a thorough understanding of the determinants of job satisfaction toward municipal public servants will enable policy makers to grasp the factors that results in retaining employees. Finally, the policy makers can use this knowledge to promote civil servants’ job satisfaction.

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are place contributing to the intellectual advancement of the nation, quality human resource, and to a number of socio-economic improvements for society and organizations. Despite facilitators and staffs are the bare-bone of HEIs, there is a scarcity of research, both conceptual and empirical, focusing on their organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). To attempt to fill this gap, this article develops a conceptual model of OCB under influencing of organizational justice and job satisfaction. The prospective respondents were chosen randomly from HEIs (public and private). Individuals have been employed at least one year and above will be the unit of analysis in which the experimental test of the proposed model will be conducted. The results suggest that organizational citizenship behavior is one of the most important factor influence the organizational performance. Furthermore, the performance of HEIs does not affect only the national human resources, but also impact on national economy. In this context, a conceptual framework is proposed to study the determinants of organizational citizenship behavior in the form of organizational justice and job satisfaction. Additionally, the ultimate benefits of OCB through perceived organizational justice with job satisfaction as mediator is enlightened. Finally, the authors discuss the managerial implications of their research.

In this study, the physicochemical properties of aromatic rice prepared using different milling recoveries and roasting procedures were investigated. As a result, we found that the L value of different milling recoveries of aromatic rice (BA-1, BA-2, BA-4, and BA-6) increased as the aromatic rice (BA-0) decreased, while the a and b values decreased as the different milling recoveries increased. The major contributors to the different milling recoveries of aromatic rice were total polyphenol (28.11-33.84 mg/100 g), amylose (24.97-31.06 mg/100 g), total starch (68.27-73.04%) content. In addition, three different roasting methods were applied; the aromatic rice was roasted at 250℃ for 0 min (BAR-0M), 15 min (BAR-15M), or 30 min (BAR-30M). As a result, the color in terms of the L value decreased, whereas the a and b values increased. Also, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in BAR-30M (41.65 mg/100 g and 22.30 mg/100 g, respectively) were higher than those in BAR-0M (33.00 mg/100 g and 20.78 mg/100 g, respectively). Similarly, the amylose and total starch contents in BAR-30M (26.10 g/100 g and 81.81%, respectively) were higher than those in BAR-0M (22.10 g/100 g and 74.26%, respectively). Furthermore, the DPPH, superoxide radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant potential of BAR-0M at 5,000 μg/mL were found to be 67.78%, 52.90%, and 0.79 mM, respectively. Based on these results, we can conclude that in order to provide the best physicochemical characteristics of aromatic rice, it should be manufactured in the following conditions: 20% milling recovery of the aromatic rice and roasting at 250℃ for 30 min.

Container port is one of the most vital link of the transportation chain that plays an important role in trading with other countries. Having a proper understanding of port operations could change the role of the port from a transportation node to an efficient point in a transportation chain. Development of transportation chains, logistics and progress of these networks have enhanced the sustainable condition and level of transportation. Therefore, evaluating the competitiveness of ports is obligatory for port users to make a decision in investment or exploitation. This paper introduces the use of Fuzzy C-means and TOPSIS for competitiveness comparison among a sample of container terminals in Korea and China and determine how to improve Korean port competitiveness and particularly in Busan port.

The aim of this study was to determine the suitability of surfactant to extract higher phenolic compound, flavonoid and antioxidant activity from Tartary buckwheat and evaluate the potentiality of surfactant as a screening agent for breeding purpose. Primarily, we employed two types of surfactant (Hydrophilic: Tween 20 and Lipophilic: Span 80) to select the suitable surfactant agent for the extraction of optimum bioactive compounds. Between two surfactants, Tween 20 showed highest efficiency at 4 mM concentration to extract total phenolic content (TP), total flavonoid (TF) and antioxidant activity (AA). Tween 20 at 4 mM concentration was fixed for further analysis along with hot water (90℃) treatment as a control. In our findings, highest TP (118 ㎎/g), TF (38 ㎎/g) and AA (76%) was achieved in KW21 and KW22 among the fifteen accessions of Tartary buckwheat. In other way, TP, TF and AA was 200%, 120% and 110% higher in surfactant formulation compared with control treatment, respectively.

