The objective of this study was to know the in vitro effects of supplemental anthelmintic plant extracts on the inhibition of protozoa for reducing methane production in the rumen. A fistulated Holstein cow was used as a donor of rumen fluid. The plant extracts (Lonicera japonica, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Pyrethrum, Torreya nucifera, Ruta graveolens) known to have anthelmintic effect were added to the in vitro fermentation bottles containing the rumen fluid and medium. The rumen protozoal population was depressed by the addition of Pyrethrum, Torreya nucifera and Ruta graveolens. The methane production was also significantly (p<0.05)reduced by addition of Pyrethrum (2.20 ml/g DM), Torreya nucifera (2.36 ml/g DM) and Ruta graveolens (2.20 ml/g DM). The microbial growth in the treatments of Ruta graveolens or anthoxylum piperitum was the greatest after 12 h and 24 h incubations, respectively. The results of this study indicated that anthelmintic plant extracts appeared to reduce methane production by inhibition of ruminal protozoa related with the methanogens living endosymbiotic in protozoal cells.

Despite many researches related with in-vitro culture of porcine spematogonial stem cells (SSCs), adherent culture system widely used has shown a limitation in the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal. Therefore, in order to overcome this obstacle, suspension culture, which is known to have numerous advantage over adherent culture, was applied to the culture of porcine SSCs. Porcine SSCs retrieved from neonatal testes were suspension-cultured for 5 days or 20 days, and characteristics of suspension-cultured porcine SSCs including proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and self-renewal-specific gene expression were investigated and compared with those of adherent-cul-tured porcine SSCs. As the results, the suspension-cultured porcine SSCs showed entirely non-proliferative and significantly higher rate of AP-positive cells and expression of self-renewal-specific genes than the adherent-cultured porcine SSCs. In addition, long-term culture of porcine SSCs in suspension condition induced significant decrease in the yield of AP staining-positive cells on post-day 10 of culture. These results showed that suspension culture was inappropriate to culture porcine SSCs, because the culture of porcine SSCs in suspension condition didn’t stimulate proliferation and maintain AP activity of porcine SSCs, regardless of culture periods.

This study analyze the effects of cooperative activities between SME’s(Small and Medium Company’s). To research the empirical analysis, we divide type of cooperation into four dimensions such as technical cooperation, human resource cooperation, sales cooperation and finance cooperation. We examine the role of cooperation philosophy as precedence factor. In addition, this study analyze the relationship between cooperation philosophy, cooperation activities and performance. The finding of this study can be summarized as follows, First, the result of path analysis between cooperation philosophy and cooperation activities is that cooperation philosophy have significant effect on technical cooperation, human resource cooperation, sales cooperation and finance cooperation. Second, the result of relationship between cooperation activities and performance, technical cooperation, human resource cooperation, sales cooperation have significant effects on cooperation performance. In particular, the effect of haman resource cooperation is relatively high because cooperation through personnel exchanges is effective in the short-term performance. In addition, the implications of this study are presented as follows, First, this study analyze the empirical test by using PSBP Model in terms of partnership. Until now, many researcher analyze the relationship between big and small company, but we try to verify the relationship between small business company. So, we can present a beneficial implications to explain importance of cooperation activities between SME’s. Second, there is the problem of technical information disclosure issue when SME’s business unit have a partnership. To overcome this problem, we use cooperation philosophy and it can be escape the negative views.

The Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis is a newly emerging insect-bacterium symbiotic system. This symbiosis system has a good merit as an experimental model system to produce the non-symbiotic (apo) and symbiotic (sym) host insect. In recent reported papers, the symbionts play important biological roles for the host insects. Meanwhile, juvenile hormone (JH) is one of major hormone synthesized corpora allata(CA) to control many physiology of insect. However, the study for cross-talk mechanism between symbionts and host hormones to control important physiological phenomenon of insects is almost none. In this study, we found that Riptortus speed up adult emerging and increase egg laying on presence of symbiont Burkholderia. Also we found that hexamerin proteins, which were controlled the expression by JH, were accumulated in sym-Riptortus hemolymph compare with apo-Riptortus. According as combined results, we hypothesized that the gut symbiont Burkholderia can control JH titer to conclude out beneficial effects such as development and reproduction of R. pedestris. To verify this hypothesis, we examined measurement of JH titer, expression of hexamerins as JH response genes and RNAi for hexamerin protein during whole Riptortus life on presence or absence of symbiont Burkholderia. All results demonstrated that gut symbiont controlled JH titer of Riptortus. Controlled JH amount by symbiont Burkholderia in host midgut regulated hexamerin protein expression for speeding up adult emerging and increasing egg production.

