The objective of this study was to establish the optimal conditions for hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test to assess the functional integrity of the membranes of boar fresh or frozen/thawed spermatozoa. When pooled semen sample was incubated for 30 min at 37℃ with different test solution of varied osmolarity, the highest percentage of HOS positive spermatozoa was observed in a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution (33.6%). Incubation time did not affect significantly the score of HOS positive spermatozoa observed in a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution at 37℃, but the osmolarity affected the score of HOS positive spermatozoa under the same condition above. Fresh semen was significantly better than frozen/thawed semen in semen parameters evaluated such as motility, viability, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation (p<0.05). In the relationships of sperm parameters, motility vs viability, motility vs membrane integrity and viability vs membrane integrity were positively correlated (0.82～0.94) but lipid peroxidation vs other estimated factors was negatively correlated (－0.90～－0.98). Among the evaluation methods, motility vs viability, motility vs membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation vs other estimated factors were significantly correlated (p<0.05). These results of this study indicate that the optimal condition of HOST in boar spermatozoa is a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution for 30 min incubation at 37℃ and HOST can substitute the examination of motility, viability and lipid peroxidation.

Astaxanthin is a kind of carotenoid compounds, having a antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The antioxidative mechanism by which carotenoid scavenge free radicals has been clearly elucidated, but has not tried for the development of mammalian preimplantation embryo. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidative effect of astaxanthin on in vitro development of porcine in vitro fertilized embryos. Porcine embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) were cultured in 5% CO2 in air at 38.5℃ in PZM-3 medium supplemented with different dosages of astaxanthin (0, 1, 5 and 10 M) and taurine (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 mM) as a positive control, and execute to compare the effects of various antioxidants such as taurine, melatonin and asculatin on in vitro development. The proportions of embryos developed to the blastocyst stage were increased when 1 and 5 M of astaxanthin (26.6 and 23.4%, respectively) and 1 and 2.5 mM taurine (25.8 and 26.4%, respectively) were supplemented, compared to controls (p<0.05). Also, various antioxidant-treated groups were significantly higher rates of blastocysts (astaxanthin, 27.4%; taurine, 29.1%; melatonin, 26.8%; aesculetin, 27.9%, respectively ) than control (18.8%). There was no difference in mean cell number of blastocysts between antioxidants and control. This result indicates that astaxanthin has an antioxidant feature when porcine IVF embryos were cultured in vitro.

It is known that mackerel and pork belly release a strong odor in the process of roasting. We evaluated a dilution factor of odor arising during roasting mackerel or pork belly and the relative odor strength using several cooking tools and analyzed compounds causing odors with gas chromatograph / mass detector. Roasting pans used were grill with lid, electric grill without lid and general roasting pan, and a grill with lid can attach the activated carbon charcoal deodorant at the inside of lid. And all electric grills have a drip tray under the heater. We investigated characteristics of odor emission depending on the presence of water and deodorants in these cooking tools. Study has shown that roasting mackerel produces approximately 36 time more odors than roasting pork belly, and the reduced odor emission when roast with water. And it shows the reduced deodorant effect when cooked with water after attaching activated carbon charcoal in the cooking pan. Major odor causing compounds arising when cooking mackerel and pork belly were aldehydes with high boiling point such as octyl aldehyde with a low odor threshold value.

A rapid and simple method for the quantitative determination of volatile fatty acids (VFAs; propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-valeric acid and n-valeric acid) and indoles (phenol, p-cresol, 4-ethyl phenol, indole and skatole) in pig slurry and dog excrement using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography was evaluated. 50/30 ㎛ DVB/CAR/PDMS (Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane) fiber was used to extract the target compounds in aqueous media. Sample amount and adsorption time was standardized for the routine analysis. Detection limits were from 0.11 to 0.15 ㎍/L for VFAs and from 0.12 to 0.28 ㎍/L for indoles and the correlations observed (R2) were 0.975～1.000. This method was applied to the pig slurry, fertilizer, compost and dog excrement. In nearly all cases, the indoles were detected in concentrations of higher than their limits of detection (DOLs). But the VFAs in swine manure were below their DOLs.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is a fast-growing, warm-season legume crop that is primarily cultivated in developing countries of Asia. We constructed a draft genome sequence of mungbean to facilitate genome research into the subgenus Ceratotropis and to enable a better understanding of the evolution of leguminous species. The draft genome sequence covers 80% of the estimated genome, of which 50.1% consists of repetitive sequences. In total, 22,427 high confidence protein-coding genes were predicted. Based on the de novo assembly of additional wild mungbean species, the divergence of what was eventually domesticated and the sampled wild mungbean species appears to have predated domestication. Moreover, the de novo assembly of a tetraploid Vigna species (Vigna reflexo-pilosa var. glabra) provided genomic evidence of a recent allopolyploid event. To further study speciation, we compared de novo RNA-seq assemblies of 22 accessions of 18 Vigna species and protein sets of Glycine max and Cajanus cajan. The species tree was constructed by a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method using highly confident orthologs shared by all 24 accessions. The present assembly of V. radiata var. radiata will facilitate genome research and accelerate molecular breeding of the subgenus Ceratotropis.

In this paper, the boundary element method is applied to solve the diffraction of waves by multiple vertical cylinders under the assumption of linear wave theory. A numerical analysis by boundary element method is based on Green's theorem and introduced to an integral equation for the fluid velocity potential around the cylinders. The numerical results obtained in this study are compared with the experimental data and the results of the theory using multiple scattering techniques. The comparisons show strong agreement. This numerical analysis method developed by using boundary element method could be used broadly for the design of various offshore structures to be constructed in coastal zones in the future.

A new oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar 'Darkhorse' was developed by Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI) m2005. It was released because ofits earlmess, high forage yield potential and adaptability for late summer sowing. It was devel-oped from the a

spray cultivar “Yellow Mimi” at the National Horticulture Research Institute. The cros was made in 199 and the “Suny Lady”was finaly selected in 2003 after investigating characteristics for thre years from 2001 to 2003. “Sunny Lady”, a yellow spray2/year

The purpose is to study the identification method of Huangjinju powder for injection and the medicinal materials by the fingerprint off-ray Diffraction Fourier (XRDF). We used the same method on both the studying of Huangjinju and the medicinal materials. Then we selected a few components alignment to compare. We analyzed the data by setting up the deviation d(a) as ±0.05 to calculate the rate of special mark on the sample (Px) and on the patent (P). The special XRDF of Huangjinju[d(a)/(I/I0)] have 5 peaks that have not expressed in medicinal materials. Therefore Px is 22.73%. Flos Trollii Chinensis has 3 special marks and Px is 17.65%. Flos Chrysanthemi Indici has 1 special mark and Px is 3.57%. Its coincided interplanar spacing with the patent is 2.907a. Flos Lonicerae Japonicae has 6 special marks and Px is 23.08%. Its special mark in the patent are 4.95/14 and 4.50/15, respectively. The P is 9.09%. Its coincided interplanar spacing with the patent is 2.910a and 3.05a, respectively. The number of special XRDF mark peaks of baicalin is 9 and Px is 18.37%. Its coincided interplanar spacing with the patent is 2.910a. It has visible mark and specificity adopting XRDF fingerprint to identify Huangjinju and medicinal materials. Establishing the quality standard is a synthetic index that depends both on special marks in the medicinal materials of the patent and on the coincidence peak data.