Environmental awareness and its relation to the development of economy has garnered increased attention in recent years. Researchers, over the years, have argued that sustainable development warrants for minimizing environmental degradation since one depends on the other. This study analyzes the relationship between environmental degradation (carbon emission taken as proxy for degradation), economic growth, total energy consumption and industrial production index growth in Bangladesh from year 1998 to 2013. This study uses Vector Autoregression (VAR) Model and variance decomposition of VAR to analyze the effect of these variables on carbon emission and vice-versa. The findings of VAR model suggest that industrial production and GDP per capita has significant relationship with carbon emission. Further analysis through variance decomposition shows carbon emission has consistent impact on industrial production over time, whereas, industrial production has high impact on emission in the short run which fades in the long run which is consistent with Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Carbon emission rising along with GDP per capita and at the same time having low impact in the long run on industrial index indicates there may be other sources of pollution introduced with the rise in income of the economy over time.

This study aimed to analyze difference in clinical findings, including coronary artery complications, in patients with Kawasaki disease and respiratory symptoms with several respiratory infections. We studied 182 pediatric patients diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Examinations for respiratory viral polymerase chain reaction were conducted in the group of patients with respiratory symptoms. Echocardiography was perfomed by a pediatric cardiologist, and laboratory findings were evaluated. Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings based on medical records were compared. There were no differences between patients with and without respiratory viral infections with respect to age, male-female ratio, coronary artery complications, Kawasaki disease-specific clinical manifestations, duration of fever, duration of hospitalization, or recurrence rate. There was a significant difference in C-reactive protein levels (55.6 vs. 73.9 mg/L) between the two groups, but the other laboratory findings. The rate of respiratory infections in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease was similar to those reported in previous studies, and clinical manifestations and laboratory findings were not significantly different between the groups.

This paper examines key determinants and the effect of country-of-origin on customer’s purchase intention of functional food and dietary supplement product in Vietnam. Exploratory study was identified to evaluate personal and social factors on customer’s buying behavior. Twenty-eight reflective constructs were adapted from literature and designed by using a seven-point Likert scale to facilitate measurement. By using non-probability convenience sampling, data was collected from a survey of 242 Vietnamese who have experienced in buying functional and supplement food. This paper employed partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) as a technique employed to analyze the measurement and structural models. The findings provide evidence that social prestige customer perceives and their positive attitude toward functional food which are main factors influencing on consumers’ purchase intention. Customer’s perceived prestige plays an important role in decision-making process to purchase. The higher social prestige taken up in consumers’ mind, the higher consumers’ purchase intention is. Moreover, the more positive attitude customer holds toward functional food, the higher consumers’ purchase intention. The research results provide useful information in current understanding of what antecedents determine factors influencing customer’s intention to purchase functional food and lead to managerial implications for business strategies.

Background : Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a member of the malvaceae family and has been prescribed in traditional folk medicine in Africa and India. It showed broad biologicas activities such as hepatoprotective activity, antioxidative activity and haematinic activity. Kenaf leaves contain a lot of vegetable calcium, protein, iron and vitamins, so have high potential as functional food. Thus, the present study purposed to analyze useful substances contained in kenaf leaves and their activities and look for their possibilities as the materials of food and medicine. Methods and Results :　We sowed the seeds of three varieties of kenaf, namely, Dowling, Everglade-41 and Tainung-2 at planting space of 20 × 20㎝ on the field and collected plants on the 98th , 127th and 141st days from sowing. The total polyphenol content was measured using a slightly modified Folin-Denis method, which uses the phenomenon that a phenolic substance turns blue by reaction with phosphomolybdate. Conclusion : We analyzed SOD enzyme activity related to the scavenging of superoxide anion radical (․O2-) through NBT reduction. As for the SOD activity of leaf extract by variety, the activity was 92.6%, 91.0% and 92.6%, respectively, in Tainung-2 on day 98, 127 and 141 from sowing, slightly higher than those in the other two varieties but not significantly different. The activity was slightly higher in the middle period of growth than in the harvest period, but not much different according to harvest time. As for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of leaf extract by variety, the activity was 80.87% and 80.71%, respectively, in Tainung-2 on day 98 (30th of October)and day127 (28th of September), slightly higher than the other two varieties.

