The aim of this work was to evaluate the dielectric properties of impregnated and activated palm kernel shells (PKSs) samples using two activating agents, potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), at three impregnation ratios. The materials were characterized by moisture content, carbon content, ash content, thermal profile and functional groups. The dielectric properties were examined using an open-ended coaxial probe method at various microwave frequencies (1–6 GHz) and temperatures (25, 35, and 45°C). The results show that the dielectric properties varied with frequency, temperature, moisture content, carbon content and mass ratio of the ionic solids. PKSK1.75 (PKS impregnated with K2CO3 at a mass ratio of 1.75) and PKSN1.5 (PKS impregnated with NaOH at a mass ratio of 1.5) exhibited a high loss tangent (tan δ) indicating the effectiveness of these materials to be heated by microwaves. K2CO3 and NaOH can act as a microwave absorber to enhance the efficiency of microwave heating for low loss PKSs. Materials with a high moisture content exhibit a high loss tangent but low penetration depth. The interplay of multiple operating frequencies is suggested to promote better microwave heating by considering the changes in the materials characteristics.

The hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher), is an important tetranychid causing damage on fruittrees and woody ornamental plants. We investigated the effect of a mycoinsecticide BotaniGard® ES at different humiditylevels on the eggs and adults mortality of A. viennensis. In a laboratory condition, egg mortality was significantly influencedby the conidial concentration and RHs. Highest mortality of eggs was observed at 1×108 conidia/ml with 95% RH thanother conditions. In 1×108 conidia/ml, LT50 at 95 and 75% RH were significantly different from 55% RH. In BotaniGard®spray in cherry plants, mites decreased on day 6 at all the concentrations, but the mite populations rebounded exceptin 1×109 conidia/ml where it maintained 0 until 9 days after spraying. It is therefore concluded that B. bassiana hasa potential to be used against A. viennensis

포식성노린재는 최근 시설재배지에서 활용가치가 높이 평가되기 시작하고 있다. 이에 우리는 포식성노린재중담배장님노린재를 포장에 정착시키기 위한 방법을 모색하였다. 포식성노린재류의 먹이인 가루이류, 진딧물류 등의해충이 발생하지 않은 포장에 방사할 경우, 담배장님노린재는 먹이가 없어 방사한 포장에 정착하지 못하고 외부로날아가 비용대비 효과를 얻기 어려운 경우가 발생할 수 있다. 이에 우리는 국내에서 유통되고 있는 담배장님노린재를해충이 발생하지 않는 포장에 조기정착시키기 위한 방법으로, 유인식물로 알려진 참깨를 활용하여 담배장님노린재를정착시키고자 하였다. 또한, 농가에서 참깨 등 유인식물을 미리 준비하지 못한 경우를 대비하여 대체먹이를 선발하고자하였다. Ephestia kuehniella, Artemia franciscana, Typha angustifolia 등을 먹이로 제공한 결과, 담배장님노린재 약충발육기간은 각각 12.8, 13.5, 17.5일이었다.

Orius minutus (L.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is a native predators of soft body insects such as mites, thrips, and aphids.We compared 24 h consumption rate of O. minutus with that of a commercialized O. laevigatus (Fieber) on egg andadult stage of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Orius minutus predated 1.4 times more adult T. urticae(58 mites) in 24 h than O. laevigatus. Similarly, O. minutus consumed 128 eggs while O. laevigatus consumed 98 eggsin 24 h without statistical difference. These results suggest that native O. minutus can be applied for the augmentativebiological control after the development of mass-rearing method.

Fruiting bodies were degraded themselves by the several glycoside hydrolases after spore releasing from mature fruiting bodies or harvesting. The enzymes involved in autolysis such as glucanase and chitinase have been studied. However, there are almost no information about the relationship between several glycoside hydrolases and autolysis. In this study, we studied to obtain the enzymatic properties of trehalase, and also to get the new information on the relationship between trehalase and autolysis. Crude enzymes were prepared from each fruiting body of Pleurotus sp. (from the immature stage to the autolysis stage) and the trehalase activities were measured at each growth stage. Trehalase activities sharply increased in autolysis stage. Trehalase was partially purified from fruiting bodies of the autolysis stage using various column chromatography and its properties were examined. The optimum temperature was 50 °C and the optimum pH was 4.5. In order to elucidate the localization of trehalase, fruit bodies of the autolysis stage were divided into the stipes and the pileuses, and the each trehalase activity was measured. High trehalase activities were found in the pileuses. Furthermore, in order to elucidate trehalase activities in autolysis more detail, the each fruiting body of autolysis progressing stages was finely divided into the stipes and the pileuses, and their activities were measured. The activities in the outer part of the pileuses were highest at the initial stage of autolysis and the activities shifted from the outer side to the inner side of the pileuses according to the progress of autolysis.