The Riptortus (stinkbug) has a specialized symbiotic organ, M4 midgut, to harboring symbiont Burkholderia. M4 midgut is located in abdomen and surrounded with insect hemolymph. Recently our group demonstrated that symbiotic Burkholderia showed different physiology after adapting in M4 gut compare with in vitro cultured Burkholderia. And population of symbiotic Burkholderia in the M4 midgut is regulated by special organ. However, the molecular mechanism to prevent spreading and migrating symbiont bacteria to other host tissues from symbiotic organ is not clear. Therefore, we assumed that symbiont Burkholderia are susceptible to host humoral immunity after established infection in M4 midgut to prevent spreading and migrating into the other host tissues through Riptortus hemolymph. To prove this assuming, we tested the susceptibility and survival rate of symbiont Burkholderia in hemolymph of Riptortus in vitro and in vivo. We also examined the susceptibility of symbiont Burkholderia using purified antimicrobial peptides (AMP), pyrrhocoricin-like, thanatin-like and defensin-like AMPs. Finally, we tested inducing ability for AMPs by systemic infection of symbiotic Burkholderia. Gene expression of purified AMPs was not different after systemic infection of both symbiont and in vitro cultured Burkholderia. Surprisingly, in vitro cultured Burkholderia resisted on bacteria injected hemolymph and purified AMPs but symbiont Burkholderia were highly susceptible in bacteria injected hemolymph and purified AMP. These results suggest that symbiont Burkholderia can't survive in the hemolymph after escaping symbiotic organ. Moreover, humoral immunity of host Riptortus is important to prevent spreading and migrating symbiont Burkholderia into the other host tissue or organ from symbiotic organ.

This study was conducted to investigate the community structure and species distribution of ground beetle assemblages in western part of Yeongwol-gun, Korea. Ground beetles were collected by pitfall traps from 9 study sites during July to October in 2013. A total of 30 species were identified from 4,439 collected ground beetles. Two dominant species, Synuchus nitidus (1,916 individuals) and Synuchus cycloderus (1,900 individuals) were occupied 85.8% of total. Interestingly, Pterostichus orientalis orientalis and Synuchus melantho were only collected in relative high altitude above 350 m, such as Beopheung-ri, Unhak-ri, and Yongseok-ri. Large-sized beetles, such as Damaster, Leptocarabus, and Carabus species, were generally more collected from Suju-myeon (Beopheung-ri and Unhak-ri) and Jucheon-myeon (Docheon-ri and Yongseok-ri) as well-conserved area, but not occurred in Yeongwol-eup and Hanbando-myeon, which forests may have lower habitat quality for these species. These differences also lead to increasing of dissimilarity among study sites, which were diverged into 3 groups at 53.0% of similarity. In particular, species composition of Samok-ri was significantly different at 8.2% of similarity because of difference in habitat characteristics as river side. This study has an important value to provide the fundamental information of inventory and monitoring in Yeongwol-gun. For detail mapping of species distribution in Yeongwol-gun, however, further studies are necessary, especially eastern parts of Yeongwol-gun.

The nutritional quality of host plant is critically important for insect herbivores to maximize their fitness, but it is relatively unexplored whether the ingestion of a specific host plant will have the same effects on insects under different thermal conditions. We have used a multi-factorial experimental design to investigate how the nutritional quality of host plant and temperature interact to affect life-history traits in a generalist caterpillar Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) feeding on five different host plants. Caterpillars raised on Platanus occidentalis, Sophora japonica and Prunus x yedoensis exhibited substantially higher survival, faster growth and heavier mass at pupation than those on Cornus kousa and Betula platyphylla. Caterpillars developed more quickly and attained a smaller final body mass at higher temperatures, but the way that these traits responded to temperature differed by host plant. Caterpillars on P.occidentalis displayed a monotonic decrease in development time with increasing temperature, but the development time of those on P. x yedoensis declined with temperature in a biphasic manner. Furthermore, the rate at which pupal mass increased with decreasing temperature was much greater for caterpillars on P.occidentalis than those on P. x yedoensis.

