This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between in vitro maturation and plasminogen activators (PAs) activity on porcine cumulus-oocytes complexes (COCs) exposed to oxidative stress. When COCs were cultured in maturation medium with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the proportion of the germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and oocytes maturation were decreased with addition of H2O2, and were significantly (p<0.05) lower in medium with 0.1 mM H2O2 than control group. Also, the rate of degenerated oocytes was increased in as H2O2 concentration increased. When COCs were cultured for 48 h, three plasminogen-dependent lytic bands were observed: tissue-type PA (tPA); urokinase-type PA (uPA); and tPA-PA inhibitor (tPA-PAI). PA activity was quantified using SDS-PAGE and zymography. When H2O2 concentration was increased, tPA and tPA-PAI activities also increased in porcine oocytes cultured for 48 h, but not uPA. In other experiment, embryos were divided into three groups and cultured in (1) control medium, (2) control medium with 1.0 mM H2O2 and (3) control medium with 1.0 mM H2O2 along with catalase in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/ml, respectively. H2O2 decreased the rate of GVBD and maturation in porcine COCs but catalase revealed protective activity against oxidative stress caused by H2O2. In this experiment, tPA and tPA-PAI activities were higher in media with 1.0 mM H2O2 alone. Increasing concentration of catalase decreased tPA and tPA-PAI activities in porcine oocytes. These results indicate that the exposure of porcine follicular oocytes to ROS inhibits oocytes maturation to metaphase-II stage and increase the oocytes degeneration. Also, we speculated that increased ROS level may trigger tPA and tPA-PAI activities in porcine oocytes matured in vitro.

This study is intended to examine the tDCS and Montoya stair task(MST) on sensorimotor recovery and glial scar expression in MCAo induced stroke model of rat. To achieve this goal, this study selected 80 SD rats of 8 weeks. The experiment groups were divided them into four groups, and assigned 20 rats to each group. GroupⅠ was a experimental control group; GroupⅡ was a tDCS application group after MCAo; GroupⅢ was a MST application group after MCAo; GroupⅣ was a tDCS and MST application group after MCAo. In each group, neurological function test measurement, motor behavior test, montoya stair task test, immunohistochemistric finding of GFAP expression finding were analyzed. In motor behavior test, the outcome of groupⅠ was significantly difference than the other group, especially from 14days. In montoya stair task test, the outcome of groupⅠ was significantly lower than the other group especially, groupⅡ were significantly different on 14days and group Ⅳ was most significantly difference than the other group. In immunohistochemistric finding, groupⅡ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ were decrease GFAP expression on depend on time stream. These results throughout the MCAo due to focal ischemic brain injury rat model four weeks tDCS and MST was applied, when the neurobehavioural, upper extremity function and ability, histopathologic data suggest that sensorimotor function recovery and a positive influence on glial scar decrease and confirmed that.

This study is intended to examine the motor skill learning and treadmill exercise on motor performance and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar injured rats by harmaline. Experiment groups were divided into four groups and assigned 15 rats to each group. GroupⅠ was a normal control group(induced by saline); GroupⅡ was a experimental control group(cerebellar injured by harmaline); GroupⅢ was a group of motor skill learning after cerebellar injured by harmaline; GroupⅣ was a group of treadmill exercise after cerebellar injured by harmaline. In motor performance test, the outcome of groupⅡ was significantly lower than the groupⅢ, Ⅳ(especially groupⅢ)(p<.001). In histological finding, the experimental groups were destroy of dendrities and nucleus of cerebellar neurons. GroupⅢ, Ⅳ were decreased in degeneration of cerebellar neurons(especially groupⅢ). In immunohistochemistric response of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex, experimental groups were decreased than groupⅠ. GroupⅢ's expression of synaptophysin was more increased than groupⅡ, Ⅳ. In electron microscopy finding, the experimental groups were degenerated of Purkinje cell. These result suggest that improved motor performance by motor skill learning after harmaline induced is associated with dynamically altered expression of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex and that is related with synaptic plasticity.

Human recombinant IL-32 induces the production of large amounts of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, even in macrophage cell lines by activation of NF-κB and MAPK. The ability of IL-32 to potentiate inflammation is not the sole action of this cytokine. IL- 32 stimulates prostaglandin (PG)E2 in human PBMCs, which are pivotal in inflammation. The development of recombinant protein consisting of IL-32 is of great medical and industrial importance. Agrobacterium strains GV3101 harboring pCAMBIA1304 include IL- 32 vectors were used to infect the mushroom fruiting body pieces. For transformation experiments, fruiting body gill tissue pieces were vacuum infiltrated with the suspension of induced bacteria until the air had been completely purged. Mushroom mycelium appeared at the margins of the tissue pieces after 9 to 14 days on selection medium with hygromycin at 50㎍/㎖. Transformants PCR analyses confirmed that the IL-32 gene was into the genome of Pleurotus eryngii. The present results demonstrating the usefulness of the transgenic technique s in the genetic manipulation and improvement of mushroom.

