Pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), is transmitted to new host trees through Monochamus spp., vector insects. In Korea, aerial application has been allowed conventionally to eliminate the vectors in their flying season. In this study, thiacloprid was applied to four-year-old Pinus densiflora, which were fed to adult M. alternatus emerged from PWD infected logs for 72 h in the condition of 1 DAT (Days after treatment of thiacloprid) and 15 DAT, respectively. We confirmed the presence of nematodes in each beetle applied to experiment by Baermann funnel method and PCR with species-specific ITS primers. After 72 h of 1 DAT and 15 DAT, thiacloprid residues in pine trees were 0.59-16.32 and 0.043-0.131 mg/kg and the mortalities of the beetle were 100 and 99.2%, respectively. Detection rate of B. xylophilus was 51.3%. The incidence rate of PWD in 1 DAT and 15 DAT showed no mortality and 5.55% compared with 55.5% of control, respectively.

Family Pentatomidae has a worldwide distribution, and is considered as one of the largest groups within the Heteroptera. The family is subdivided into 10 different morphological lineages (subfamilies): Aphylinae, Asopinae, Cyrtocorinae, Discocephalinae, Edessinae, Pentatominae, Phyllocephalinae, Podopinae, Serbaninae and Stirotarsinae, however the internal phylogeny and subfamily level relationships of the group remain unstudied. In this talk, molecular markers COI, 16S RNA, 28S RNA and 18S RNA with more than 200 species have been used to test their monophylies and relationships. Based on the results, reclassification and reinterpretation of the characters and groupings should be necessary to understand the evolutionary lineages that make up the Pentatomidae family.

Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is considered as a serious pest in pine trees. To develop an eco-friendly strategy to manage this forest insect, we collected entomopathogenic fungi from Korean soil and assessed their virulence against the adults of the insect in laboratory conditions. As a result, two isolates with conidial suspension (1.0×107conidia/ml), showed 87% and 90% mortality 12 days after fungal treatment, respectively. We assessed the potential of the fungi-derived destruxin and protease as additives to the fungal isolates, and they showed insecticidal activity via feeding and spraying treatments. Finally, we produced fungal conidia in massive solid cultures and formulated wettable powders, and now studying optimal conditions of oil-based formulation with two isolates. Based on these results, we are evaluating the control efficacy of the fungal agents against M. alternatus in field conditions.

We used the upland field rotated from matured rice paddy field, which have been used as a rice paddy field long time, for three years from 2015 to 2017. Therefore, this study was conducted for three main purposes. The first was to investigate yearly changes of growth and yield for waxy maize in the organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation system, the second was to investigate yearly changes of soil physical and chemical characteristics of rice paddy field soil in organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation system and the third was to select the suitable varieties for organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation. The test varieties were that 8 varieties of waxy maize of Mibaek 2, Ilmichal, Daehakchal, Chalok 4, Miheukchal, Eolrukchal 1, Heukjinjuchal, Heugjeom 2. For yearly yield, the highest yield was obtained in the first year of 949.6 kg, the second highest was in the third year of 680.6 kg 10a-1, while the second year was the lowest yield (675.4 kg 10a-1). Both varieties of Chalok 4 and Ilmichal showed the highest yield with about 900 kg 10a-1 in the threeyear average of 8 varieties. Solid phase of deep soil was 10% higher than that of top soil. Porosity rate of the top soil (54.7%) was higher than that of deep soil (49.4%), and the porosity in the third year was 2.7% higher than that of the first year. Soil organic matter content was significant different between soil depths and between three years. Soil solid and liquid phase decreased by 1.6% and 4.3%, respectively, compared to the first year, and the gas phase increased by 4.3%. The porosity of the third year was 2.7% higher than that of the first year. The soil organic matter content was 9.5 g kg-1 in the third year compared with 12 g kg-1 in the first year. It has also trend to decrease as the number of years rotated from rice paddy field increased. In the three-year average yields of Ilmichal and Chalok 4 were 898.1 kg 10a-1 and 891.6 kg 10a-1 respectively and the yield of Chalok 4 was greater than the other 7 varieties. We compared and selected the two best waxy maize varieties of Chalok 4 and Ilmichal for rice paddy-upland rotation. When we look at the yearly variation for waxy maize, Waxy maize yield was the highest in the first year and decreased year by year. Therefore, it would be better to restore upland field to rice paddy fields after the first year.