Epigeic spiders (Araneae) were surveyed in apple orchards under different farming practices (organic and conventional) in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The study was conducted from April to October in 2013 with 2 weeks interval using pitfall traps. Collected spiders were identified as 20 species of 6 families from 819 individuals in organic orchardⅠ, 19 species of 10 families from 759 individuals in orchardⅡ and 16 species of 8 families from 209 individuals in conventional orchard for from 1,787 captured spiders. Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and Shannon diversity index (H΄). Species richness was statistically higher in organic orchard than in conventional orchard. Organic orchardⅡ comprised the greatest abundance followed by organic orchard and conventional. But species diversity was the highest in organic orchardⅡ, intermediate in conventional orchard and the lowest in orchardⅠ. Lycosidae was the most dominant family in all orchards regardless farming practices. However, Linyphiidae dominated in organic orchards only. The most dominant species were Erigone koshiensis (Linyphiidae) in organicⅠ, Pardosa laura (Lycosidae) in organicⅡ and Arctosa pungcheunensis (Lycosidae) in conventional orchard.

White-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), has been a serious migratory pest in Korea. It is important to figure out the migration route and gene flow of S. furcifera. Microsatellite marker (SSR) shows high efficiency as molecular markers. Unfortunately, various microsatellite marker of S. furcifera has not been developed to see genetic diversity. S. furcifera samples were collected from Vietnam, Laos and three different sites of Bangladesh in 2012. We extracted DNA by using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and ran next generation DNA sequencer (NGS) Roche 454 to develop a new microsatellite marker. Roughly, about 18 singleton primers and 14 contigs primers were found. We will test these primers with S. fucifera DNA samples, and figure out the accurate new microstatellite marker.

Phoretic mites were collected from Copris ochus and C. tripartitus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). These beetles were collected from Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution, Gangwon-do. Five unrecorded species of Eviphis hastatellus Berlese, 1910 (Eviphididae), Holostaspella scatophila Takaku, 1994 (Macrochelidae), Macrocheles japonicus Evans & Hyatt, 1963 (Macrochelidae), Pachylaelaps siculus Berlese, 1921 (Pachylaelapidae) and Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans & Voigts, 1904 (Parasitidae) were recorded from Korea for the first time. However, Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans & Voigts (Parasitidae) was already recorded by Oudemans & Voigts in 1904 but since then no one has recorded. We have rerecorded this species in Korea.

We provide the first report on Stigmaeopsis miscanthi Saito, which was identified from Chinese silver grass Miscanthus sinensis on Ulleung Island in Korea. This species is one of the S. celarius complex, which involves several cryptic species. S. miscanthi has longer second dorsal propodosomal setae (P2), which is an important characteristic for species identification in the genus Stigmaeopsis. We determined nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of S. miscanthi. The COI sequence differed by 0.6% between Korean and Japanese strains. The comparison between S. miscanthi and S. celarius showed that ITS2 and COI differed by 7.2% and 7.9%, respectively. In addition, species-specific primer sets of both species were designed to show the species classification within the genus.

A male specimen of Lymantria albescens (called as Okinawa gypsy moth) was captured in Busan, by sex-pheromone trap for Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2- methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure]. Up to now, this species is distributed only in Ryukyu Islands of Japan including Ishigaki and Okinawa. The male of Okinawa gypsy moth might be attracted to AGM pheromone trap. If L. albescens is occurred in Korea, more many male individuals must be captured in pheromone trap. Therefore, we considered that the individual might be imported from Japan by inanimate pathway. Although it is high probability that L. albescens might be imported from Okinawa, it is important to a survey on an invasive pathway of the species in a view point of quarantine inspection. Through this presentation, we provided a detection method on Lymantria species using DNA barcoding. On the basis of this study, we will conduct on an invasive pathway and inhabitation possibility.