Human GH (hGH) has been available over 40 years for the treatment of children with GH deficiency. Human growth hormone (hGH) is mainly produced in the somatotrophic cells of the pituitary in brain and is the product of the GH-N gene. Among the edible mushrooms, the king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii ) is one of the most popular mushrooms in Asia, Europe and North America. The increasing popularity of P. eryngii among consumers is due to its flavor, texture and shelf life. We report a modified Agrobacteriummediated method for the efficient transformation of hGH2 in Pleurotus eryngii . The binary vector pCAMBIA1304 was used for the initial transformation and detected by GUS and GFP. Infiltrated samples transformed with pCAMBIA1304 showed a wider GUS response than the co-cultivated in the 50㎍/㎖ hygromycin selection medium. This transformation technique offers new prospects for the production of useful protein in the genetically improved mushroom.

The objective of this study was to develop a reliable and reproducible descriptive analysis procedure for Korean style sweet pumpkin gruel (Hobakjuk). The sensory attributes of the sweet pumpkin gruel were developed and defined, the sample preparation method was standardized， and the sensory evaluation procedure for a sample was established. Seven types of sweet pumpkin gruel (five ready-to-eat type vs. two ready-to-heat type) were selected to be analyzed. Panel training and descriptive analysis were carried out with these 7 samples. A total of 12 sensory attributes (2 aroma/odor, 5 taste/flavor, 4 texture/mouthfeel, and 1 aftertaste attributes) were developed to describe the sensory characteristics of the sweet pumpkin gruel. The definition and reference standards for each sensory attribute were determined to clearly understand each attribute. In the main experiment, trained panelists evaluated the sensory characteristics of the 7 gruel samples based on a fifteen-point intensity scale using the developed attributes. The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed that the 7 sweet pumpkin gruel samples significantly diffieredin their intensities of all attributes except for sweet pumpkin aroma and viscosity. The ready-to-eat style samples were distinctly characterized by their sweet pumpkin aroma and flavor, whereas the ready-to-heat style samples were markedly characterized by their low intensity of gelatinized starch and pumpkin flavor retention.

A mathematical model was written for simulating the removal of phenol from wastewater in enzyme-loaded membrane reactor (EMR). The numerical simulation program was developed so as to predict the degradation of phenol through an EMR. Numerical model proves to be effective in searching for optimal operating conditions and creating an optimal microenvironment for the biocatalyst in order to optimize productivity. In this study, several dimensionless parameters such as Thiele Modulus (Φ2, dimensionless Michaelis-Menten constant (ξ), Peclet number (Pe) were introduced to simplify their effects on system efficiency. In particular, the study of phenol conversion at different feed compositions shows that low phenol concentrations and high Thiele Modulus values lead to higher reactant degradation.

This study investigated the effect of kilning condfition on the diastatic power and activities of protease, α-amylase, and β-amylase in rice malt. Common rice (Oryza sativa) was steeped at 30℃ for 50 h, germinated at 30℃ for 7 days, and kilned at 50℃ for 24 h. The moisture content and enzymatic activities were determined under various kilning times. As a result, the moisture content was reduced from 42.1 % to 3.9% after 24 h of kilning at 50℃. The protease activity of rice malt showed lower value than that of barley malt. All enzymatic activities were decreased during the kilning stage. Results indicated that after prolonged kilning at 50℃, the inactivation of hydrolytic enzymes might be occurred. Even though the amylolytic activity of malted rice showed low value, the rice malt shows the potential characteristics as ingredient for the brewing and cereal industries.

The malting process of rice (OM4080 variety from Mekong Delta Rice Research Institute) was studied under pilot condition plan by means of the second-order experimental design. Processing parameters, such as the steeping time (0-60 hrs), steeping temperature (5-45℃), germination time (0-8 days), germination temperature (5-45℃) and gibberellin concentration (0-2 mg/kg) were investigated. As a result, all germination conditions, especially germination time, germination temperature, and gibberellin concentration had a significant effect on the malting loss, amylase activity and starch content. The protein content was not clearly affected by any conditions. The optimum conditions for malting process (with highest amylase activity) were as follows: 30 hrs of steeping time, 30-35℃ of steeping temperature, 5-5.5 days of germination time, 25℃ of germination temperature, and 1.5 mg/kg of giberrellin concentration.