포인세티아 ‘Red Pearl’은 국립원예특작과학원에서 2016년에 육성한 품종이다. 생육이 우수한 적색의 착색엽을 가진 포인세티아 ‘Freedom Red’를 모본으로, 키가 작고 밝은 적색의 결각이 깊은 착색엽을 가진 ‘Little Star’를 부본으로 2013년에 교배하여 획득한 실생 계통을 선발한 품종이다. 2014년부터 2015년까지 생육특성, 개화특성, 균일성에 대하여 1, 2차 특성 검정을 실시하였으며 2016년에 3차 특성검정을 실시하여 최종 선발하였다. ‘Red Pearl’의 잎은 계란형의 녹색이고, 초장과 엽병의 길이는 중간 정도이며, 줄기는 녹색으로 적심을 하지 않아도 분지력이 뛰어나다. 하계 고온에서도 줄기 신장이 우수하였으며, 스트레스에 의한 생리장해가 발생하지 않았다. 이 품종은 2018년 1월 24일에 국립종자원에 품종등록(제6922호)되었다.

본 연구에서는 국내 유통 중인 농산물 9품목(n = 578)에 대한 납과 카드뮴 함량을 조사하고 이들의 섭취로 인한 위해성을 평가하고자 하였다. 납과 카드뮴의 함량은 마이크로웨이브 분해 후 ICP-MS로 분석하였다. 조사대상 농산물의 납 평균 함량은 각각 보리 0.014 mg/kg, 완두콩 0.010 mg/kg, 강낭콩 0.008 mg/kg, 녹두 0.006 mg/kg, 파인애플 0.008 mg/kg, 살구 0.016 mg/kg, 매실 0.015 mg/kg, 자두 0.021 mg/kg, 대추 0.019 mg/kg이었고, 카드뮴 평균함량은 보리 0.017 mg/kg, 완두콩 0.004 mg/kg, 강낭콩 0.007 mg/kg, 녹두 0.005 mg/kg, 파인애플 0.001 mg/kg, 살구 0.002 mg/kg, 매실 0.002 mg/kg, 자두 0.002 mg/kg, 대추 0.003 mg/kg이었다. 모든 시료의 납, 카드뮴 함량은 EU, CODEX 및 국내 기준보다 낮은 수준이었다. 조사 대상 농산물에 대한 납, 카드뮴의 인체노출량을 산출한 결과, 납은 잠정주간섭취허용량(PTWI, 25 μg/kg b.w./week)의 0.067%, 카드뮴은 월간잠정섭취허용량(PTMI, 25 μg/kg b.w./month)의 0.28%이었다. 이상의 결과는 조사 대상 농산물의 납, 카드뮴 오염도와 이들의 섭취에 의한 위해성이 모두 낮은 수준이라는 것을 보여준다.