Background : Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is an annual crop belonging to the polygonaceae family and cultivated in most of Asian and European countries. Nowadays, many people take interest in the utilization of buckwheat seed because of its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values. Especially, tartary buckwheat is drawing attention for its high rutin content, which is beneficial to health. Methods and Results :　Tartary buckwheat sprout (TBS) was powdered and two grams of powder was mixed with 4 ㎖ H2O in a glass petri disc (100 x 20 ㎜) and exposed to far infrared irradiation (FIR) at different temperature (80, 100, 120, 140, 160℃) for an hour each. Further, the FIR treated powdered sprout samples were suspended in 200 ㎖ of 80% ethanol (v/v) and kept overnight in a shaker at room temperature. The extracts were filtered through Advantec 5B Tokyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd., Japan and dried using a vacuum rotatory evaporator (EYLA N-1000, Tokyo, Japan) in a 40℃ water bath. Dried samples were weighed and kept at 4℃ for further analysis. Conclusion : Total polyphenol was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteau assay and total flavonoid by aluminum nitrate colorimetric assay, while antioxidant properties were evaluated based on DPPH free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating property and total antioxidant capacity. This study showed that FIR treatment to TBS caused a decrease in total antioxidant capacity and metal chelation property. However, there was a slight increase in total polyphenol and total flavonoid content from 80 to 120℃. Similarly, DPPH free radical scavenging activity also increased in the same way as TP and TF in TBS. The HPLC result revealed that quercetin production was directly proportional to temperature, and the production (average 14.87 ㎎/g dw) of quercetin was highest at 120℃ (an hour’s treatment), which was 13.54 times higher than the control in TBS.

Background: Purple potato contain sufficient phenolic compound and flavonoid which has high antioxidant capacity. Due to poor water solubility of phenolic compounds and quick oxidation of anthocyanin, we could not get maximum health benefits from purple potato. Therefore, we developed surfactant based aqueous nano suspension to enhance the solubility of phenolic compounds and protect the oxidation of anthocyanin from purple potato. Methods and Results: Two types of surfactant were used in this experiment based on hydrophilic-lycophilic balance viz. Brij and Span. In our study, lycophilic surfactant showed highest efficiency in TP extraction compared to water and lipophilic surfactant below 10 mM concentration. On the other hand, lipophilic surfactant showed highest efficiency in extracting flavonoid content. Conclusion: It is concluded that hydrophilic surfactant was significantly increased phenolic compounds five times, and lipophilic surfactant increased flavonoid two times, and anthocyanin three times compared to control. Therefore, total antioxidant capacity was increases two times compared to control.

2014년 슬러지 발생량은 10,187ton/day로 2008년 기준 약 7,446ton/day에 비해 발생량이 약 37% 증가하였다. 하수슬러지의 발생량은 매년 증가할 것으로 예상되기 때문에 하수슬러지 발생량을 최소화 시키고 자원화하기 위한 여러 가지 대안 중 혐기성 소화방법과 슬러지 감량화 기술이 대안으로 제시되고 있다. 소화조는 장시간의 체류시간, 설계 값보다 낮은 소화효율 등의 고질적인 문제가 있으므로 슬러지를 효과적으로 처리 하기위해 이용 효율을 극대화하는 방안이 필요하다. 따라서 소화조 투입 전 단계에서 하수슬러지를 가용화하는 전처리를 실시하여 가수분해를 촉진시키고, 소화 효율을 높이는 방법을 이용하고 있다. 전처리 공정은 열적처리, 물리·화학적 처리, 생물학적 처리 등으로 구분되며, 이중 열적전처리 공정은 고온조건이나 저온조건에서 고분자 형태로 존재하는 슬러지를 저분자 형태로 전환시켜 바이오가스의 생산량과 소화효율을 증대시키는데 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 열적전처리 중에서도 저온 열적전처리는 고온 열적전처리에 비해 공정 운전에 들어가는 에너지 소모량이 적고, 바이오가스 생산면에서도 효과적으로 알려져있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 생슬러지 및 잉여슬러지를 대상으로 60~120 ℃, 30~120분 조건에서 실시한 저온 열적전처리 공정에 의한 물리·화학적 특성 변화를 분석하고, BMP test를 통하여 바이오 가스 생산율을 평가하였다. 용존성 물질로 존재하는 SCODCr, NH4+, PO43-, VFAs 분석결과, 생슬러지 및 잉여슬러지 모두 열적전처리 온도가 상승함에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 가용화율은 120 ℃ 120분조건에서 SCODCr의 경우 가용화 전 각각 453mg/L, 1,698mg/L에서 열적전처리 후 최대 5,337mg/L, 8,769mg/L로 증가하였으며, TCODCr 중 SCODCr가 각각 약 12%, 18.6%차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 저온열적가용화 또한 슬러지의 세포 floc 파괴에 의한 내부 물질의 용출에 기인하여 가수분해 단계를 촉진시켜 소화효율을 향상시킬 수 있다고 판단된다.

