Various linear system solvers with multi-physics analysis schemes are compared focusing on the near-field region considering thermal-hydraulic-chemical (THC) coupled multi-physics phenomena. APro, developed at KAERI for total system performance assessment (TSPA), performs a finite element analysis with COMSOL, for which the various combinations of linear system solvers and multi-physics analysis schemes should to be compared. The KBS-3 type disposal system proposed by Sweden is set as the target system and the near-field region, which accounts for most of the computational burden is considered. For comparison of numerical analysis methods, the computing time and memory requirement are the main concerns and thus the simulation time is set up to one year. With a single deposition hole problem, PARDISO and GMRESSSOR are selected as representative direct and iterative solvers respectively. The performance of representative linear system solvers is then examined through a problem with an increasing number of deposition holes and the GMRES-SSOR solver with a segregated scheme shows the best performance with respect to the computing time and memory requirement. The results of the comparative analysis are expected to provide a good guideline to choose better numerical analysis methods for TSPA.

As part of the safety case development for generic disposal sites in Korea, it is necessary to develop generic assessment models using various geosphere–biosphere interfaces (GBIs) and potentially exposed groups (PEGs) that reflect the natural environmental characteristics and the lifestyles of people in Korea. In this study, a unique modeling strategy was developed to systematically construct and select Korean generic biosphere assessment models. The strategy includes three process steps (combination, screening, and experts’ scoring) for the biosphere system conditions. First, various conditions, such as climate, topography, GBIs, and PEGs, were combined in the biosphere system. Second, the combined calculation cases were configured into interrelation matrices to screen out some calculation cases that were highly unlikely or less significant in terms of the exposure dose. Finally, the selected calculation cases were prioritized based on expert judgment by scoring the knowledge, probability, and importance. The results of this study can be implemented in the development of biosphere assessment models for Korean generic sites. It is believed that this systematic methodology for selecting the candidate calculation cases can contribute to increasing the confidence of future site-specific biosphere assessment models.

This study examined the subacute oral toxicity of Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév leaves hot-water extracts (DMWE) using male and female Spargue-Dawley rats. Rats were orally administered the DMWE at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for four weeks. For experimental period, clinical signs and the number of deaths were examined, and feed intake and BW of all experimental animals were measured once a week for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from all rats, and all animals were euthanized and autopsies were performed to collect major organs. No dead animals were found during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and DMWE-treated groups in feed intakes, BW changes, organ weights, clinical signs, hematological parameters, and serum biochemical parameters. The results of this study provided evidence that oral administration of DMWE at the dose of 2,000 mg/kg BW is safe in rats and may not exert severe toxic effects.

In this study, the acute toxicity of Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév leaf hot-water extracts (DMWE) was examined in male and female ICR mice. Mice were orally administered the DMWE at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for single-dose toxicity test. There were no significant differences in change of BW between control and all DMWE treated-groups. In hematological and blood biochemical analysis, none of the parameters were affected by the DMWE. Similarly, there were no significant effects on markers for liver and kidney functions in all DMWE treated-groups. Since there were no adverse effects of the DMWE in single oral toxicity tests, even at the highest doses, it was concluded that the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of DMWE is estimated at > 2,000 mg/kg BW.

본 연구는 으아리속 6종 종자의 휴면유형을 분류하고 발아 를 위한 조건을 확립하기 위해 수행되었다. 개버무리, 병조희 풀, 자주조희풀, 사위질빵, 대구으아리, 참으아리의 배의 길이 를 측정하였으며 상대적 고온(25/15℃)과 저온(5℃)에서의 발 아양상을 조사하였다. 그리고 명조건과 암조건에서도 발아율 도 조사하였다. 으아리속 6종의 종자는 모두 미숙배를 가지고 있었으며 발아 시기에 배가 133~700% 정도 신장하는 형태적 휴면을 가지고 있었다. 개버무리, 병조희풀, 자주조희풀, 사위 질빵은 광 조건과 관계없이 25/15℃에서 30일 이내에 발아가 이루어져 생리적휴면은 없는 형태적휴면 유형임을 알 수 있었 다. 25/15℃ 고온처리에서 명조건에서 개버무리, 병조희풀, 자주조희풀, 사위질빵의 최종발아율이 각각 88.3, 83.3, 85.0, 75.0%로 높게 나타났다. 하지만 대구으아리와 참으아 리 종자는 30일 이내에 발아가 거의 이루어지지 않았으며 25/15℃에서 100일 이상 배양을 해야 발아가 이루어지는 형 태생리적휴면(MPD)을 가지고 있었다. 25/15℃에서 140일이 경과했을 때 대구으아리와 참으아리의 최종 발아율이 각각 91.7, 80%이었다. 하지만 5℃에서는 대구으아리와 참으아리 종자에서 발아가 전혀 이루어지지 않은 것으로 보아 대구으아 리와 참으아리 종자는 배의 신장과 발아에 상대적 고온을 필요 로 하는 non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy 를 가지고 있다고 판단된다.

본 연구는 SAP를 국화(Chrysanthemum morifolium) 분화 생산에 활용하고 SAP의 혼합 비율에 따른 물 사용량과 국화 의 생육을 비교하고자 수행하였다. SAP를 배지의 부피비인 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2%로 섞었으며 각각의 처리구는 토양수분함 량 0.50m3･m-3로 일정하게 유지시켰다. 국화의 성장은 초장, 초폭, 뿌리 길이, 개화소요일수를 조사하였다. SAP 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2% 처리구에 따르면 식물체의 초장, 초폭, 생체중은 처리구간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 지하부 건물중에서 는 0.2% SAP 처리가 대조구보다 유의하게 높았다. 실험 기간 동안 SAP의 혼합 비율에 따라 사용되는 관수량에는 상당한 차이가 있었다. 관수량은 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2% SAP 처리에서 각각 43.5, 37.2, 30.1, 29.4L이었다. 결론적으로 동일한 토 양수분조건하에서 SAP의 양에 따른 국화의 생육에는 차이가 없었으나, SAP를 통해 토양의 보수력을 향상시켜 사용되는 물의 양을 크게 줄일 수 있었다.

Emotional labor, characterized by a dysfunctional type of emotional regulation called surface acting, has detrimental psychological consequences on employees, including depression and social anxiety. Because such disorders exhibit psychological characteristics manifested through brain activation, previous studies have succeeded in distinguishing individuals with depression and social anxiety from healthy controls using their functional connectivity characteristics. However, it has not been established whether the functional connectivity characteristics associated with emotional labor are distinguishable. Thus, we obtained resting-state fMRI data from participants in the emotion labor (EL) group and control (CTRL) group, and we subjected their whole-brain functional connectivity matrices to a linear support vector machine classifier. Our analysis revealed that the EL and CTRL groups could be successfully distinguished on the basis of individuals' connectivity patterns, and confidence in the classification was correlated with the scores on the depression and social anxiety scales. These results are expected to provide insight on the neurobiological characteristics of emotional labor and enable the sorting of employees undergoing adverse emotional labor utilizing neurobiological observations.