This research explored antecedents of stickiness of m-commerce sites, based on the push–pull–mooring (PPM) framework, which was developed to explain what leads people to move from one original location to another. In the current study, the stickiness of m-commerce sites was used as the opposite concept to switching. Therefore, pull effects refer to the positive factors which make consumers stick to an m-commerce site, while push effects refer to the negative factors which make consumers not stick with an m-commerce site. After reviewing the literature, responsiveness, ubiquity, enjoyment, and effectiveness were selected as the pull effects, while privacy concern and efficiency were selected as the push effects. The amount of money spent in specific mobile sites was considered as a mooring effect. According to the results of the structural equation modeling analysis, efficiency actually had a negative impact on stickiness of m-commerce sites. Also, a test of the mooring effect suggested that the negative impact of efficiency on stickiness of m-commerce sites was greater for people who spent more money in their mobile shopping compared to those who spent less. For both the high and low spending groups, responsiveness was the important pull effect as it was the strongest predictor of enjoyment for the low spending group and the strongest predictor of effectiveness for the high spending group (note that enjoyment and effectiveness had the strongest positive impacts on stickiness of m-commerce sites for the low and high spending groups, respectively.). Therefore, the fast response and feedback on m-commerce sites should increase consumers’ stickiness to these sites regardless of the amount consumers spend on these sites. On the other hand, the duration and retention of the low spending group of consumers were influenced by enjoyment the most.

Despite growing research interest in consumer health, well-being and beauty, little is known about factors influencing consumer purchase decisions for female fitness devices. This study focuses on Kegel exercises – exercise routines developed by Dr. Kegel to strengthen pelvic floor muscles – that are recommended by health professionals for patients experiencing health ailments such as urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and dissatisfaction. Despite the benefits, women are not well aware of the role of pelvic floor muscles. The diffusion and acceptance of Kegel exercise and devices among women are likely determined by how comfortable women are about obtaining such benefits. For this reason, feminism should play an important role in shaping women’s desire to engage in Kegel exercises. Thus, this research investigates how feminism is related to Millennial women’s engagement with fitness products, particularly Kegel devices. Drawing on the literatures about sexuality, health, and marketing, we propose that feminism positively influences women’s health-related attitudes (i.e., attitudes towards fitness, fitness opinion leadership, attitude toward core strength, and desire to control sex life), which in turn positively impacts women’s fitness engagement. Fitness engagement, in turn, is expected to predict attitudes towards Kegel exercise and Kegel device purchase intentions. On the other hand, women’s attitudes toward core strength and desire to control sex life are proposed to have a direct, positive impact on attitude towards Kegel exercise. Analysis of PLS-SEM shows general support for the hypotheses. We discuss how interest in Kegel devices could, in turn, lead to positive effects on overall physical and psychological health and provide implications for marketing practitioners.

Introduction As one of the visual elements in advertising, typeface elicits psychological associations that might have an impact on ad effects and can convey a significant meaning with cognitive and emotional responses. Previous studies illustrate that typeface influences consumers’ perceptions of advertised products, has an impact on readability and memorability of ads (Childers & Jass, 2002), and generates brand personality (Grohmann, Giese, & Parkman, 2013). Therefore, typeface has the potentiality to change the effect of advertising, and could be one of the critical elements to enhance the ad effectiveness by matching with other elements in advertising (McCarthy & Mothersbaugh, 2002). The purpose of the current study is to examine how representative type styles (e.g., Sans-serif, Handwriting, and Serif) can influence consumers’ psychological perception (i.e., warmth and competence), to explore what underlying mechanism exists between typefaces and the ad effectiveness, and to investigate the impact of typeface in ads considering congruence of typeface with the communicator’s perceived power for more effective communications. Theoretical Development The findings of related research support that fonts evoke