Selecting surrogated species is the first step for environmental risk assessment of GM crop on non-target arthropods. To select surrogated species considering the domestic environment, we surveyed the arthropod fauna in five main localities (Changnyeong-gun in Gyeongsangnam-do, Goesan-gun in Chungcheongbuk-do, Gokseong-gun in Jeollanam-do, Hongcheon-gun in Gangwon-do and Hwaseong-si in Gyeonggi-do) in which maize was cultivated with large scale. Maize is one of the main imported GM crop in Korea. Arthropods were surveyed with yellow sticky traps and pitfall traps from May to August with a week interval considering the crop growing season in 2012 and 2013. A total of 135 species of 51 families in 13 orders were identified from the 17,470 arthropods. Six orders (Coleoptera, Araneae, Hemiptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera) were dominant in species richness and three orders (Collembola, Thysanoptera and Diptera) in abundance, representing 84% and 86% of the total, respectively. In the composition of fuctional guilds, herbivore group was the most dominant followed by predator group occupying 40% and 37% of the total abundance.

Bemisia tabaci is a serious pest in various horticultural crops in the world. Due to use of chemical pesticide for their management they develop pesticide resistance and environmental contamination. It is necessary to develop alternative bio-pesticides using natural products from plants and natural enemies. Nicotiana benthamiana is a variety of wild tobacco plants and produce acyl sugars from glandular trichomes in the leaves. When adult whiteflies were reared with fresh N. benthamiana leaves, they were completely dead within 84 h. Oral feeding of 20% N. benthamiana extracts using ethanol and water showed complete mortality of whiteflies within 48 hours. Spray of N. benthamiana extracts into the leaves was lethal to eggs but not to nymphs of whiteflies. Further, tomato plants sprayed with N. benthamiana extracts were highly repellent to adult whiteflies. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the expression of various genes of B. tabaci was changed by oral feeding of N. benthamiana extract. This study suggests N. benthamiana extract is a useful for the control of whiteflies and can be used as an alternative natural pesticide for the whitefly management.

Establishment of rapid resistance level detection system is essential step to adopt the adaptive management for the control of various kinds of resistant pest population. Here, we established acaricides resistance detection methods based on residual contact vial bioassay (RCV) and quantitative sequencing methods (QS), and applied to determine the resistance levels from several populations in two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, which has been considered as major notorious pest in rose cultivation area in worldwide. 12 acaricides were applicable to the RCV among 19 representative acaricides by showing the dose-dependent mortality within 8 hr, suggesting the acaricide suitability for the RCV might be varied by toxicity mechanism in each acaricides. The QS regression was established for 10 point mutations associated with five number of acaricides resistance such as organophosphate, pyrethroid, abamectin, bifenazate and etoxazol. The 95% prediction level was ranged from 10.8±5.4∼92.2±3.2%. The resistance levels were determined by above two detection methods from a total 12 strains. The laboratory-reared populations were revealed high susceptibility with low resistance allele frequencies to some acaricides, suggesting the several acaricides would be chosen for the control of those populations. However, the field-collected populations were exhibited a severe cross resistance with low susceptibility and high resistance allele frequency to almost tested acaricides, suggesting the current acaricides resistance levels are serious in rose cultivation area in Korea. The RCV and QS methods would be useful for the rapid and accurate collection of valuable information associated with acaricide resistance.

The previous studies for phylogenetic relationships within Elateridae were carried out, but not constructed a reliable evolutionary hypothesis. This study attempted to establish a robust evolutionary hypothesis, focusing on major subfamilies of the family Elateridae sensu stricto, using extensively selected 12 genetic markers, COI, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and 8 nuclear genes. As the results, phylogenetic analyses for 12 multiple genes constructed robust phylogeny with almost very strongly supported nodal values (>90%) and represented that the previously questioned systematic positions of nine subfamilies are fully resolved, excepting the basal lineage split. Especially, three subfamilies, which were recently reduced into tribal rank, Hypnoidinae, Oxynopterinae, and Denticollinae are monophyletic, respectively, and it is supported the traditional taxonomic schemes that had been treated these three taxa in subfamily rank. Whereas, Elaterinae, Hiopinae, and Melanotinae are clustered to a monophyletic group. Two tribes, Denticollini and Ctenicerini in Denticollinae are paraphyletic, respectively and it needs to reclassify their systematic positions. This study recovering of relationships between subfamilies using 12 gene loci resulted that their phylogenetic relationships are sufficiently and successfully resolved with strong supported nodes and provided more possible interpretations from subfamily to tribal levels than the previous studies.