세계적으로 하수처리장 방류수 수질기준이 강화되고 있으며 국내 또한 하수처리장 에너지 자립율을 높이기 위해 하･페수처리장 내 고효율 혐기소화조 및 소화조 전처리 설비가 도입되면서 방류수의 수질은 향상되었다. 그러나, 농축조 및 소화조 후단에서 발생하는 반류수의 농도가 지속적으로 증가하여 하･폐수처리장 내 생물반응조 운영에 악영향을 미치고 있는 실정이다. 반류수는 발생특성상 연속적으로 발생되지 않고 간헐적･주기적으로 발생되며 슬러지 처리계통에서 배출되고 있다. 반류수 발생 시 시간 최대유량 및 농도가 수처리공정 하수유입 부하 대비 100% 이상의 부하증가를 초래하는 경우도 있어 이로 인한 생물반응조의 운영에 어려움을 겪고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 반류수 유량은 유입유량의 1~3%로 적은 양으로 발생되지만 고농도로써 수처리 공정에 충격부하를 유발하기 때문에 전체 처리효율에 악영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또한, 질소의 농도가 높기 때문에 반류수에 의한 유입수의 질소부하 증가량은 유입 질소 부하량의 15~25% 이상을 차지한다. 이러한 반류수의 처리를 위해 생물반응조 유입 전 전처리를 통해 부하를 감소시키기 위해 응집침전 방법을 선정하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대구 S 하수처리장의 반류수를 대상으로 유입유량 대비 반류수의 연간 유량 및 유입 부하를 파악하였고, 고농도로 유입되는 반류수의 처리를 위해 pH, 응집제 종류, 혼화 시간 및 rpm 의 인자들을 조절하여 응집실험을 진행하였으며, CODCr, T-N, T-P, SS, NH4+의 저감효율을 도출하였다.

화석연료의 고갈로 인한 고유가 상황과 온실가스에 의한 지구온난화가 가시화 되면서 재생 가능한 에너지개발과 자원의 효과적인 이용을 통한 자원순환사회 구축, 나아가 친환경적인 사회구현이라는 목표를 달성하기 위하여 선진국을 중심으로 환경과 에너지 문제를 해결하기 위한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 이러한 전망을 토대로 국가적 부담을 최소화하고 실리를 추구할 수 있는 적극적이고 능동적인 대처방안을 강구할 필요성이 절실한 시점이다. 최근 신재생에너지의 확충과 기후변화 협약에 대한 적극적인 대응이 요구됨에 따라 단순 매립되던 폐기물을 에너지로 전환하여 처리하는 방식이 각광받으며 정부 계획 하에 적극적으로 추진되고 있다. 이러한 대응의 일환으로 1990년대 후반에는 유렵을 중심으로 연성에너지 체제에 부합하면서 지방자치단체 지역 공동체, 지역 주민들의 에너지 생산 활동 참여를 중시하는 지역에너지 체제가 대안으로 제시되었다. 에너지자립마을은 화석연료에 대한 의존도가 낮으며 지속가능한 마을과 유사한 것으로, 환경문제와 미래에너지 문제를 함께 고려한 개념으로 마을에서 발생되는 자원을 최대한 이용하고, 그 자원을 순환시키는 마을로 이해될 수 있다. 국내에서는 2009년부터 농림수산식품부, 환경부, 지식경제부 등 정부부처가 합동으로 각종 바이오매스를 이용하여 에너지 자립형 마을 시범사업을 추진하면서 축산 바이오매스를 이용하는 바이오가스화 기술은 농촌 지역에 도입할 수 있는 가장 실행 가능한 기술로 평가받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 농촌형 에너지자립마을에서 발생될 수 있는 다양한 유기성폐기물을 대상으로 혼합 원료의 특성과 병합 혐기성소화의 효율을 평가하기 위하여 biochemical methane potential test(BMP test)를 진행하였다. 또한, 본 연구를 바탕으로 혐기성소화와 C/N비의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the endophytic bacterium Herbaspirillum spp effect on seed germination and sprout growth of tartary buckwheat. Inoculant concentration (%v/v) and seed soaking time were applied 10, 20 and 40% and 0, 4, 8, 12 hour, respectively. The experiment was carried out in a growth chamber maintained temperature at 20, 25 and 30ºC without light for 7 days. Results showed that, 10 to 20% (v/v) inoculant concentration by 4 to 8 h seed soaking time at 20°C temperature increased seed vigor rate and total seed germination rate 80-95% and 90-100%, respectively. On the other and, seed inoculation with Herbaspirillum spp. increased hypocotyl length (13-15 ㎝), root length (8-11 ㎝), total fresh weight (135-296 g) and total dry weight (7-10 g), compared to control. It is indicated that sprouts growth and yield depends on inoculation concentrations, seed soaking time and temperature. Therefore, it would be suggested that seed inoculation with Herbaspirillum spp. at concentration of 10 to 20% (v/v), soaking time 4 to 8 h and temperature 20°C promote seed germinations and sprout growth rate of tartary buckwheat.