specific consumer’s perceptions and emotion (Grohmann et al., 2013). Serif typefaces such as Times New Roman were perceived as elegant, charming, emotional, and interesting and Sans-serif typefaces such as Helvetica or Arial were considered manly, powerful, smart, upper-class, and high readability (Grohmann et al., 2013). In terms of the features of typefaces, handwriting typefaces have a curved appearance and they are irregular, unplanned, and characterized by slanted and curved strokes, while Sans-serif typefaces are usually planned and drawn by straight and angular strokes. According to the studies on font in psychology (Jiang, Gorn, Galli, & Chattopadhyay, 2016) and design (Bartram, 1982), circular shapes activate a softness association such as love, warmth, and harmony and angular shapes activate a hardness association such as coldness, aggressiveness, and conflict associations. The research on the transference of some impressions from typefaces illustrates that psychological associations related to type font in ads are transferred to the advertised product or brand (Grohmann et al., 2013). Previous research, based on the Construal Level Theory (Trope, Liberman, & Wakslak, 2007), demonstrated that psychological distance influences individuals’ perceptions and engagement. According to each stream of prior literature on typefaces’ association and Construal Level theory, we predict that handwriting typefaces are associated with closer psychological distance and it reduces the social distance between consumers and the message in marketing activities. In contrast, Sans-serif typefaces are angular and typically associated with professionalism, justice, competence, and power and it may increase the social distance. The current study deals with warmth and competence in consumers’ perceptions. Based on the preceding discussion and research questions, a hypothesis leads to the following. H1: Sans-serif typeface would be more likely to provoke competence perception, whereas handwriting typeface arouses much warmer and more friendly feeling. Variables influenced by typeface Based on the findings of Study 1, the following research question and hypotheses could be built up on the potential variables that influence the effectiveness of typeface: RQ 1. How many reliable and interpretable factors are there among the following variables: Handwriting and Sans-serif typefaces, the perceived power, engagement, and attitude toward typeface? In addition, how much variance in the set of variables is explained by the factors? what kind of underlying mechanism between typefaces and the effectiveness of typeface is such there? H2: Typeface (Sans-serif) would be more likely to provoke (a) perceived power, in turn, positively influences (b) engagement toward the typeface. H3: Typeface (Sans-serif) would be less likely to provoke (a) engagement toward the typeface, in turn, positively influences (b) attitude toward the typeface. H4: Perceived power would be more likely to provoke (a) engagement toward the typeface, in turn, positively influences (b) attitude toward the typeface. Typeface and the perceived spokesmodel’s power in ads Including typeface, as a visual imagery in an ad, a spokesmodel can generate psychological perceptions in persuasive communication. According to the agentic-communal model of power theory, the power of communicators has an influence on the persuasion process (Dubois et al., 2016) and attitudinal and behavioral responses. However, the communicators’ power would be different by individuals’ perceptions or experiences for the category of people (e.g., employee or expert). Therefore, it would be critical to consider the communicators’ power as ‘perceived power’ in communication. The previous study suggested high-power communicators, compared to low-power communicators, are more inclined to generate responses or arguments related to competence. In addition, low-power communicators are more inclined to generate responses related to warmth (Dubois et al., 2016). Based on each stream of literature of typefaces (Grohmann et al., 2013) and communicators’ power (Dubois et al., 2016), the following hypotheses occur. H5. When an ad includes a handwriting typeface in a headline copy, if consumers perceive low power from the spokesmodel’s in ads, by the matching (congruence) effects, it leads to a more favorable attitude toward the ad, ad engagement, and purchase intention than when an ad is employed by sans-serif typeface in a headline copy. H6. When an ad includes a sans-serif typeface in a headline copy, if consumers perceive high power from the spokesmodel’s in ads, by the matching (congruence) effects, it leads to a more favorable attitude toward the ad, ad engagement, and purchase intention than when an ad is employed by handwriting typeface in a headline copy. Overview of Research Design Three separated experiments were conducted to investigate