서울시 도로포장은 대부분 30년 이상 노후화된 포장으로서 이미 구조적 손상이 많이 진행된 상태이고, 기후변화로 인한 강수량 증가 등 환경적 요인으로 인해 포장 파손이 최근 급격히 증가하고 있다. 또한 설계당시의 포장 단면 두께가 현재의 교통량을 반영하지 않아 상당히 부족한 상태이다. 서울시의 버스교통량이 증가함에 따라 중차량에 의한 교통하중이 증가하고 기존 도로포장에 버스전용차로를 도입하여 중차량 교통하중이 집중되는 현상이 발생하고 있다. 이에 서울시는 도로파손을 해결하기 위해 아스팔트 도로포장의 두께와 다양한 아스팔트 혼합물을 적용하고 있다. 하지만 중차량 교통하중 집중현상, 교차로 및 버스정류장에서는 차량속도 감속으로 인해 소성변형이 발생하고 있다. 최근, 해외의 여러 기관에서는 소성변형 예측 모형 개발 또는 기존 모형을 개선하여 소성변형으로 인한 도로포장 파손을 예측하는 연구가 진행중이다. 이러한 모형들은 소성변형을 발생시키는 주요 원인을 고려하여 개발하였으며 이는 소성변형에 대한 도로포장의 수명 및 성능 변화를 예측하여 유지보수 공법과 적용 시기를 결정한다. 본 연구에서 개발한 소성변형 예측 모형은 하중재하 속도 및 횟수, 아스팔트 포장층 온도, 전단응력과 강도의 비율을 고려하여 개발하였다. 전단응력과 강도의 비율은 아스팔트 혼합물의 응집력과 마찰각의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며 이를 고려하여 아스팔트 혼합물 물성을 활용한 다중 회귀분석을 적용하였다. 개발된 소성변형 예측 모형을 검증하기 위해 Westrack 자료를 활용하였으며 2.35%의 오차율을 보였고 LTPP 자료를 활용하였을 때는 1.19%의 오차를 보여 매우 높은 신뢰성을 보였다. 개발된 소성변형 예측 모형을 활용하여 아스팔트 혼합물 배합설계와 지불계수에 적용하였다. 배합설계의 경우, 교통량 및 차량속도와 같은 인자를 고려하여 최적의 아스팔트 바인더 함량을 결정할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 소성변형 예측 모형을 적용하여 설계 공용수명 대비 공용수명의 비율을 적용하여 아스팔트 혼합물의 지불계수를 결정할 수 있다

A karyotype analysis of five wild rose species (Rosa helenae, R. mulliganii, R. multiflora, R. rubus, and R. solieana) was performed using bicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). All five species were found to be diploid (2n = 2x = 14). The chromosome length in the metaphase stage ranged from 1.29 to 2.05 μm in R. helenae, 3.32 to 6.82 μm in R. mulliganii, 1.58 to 2.24 μm in R. multiflora, 2.05 to 3.46 μm in R. rubus, and 1.62 to 2.46 μm in R. solieana. The chromosomes were either metacentric or submetacentric, with no subtelocentric or telocentric chromosomes being observed. Each p air of 5 S and 4 5S rDNA sites was detected at the proximal region of the long arm and the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome #7, respectively.

In this work, the effects of hydrogen reduction on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of (GeTe)0.85(AgSbTe2)0.15 (TAGS-85) were studied by a combination of gas atomization and spark plasma sintering. The crystal structure and microstructure of TAGS-85 were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The oxygen content of both powders and bulk samples were found to decrease with increasing reduction temperature. The grain size gradually increased with increasing reduction temperature due to adhesion of fine grains in a temperature range of 350 to 450 °C. The electrical resistivity was found to increase with reduction temperature due to a decrease in carrier concentration. The Seebeck coefficient decreased with increasing reduction temperature and was in good agreement with the carrier concentration and carrier mobility. The maximum power factor, 3.3 × 10−3 W/mK2, was measured for the non-reduction bulk TAGS-85 at 450 °C.

Cockles(Tegillarca granosa) species that found throughout the Indo-Pacific region and this study was conducted in Yeosu from November 2015 through April 2016. Antioxidant activities (lipid peroxidation, DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, reducing power, and iron chelating assays) were studied at different stages during the processing. The results showed that all cockle samples were related to antioxidant activities, they also possessed effective abilities as free radical scavengers, reducing agents, and iron chelators in most cases. Seasonal variations in antioxidant activities were also observed, characterized by high activity values in April, spring season, a period where phytoplankton is their primary food source which propagates considerably. Moreover, the harvested cockles exhibited the higher radical scavenging activities than marketed cockles by compared in the similar concentration and the activities increased with increasing concentration. The results also showed the useful in the assessment of the cockle potential for the development of functional foods, food ingredients or pharmaceuticals. Moreover, keeping the freshness of the cockle during processing chain is pivotal for keeping its antioxidant activities.

This study was conducted in real art galleries in Lisbon to explore whether the experience lived at an art gallery with or without music background may positively influence behavioral intentions directly or through the positive emotions and the memory created. A total of two hundred and eighteen questionnaire were collected from the seven art gallery. Findings reveal that the intentions to recommend and encourage others to visit the art gallery is a function of pleasant arousal and memories. In this study we also show the influence of background music in helping encoding the information provided by stimuli, which induce visitors to incentive others to visit the art gallery.