Various bioactive substances are found in mistletoe, including viscumneoside III (1) and homoflavoyadorinin B (2), both which inhibit tyrosinase. These two compounds are mainly found in the EtOAc fraction of the mistletoe extract and demonstrate higher rates of tyrosinase inhibition than ascorbic acid, which was used as a control. Our results suggest that mistletoe extracts can be utilized in skin whitening cosmetics.

Research has found that the management of the host plant is essential to mistletoe cultivation. A Trunk injection test on the host plant that contained a mixture of indole-3-butryc acid (IBA) and liquid fertilizer was conducted with respect to the improvement of the one year survival rate of mistletoe. As a result, the trunk injection experiments showed the effect of the IBA and liquid fertilizer mixture in all treatments. This mixture was effective to increase the survival rate of mistletoe by 20% with the IBA at 100 ㎎/L and Hyponex at 100 ㎎/L. The examination proved that the host plant fertilizer effect was the most effective treatment for organic fertilizer with 60% added NPK (4-2-1). Its effects were higher compared to the control at the length and diameter of one-years-old branches in the host plant, even when the parasitic mistletoe improved its growth in length, diameter, and number of branches. Comparing the control and host plant fertilizer, the latter was the most effective way to process 20 ㎏ per a treatment effect in the experimental site and to process at any time after the inoculation. This treatment is effective to improve the growth of mistletoe by watering the host plant three times per week. Therefore, the management of the host plant is an essential element in the successful cultivation of mistletoe, not only to supply fertilizer and plant hormones to the host plant in the initial inoculation time but also to provide organic fertilizer and irrigation for the host plant.

Diagnosis of scrub typhus is difficult because of its unspecific symptoms. The authors studied the correlation between serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels and scrub typhus, with the aim of aiding diagnose of the disease. The medical records of 64 children, who visited Wonkwang University Hospital from 2005 to 2015 for fever of undetermined origin, were analyzed retrospectively. Serum ADA levels were measured and indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assays were conducted. The patients were divided into two groups based on diagnosis of scrub typhus. Of 64 febrile patients, 39 were confirmed to have scrub typhus. Mean serum ADA level in the scrub typhus group (58.54±2.82 IU/L) was significantly higher than that in the non-scrub typhus group (29.30±4.03 IU/L, p<0.05). In the 25 non-scrub typhus patients, mean serum ADA level was significantly higher (50.24±8.52 IU/L) in patients with Mycoplasma infection than that in those with other diseases (19.46±1.39 IU/L, p<0.05). The study shows that in patients with only fever who are difficult to diagnose, serum ADA levels substantially aid the diagnosis of scrub typhus. Ed:- please consider carefully