all hypotheses. Study 1 was examined to test the effect of typeface across three representative typefaces such as Sans-serif, Serif, and handwriting, on psychological responses (i.e., warmth and confidence) (H1). Study 2 was conducted to explore the interrelations between the factors and the model with other strong potential effects (RQ1 & H2, H3, and H4). Study 3 was conducted to investigate the effects of typeface along with a spokesmodel in an ad on ad attitude, engagement, and behavioral intention (i.e. purchase intention) (H5 & H6). Research Design in Study 1 Participants were exposed to all 15 typefaces in each 3 font-style (i.e., sans-serif, handwriting, and serif). To test and choose an appropriate typeface in consumer’s perceptions and psychological associations (i.e., warmth and competence) among several typefaces, there were sans-serif (e.g., Arial, Helvetica, Oswald, Quarrion, etc.), handwriting (Bradley, Children, Dandelion, etc.), and serif (Time New Roman, Soria, Courier, Playfair, etc.). Results and Discussion The results of repeated ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) showed that participants perceived different level of competence (F (1.40, 54.63) = 17.23, p < .001, Partial η2 = .31) and warmth (F (1.28, 49.96) = 10.32, p < .01, Partial η2 = .21) depending on typefaces. The post-hoc analyses indicated that participants were more likely to perceive competence in Sans-Serif (M = 4.89, SD = 1.15) and Serif (M = 5.07, SD = 1.04) than in handwriting typeface (M = 4.23, SD = 1.22). On the other hand, participants perceived higher warmth in handwriting (M = 4.75, SD = 1.26) and Serif (M = 4.47, SD = .96) than in Sans-Serif typeface (M = 4.01, SD = 1.08). Model fit for competence was Wilks’ λ = .58, F (2, 38) = 13.82, p < .001, Partial η2 = .42 and model fit for warmth Wilks’ λ = .61, F (2, 38) = 12.11, p < .001, Partial η2 = .39. Study 1 examined the effects of three kinds of font-styles across each typeface on warmth and competence. The findings provide distinct evidence that Sans-serif font-style provokes more competent associations than others (i.e., serif and handwriting) and handwriting font-style generates more warm associations than others. Research Design in Study 2 Given that a certain font-style is more associated with psychological perceptions (warmth vs. competence), the next step was to ascertain whether is the relationship of the variables (i.e., attitude toward typeface, engagement, and perceived power of typeface) (RQ1, H2, H3, and H4). Participants were exposed to two typeface-conditions by using handwriting typeface (i.e., Tornac) and sans-serif typeface (i.e., Nimbus) with several text phrases. Factor analysis was conducted to determine what underlying structure exists for measures on the following variables: typeface, the perceived power, engagement, and attitude toward typeface and to summarize the structural equation modeling among the set of variables. Results and Discussion To check the structural equivalence of measures, reliability test, correlation analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted. Reliabilities for all measurements indicated acceptable levels: perceived power (a = .89) (Dubois et al., 2016), engagement toward the typeface (a = .95), attitude toward the typeface (a = .94). The correlations analysis showed that there is no violation of multicollinearity among the variables (r ≤ .62). A CFA was conducted to confirmed the measurement model fit. The results of CFA indicated that the measurement model had a good fit to the data, χ2 (41) = 55.38, p > .05, χ2/df = 1.35, GFI = .94, CFI (comparative fit index) = .99, TLI (Tucker-Lewis index) = .99, RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation) = .05, SRMR (root mean square error of approximation) = .04. For study model analysis, the Amos 23 with 5,000 bootstrap samples for mediation analyses was employed to analyze the proposed study model. Figure 1 indicate the result of path analysis. The results of the analysis showed that people perceived stronger power in Sans-Serif than in handwriting typeface (β = .43, p < .001, SE = .22, 95% CI [.00, .86]), but they were likely to engage in handwriting than in Sans-Serif typeface (β = -.34, p < .001, SE = .23, 95% CI [-.79, .11]). Perceived typeface power is positively associated with the typeface engagement (β = .60, p < .001, SE = .60, 95% CI [.44, .76]). Indirect effect of typeface on engagement through perceived power was significant (β = .26, p < .001, SE = .06, 95% CI [.16, .38]). Insignificant effect of typeface on engagement become significant when mediator, perceive power, was included in the model. The result shows a full mediation model. Engagement toward the typeface is a significant predictor of attitude toward the typeface (β = .62, p < .001, SE = .07, 95% CI [.48 .76]). Indirect effect of power on attitude toward typeface through engagement