In an attempt of clarifying the connection between the photospheric abundance anomalies and the stellar rotation as well as of exploring the nature of “normal A” stars, the abundances of seven elements (C, O, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, and Ba) and the projected rotational velocity for 46 A-type field stars were determined by applying the spectrum-fitting method to the high-dispersion spectral data obtained with BOES at BOAO. We found that the peculiarities (underabundances of C, O, and Ca; an overabundance of Ba) seen in slow rotators efficiently decrease with an increase of rotation, which almost disappear at ve sin i > 100 km s−1. This further suggests that stars with sufficiently large rotational velocity may retain the original composition at the surface without being altered. Considering the subsolar tendency (by several tenths dex below) exhibited by the elemental abundances of such rapidly-rotating (supposedly normal) A stars, we suspect that the gas metallicity may have decreased since our Sun was born, contrary to the common picture of galactic chemical evolution.

The volatile flavor compounds of Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke, a perennial, aromatic and medicinal herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family, were isolated by the hydro distillation extraction method using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The plant yielded a light yellow colored oil (0.02%, v/w). From S. lappa C.B. Clarke root oil, sixty-three volatile flavor compounds were tentatively identified, among which sesquiterpene was predominant (2 1.70%). The identified compounds of the root oil constituted 87 .47% of the total peak area. From the constituents making up more than 5% of the volatile flavor components, a long-chain aldehyde, (7Z, 10Z, 13Z)-7, 1 0, 13-hexadecatrienal, was the most abundant volatile flavor compound (2 1.20%), followed by dehydrocostuslactone (10 .30%) belonging to sesquiterpene lactone, valerenol (5.30%) and vulgarol B (5.06%).

옥수수 식물체에 녹병 (Puccinia sorghi)이 감염된 상태와 비감영상태하에서 Peroxidase(Px) activity(활동)를 좌우하는 견전인자의 행동을 규명하기 위해 5개의 선발된 자식계통과 이들사이에 가능한 10개의 (잡종 제일세대)을 갖고 Px의 활동에 관한 유전분석 시험을 실시해 본 결과 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1. 이용한 5개 자식계통과 10개의 사이의 Px활동은 크게 달랐다. 2. 수개의 유전인자에 의해서 좌우되는 일반저항성정도 와 Px활동은 일치되지 않았다. 상가적 유전인자에 의해 좌우되는 높은 일반저항성 계통 CM105는 높은Px의 활동을 보였으나, 다른 저항성계통 Oh545는 낮은 Px의 활동을 보였다. 3. 녹병감염과 비감염상태하에서의 Px의 활동은 수병균접종후 2일때는 차이가 없었으나 접종후 8일때는 감염식물체에서 유의차를 보이는 높은 Px활동이 측정되었다. 4. 옥수수에 있어서 Px의 활동을 좌우하는 유전인자는 상가적작용을 주로 일으키는 GCA(일반조합능력)효과에 의하고, 비상가유전인자에 의한 SCA(특수조합능력)효과는 비교적 낮았다. 5. 우성 단인자 저항성에 의해서 좌우되는 특수저항성 유전인자 보유한 식물체는 저항성 유전인자를 보유하지 않는 이병성 식물체에 비해서 높은 Px의 활동을 보였다. 이는 12개의 밝혀진 Px중 주로 와 의 증가에 기인한다. 6. 본 시험에서 얻어진 옥수수의 녹병저항성과 관련한 Px의 활동은 단 특수성저항성 유전인자인 경우에만 타 작물에서 얻은 시험결과와 유사한 점이 있다.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the legal field, particularly under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) framework, is a transformative journey that is reshaping the landscape of legal practice. This transformation presents a myriad of opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations that require our collective attention and action. The potential of AI to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility in legal services is substantial. However, it is crucial to navigate this transformation responsibly, ensuring that the integration of AI respects and upholds our ethical, legal, and societal values. Striking a balance between technological advancement and human expertise, while also addressing the social implications of AI, is a critical task that lies ahead. The role of international collaboration and knowledge sharing in shaping the AI-infused future of law is significant. Platforms such as the RCEP provide an invaluable opportunity for nations to share best practices, learn from each other, and collaboratively tackle challenges arising from the intersection of AI and law. Moreover, the development of human resources is paramount. As AI continues to revolutionize the legal industry, continuous education and training are crucial to ensure that our workforce can harness these changes effectively. Lastly, the continuous development and promotion of technological innovation in the legal field is a strategic necessity. By acknowledging and addressing the challenges posed by AI, we can harness its potential to elevate our legal systems, redefine the roles of legal professionals, and serve our societies better.