This study was initiated to investigate antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities and properties of fruiting bodies, mycelia, and fermentation culture filtrates from Phellinus igniarius. The contents of total phenols and flavonoid of fruit bodies, mycelia, and culture filtrate were 15.35-1.36 mg/g, 10.35-7.85 mg/g, and 8.25-5.36 mg/g. The 1,1- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging abilities of the extracts from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, and culture filtrates were 90.25-95.60%, 78.82-85.24%, and 76.32-82.50% at 50-400 μg/mL, respectively. The chelating ability of fruiting body extract on ferrous ions was higher than those of mycelia and culture filtrates tested. The anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the fruiting body extract at 400 μg/mg exhibited 91.10% on AChE, which is lower than that of positive control, galanthamine (94.82%). The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of the fruiting bodies, mycelia, and culture extract were 85.47%, 78.13%, and 72.49% at 400 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, the fruiting body extract has better anti-acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities than those from mycelia and culture filtrate.

차 (Tea)는 네팔을 포함한 남아시아의 주요 농산물 수출품목 중에 하나이다. 네팔의 차 생산은 150년 전에 시작되었지만, 상업적인 생산 규모는 발전 가능성이 있음에도 불구하고초창기 모습 그대로이다. 차 생산에서 우위를 차지하고 있는인도, 스리랑카, 방글라데시와 같이 네팔은 좋은 품질의 차를생산할 수 있는 큰 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 그리고 현재 차 산업의 선도자로 남아시아 국가의 잠재력을 강화하기 위해 남아시아지역협력연합 (South Asian Association for the RegionalCooperation, SAARC)은 각 회원국의 National Tea board가차 산업을 육성할 수 있도록 지원하기 위하여 차 위원회를 설립할 예정이다. 이러한 남아시아지역협력연합의 차 위원회 설립에 맞추어 본 연구는 남아시아 차 산업에서 부각되고 있는네팔의 차 생산과 소비, 그리고 수출 경향을 다른 남아시아국가와 비교하여 분석하였다. 남아시아는 전세계 차 생산량의약 1/3를 생산하고 있으며, 대표적인 차 생산국가는 인도, 스리랑카, 방글라데시, 네팔이다. 남아시아 중에서 네팔은 연간약 1만8천톤의 차를 생산하고 있으며, 최근 20여년간(1994~2012) 차 생산량이 약 100배(196톤→18,309톤) 가까이 급증하고 있다. 네팔의 차 산업은 수출증대를 통해 외화획득과 경제발전에 기여할 뿐만 아니라 차 생산과 가공산업에참여하는 농가와 농촌여성의 고용창출 측면에서 매우 중요한역할을 담당하고 있다.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) developed into sperms through spermatogenesis have been utilized as a useful tool in the field of regenerative medicine and infertility. However, a small number of highly qualified SSCs are resided in the seminiferous tubule of testis, resulted in developing effective in-vitro culture system of SSCs for solving simultaneously quantitative and qualitative problems. Presently, SSCs can be enriched on testicular stromal cells (TSCs), but there are no systematic researches about TSC culture. Therefore, we tried to optimize culture condition of TSCs derived from mouse with different strains. For these, proliferation and viability were measured and compared by culturing ICR outbred or DBA/2 inbred mouse-derived TSCs at 35 or 37℃. In case of ICR strain, primary TSCs cultured at 37℃ showed significantly higher proliferation and viability than those at 35℃ and significant increase of proliferation and viability in sub-passaged TSCs was detected in the 35℃ culture condition. Moreover, sub-passage of primary TSCs at 35℃ induced no significant effects on proliferation and viability. In contrast, in case of DBA/2 strain, significantly improved proliferation were detected in the primary TSCs cultured at 35℃, which showed no significant difference in the viability, compared to those at 37℃. Furthermore, sub-passaged TSCs cultured at 37℃ showed no significant differences in proliferation and viability, compared to those at 35℃. However, with significant decrease of proliferation induced by sub-passage of primary TSCs at 35℃, no significant effects on proliferation and viability were resulted from sub-passage of primary TSCs at 37℃. From these results, culture temperature of primary TSCs derived from outbred and inbred strain of mouse could be separately optimized in primary culture and subculture.