was significant (β = .28, p < .01, SE = .07, 95% CI [.24, .51]), but indirect effect of typeface on attitude through engagement was not significant (β = -.21, p > .05, SE = .05, 95% CI [-.15, .04]). Research Design in Study 3 An experimental study between-subjects randomized factorial design, 2 (typeface: handwriting vs. sans-serif) x 2 (perceived power of the communicator in ads: high vs. low), was used to test the proposed Hypotheses 5 and 6. Results and Discussion Regression analyses were conducted to test proposed hypotheses, controlling for the differences of communicators’ characteristics (e.g., a business woman vs. a housewife). Even though ad stimuli were developed by two conditions on communicator’s power, there are individual differences from the perceived power toward each spokesmodel in ads. Therefore, we measured and analyzed the perceived power. The results (Table 1) revealed that perceived communicators’ power positively influences ad engagement (β = .19, p < .05), attitude toward to ad (β = .41, p < .001), and purchase intention (β = .38, p < .001), but typeface does not. Different from the expectation, typeface and perceived communicator power did not interact to generate advertising effectiveness. Conclusion Study 1 obviously revealed that handwriting typefaces are associated with warmth and Sans-serif typefaces provoke competence in consumers’ perception. Study 2 illustrated that there were strong relationships between typeface and the perceived power toward typeface, between typeface and engagement through the perceived power toward typeface, and between the perceived power toward typeface and attitude toward typeface through engagement. Engagement toward the typeface is a significant predictor of attitude toward the typeface. Moreover, there were relatively relationships between typeface and engagement; between engagement and attitudes toward typefaces. The result of Study 3 shows that advertising audiences are more likely to process other visual information (e.g., photo images) than typefaces (e.g., a headline copy) in order to indicate audiences’ responses in advertising contexts and to generate advertising effectiveness. The current research has demonstrated that the strong effects come from a typeface itself might eventually dissipate when woven with other visual elements such as photo images in ads, even though the current research previously indicates that there are influential effects come from typefaces such as warmth and competence and the relationship with the perceived power.

Co-branding is defined as a marketing strategy in which “two brands are deliberately paired with one another in a marketing context such as in ads, products, products placements, and distribution outlets” (Grossman 1997, p. 191). Prior research suggests that the crucial key to the success of co-branding is perceived fit including both product category fit and brand image fit. The product category fit is the relevancy of product category between partner brands about co-branding product or brand. For example, “Apple” collaborated with “Nike” to make a smart watch for sports activates. The brand image fit is about how the images (such as luxury image, young and fun image) fit between the partner brands. Prior co-branding research shed light on the effects of perceived fit between co-branding partner brands. Nevertheless, the findings of prior research have been limited to the two types of perceived fit. This research introduced the new-type of perceived fit called “sensory fit” In the current study, the sensory fit is defined as the perceptual congruency between partner brands’ sensory factors such as color, shape, size, and so on. Still, the sensory fit in context of co-branding are yet to be fully investigated by academic research. To fill the gap in the literature, we designed two experimental studies to better understand how the sensory fit affects the evaluations of co-branding. In study 1, we manipulated the partner brands’ sensory attributes (i.e., pronunciation of brand name and shape of brand logo). The results showed that the sensory fit significantly influences consumers’ response to co-branding. That is, a significant interaction (sensory fit × product involvement) was observed, suggesting that participants showed more positive attitudes on the evaluation of co-branding in the low-involvement product (i.e., mug) condition. However, the same pattern was not observed in the high involvement product condition (i.e., laptop). In Study 2, we replicated the findings of Study 1 and used letter style of brand name to manipulated the sensory fit. Findings showed a significant main effect of sensory fit again. Interestingly, the sensory fit was found in the high-involvement and hedonic products condition only. In sum, our findings suggest that the sensory fit should be considered as it predicts the success of co-branding strategy.

우리나라는 세계에서 가장 빠르게 고령화 사회로 접어들고 있다. 본 연구는 급속한 고령화 사회를 대비하기 위하여 고령 해기사와 해양사고와의 관계를 분석하여 고령화되어 가는 해기사 정책에 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 수집한 데이터는 2006년부터 2016년 까지 11년간이며, 부원을 제외한 해기사만을 대상으로 현황 조사 및 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 60대 이상의 고령 해기사의 취업자 수는 지난 11년 동안 약 2.7배 증가하여 증가 추이 폭이 다른 연령대 보다 큰 것으로 조사되었다. 둘째, 해양사고로 징계를 받은 고령 해기사사는 약 2.6배 증가 추이를 보였다. 셋째, 고령 해기사는 비고령 해기사보다는 해양사고율이 약 1.5배 높은 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 고령 해기사의 취업자 수와 징계자 수 간에 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 고령 해기사 취업자 수가 고령 해기사 징계자 수를 설명하는 설명력의 정도가 75.1%로 나타났다. 고령화 사회가 신속히 진행될 수 있으므로 고령 해기사 면허 갱신 교육과 갱신 자격을 강화하는 규정 등의 정책이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

목적: 안경광학과 전공 학생과 전문가를 대상으로 스마트 기반 국가시험에 대한 인식에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 안경광학 전공 학생, 교수, 임상전문가(안경사)로 구성된 171명을 대상으로 지필평가방식과 스마트 기반 멀티미디어 문항이 포함된 평가방식(SBT)에 대한 인식을 조사하기 위하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결과: 안경관련 전문가 집단의 SBT에 대한 인식은 다른 보건의료직종의 전문가 집단보다 낮은 것으로 나 타났지만, 안경사국가시험에서 지필평가와 SBT 평가 두 시험 체제는 차이가 없을 것이라는 의견이 44.4%, SBT 평가체제가 더 좋다는 의견이 37.4%로 지필평가(31.0%) 보다 높게 나타났다. 스마트 기반 시험의 가장 긍정적인 측면은 시험에 소요되는 시간 단축을 최대 장점으로 인식하는 것으로 나타났으며, 멀티미디어 문항의 긍정적인 측면은 임상현장에서의 수행능력을 효과적으로 평가할 수 있다는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 교수집단의 경우 응시자의 임상수행능력을 보다 정확하게 평가할 수 있다, 졸업 후 임상현장에서 업무를 수행 하는 과정에 도움이 된다, 수행평가가 용이하다는 점에서 임상전문가보다 더 긍정적으로 반응하였다. 결론: 지필시험에서 사용하고 있는 선택형 시험문항은 문제해결능력보다는 직무를 수행하는데 필요한 관련 지식을 기억하거나 이해하고 있는지를 주로 평가하고 있어, 해당 직무의 실제성 또는 현실성을 반영하는 시험이 되기 위해서는 본 연구결과를 반영한 SBT 체제로의 전환이 필요한 것으로 나타났고, 이를 위한 타당성 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the degradability and digestibility of crude protein (CP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and individual amino acids (AA) on six by-product feedstuffs (BPF) (rice bran, RB; wheat bran, WB; corn gluten feed, CGF; tofu residue, TR; spent mushroom substrate from Pleurotus ostreatus, SMSP; brewers grain, BG) as ruminants feed. Three Hanwoo steers (40 months old, 520 ± 20.20 kg of body weight) fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and T-shaped duodenal cannula were used to examine of the BPF using in situ nylon bag and mobile bag technique. The bran CGF (19.2%) and food-processing residue BG (19.7%) had the highest CP contents than other feeds. The RUP value of bran RB (39.7%) and food-processing residues SMSP (81.1%) were higher than other feeds. The intestinal digestion of CP was higher in bran RB (44.2%) and food-processing residues BG (40.5%) than other feeds. In addition, intestinal digestion of Met was higher in bran RB (55.7%) and food-processing residues BG (44.0%) than other feeds. Overall, these results suggest that RB and BG might be useful as main raw ingredients in feed for ruminants. Our results can be used as baseline data for ruminant ration formulation.