Using a partial D-loop sequence of mtDNA, a comprehensive molecular evolutionary analysis was performed of the maternal lineages of the Jeju native pigs(JNPs) that presented in Jeju Island. A total of 100 DNA sequences from Asian domestic pigs(ADP), European domestic pigs(EDP), Asian wild boars(AWB), European wild boars(EWB), and JNPs were used for the molecular evolutionary analyses including phylogeny and network analyses. The most fitted model for the phylogenetic analysis was determined using hierarchical likelihood-ratio tests conducted by MrModeltest implemented in the PAUP package. A consensus tree was established from 5,000,000 iterations using the MR BAYS program. Three recognizable JNP groups–one(JNPE) in the European cluster and two(JNPA1 and JNPA2) in the Asian cluster–were detected in the estimated phylogenetic tree and network. The maternal lineage of JNPE was the most adjacent to that of EWB and a clear haplogroup sharing an identical haplotype(hap16) among 15 individuals of JNPE and 2 individuals of EWB was detected.

Bombolitin is a venom peptide originally isolated from bumblebees and possesses various biological activities, including hemolytic activity. Bombolitins exhibit amphipathic α-helical structure in lipid-membrane-mimicking environments. To investigate their pharmacological and toxicological properties, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and cytotoxic activities of bombolitins from Bombus ardens and Bombus ussurensis were evaluated. Bombolitins of the two species exhibited extremely high anti-tumor activity against ovarian tumor cells SK-OV-3 and NIH; OVCAR-3 at 25-50 μM, which is 2-fold more potent than other wasp venom peptides studied to date (Yoon et al., 2015; Yoon et al., 2016). The two bombolitins showed significantly high antimicrobial activity. However, bombolotin of B. ussurensis showed no antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. In addition to their high levels of anti-tumor activity, bombolitins showed considerable levels of hemolytic activity. Thus, to utilize bombolitins as a potential candidate for anti-tumor peptide drugs, further studies for reducing cytotoxic properties of bombolitns is essential.

As a result of development in medical diagnostic technology, the incidence of double primary cancer is increasing. In case that one primary cancer was identified by pathologic finding and has suggestive multiple metastatic lesions of the cancer, it is often difficult that the lesions are considered as another synchronous primary malignancy, not as metastasis of primary cancer. Here, we report a rare case of synchronous double primary renal cell carcinoma that was diagnosed initially as metastatic duodenal adenocarcinoma. A 66-year-old man presented with a palpable abdominal mass. Abdominal computed tomography showed duodenal wall thickening and hypervascular masses in the liver and left kidney. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed an ulcerative lesion in the duodenal bulb, and endoscopic biopsy identified moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma. We regarded the findings as duodenal adenocarcinoma with metastasis to liver and kidney. So he was treated with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for the diagnosis of duodenal adenocarcinoma with liver and renal metastases. After 10 months, he developed a right forearm mass. Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of an incisional biopsy of the forearm mass were consistent with a diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Even when there is a pathologically confirmed malignancy, clinicians must consider the possibility of synchronous double primary malignancy in metastatic lesions.

This study attempts to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on positive psychological and behavior intention such as psychological ownership, work engagement, organizational citizenship behavior, sales efforts, adaptive selling behavior, performance for internal marketing based on job demands and resources model (JD-R model). The purpose of this study is to examine how the five-dimensional entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness, proactiveness, risk taking, autonomy, aggressiveness) can affect salespeople’s positive motivation and to suggest how to manage and train salespeople effectively as internal customers. For this study, data were gathered from the respondents who are salespeople and analyzed by using structural equation model (SEM). According to the results of the study, entrepreneurial orientation affected salespeople’s positive psychological ownership and work engagement. In addition, we confirmed that psychological ownership affected to increase work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior, and work engagement was a positive precedence factor increasing organizational citizenship behavior, sales efforts and adaptive selling behavior. Lastly, we found that organizational citizenship behavior, sales efforts and adaptive selling behavior showed a positive impact on performance. Based on the study results, this research suggested academic and managerial implications to manage and train salespeople effectively in the business-to-business markets.

This study carried out to develop a healthy vinegar with mushrooms mycelia (Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus baumi, Pleurotus cornucopiae, Ganoderma lucidum). As results of analysis of functionality, mycelia culture with brown rice were higher than that of brown rice. The highest beta-glucan contents was showed in Phellinus baumi culture as 78.7mg/g and cordycepin was detected in Cordyceps militaris culture as 0.34mg/g. Physicochemical properties of mushroom mycelia vinegars(MMV), Cordyceps militaris and Pleurotus cornucopiae vinegar is higher acidity and reducing sugar content. Sensory evaluation of MMV, Cordyceps militaris and Pleurotus cornucopiae vinegar was 7.29 and 6.59, respectively. In case of analysis of functional and bioactive components, Cordyceps militaris vinegar was excellent polyphenol, antioxidant activity, and also contained 786ppm of cordycepin. Pleurotus cornucopiae vinegar was showed the highest content of beta-glucan as 20.9mg/g. Cordyceps militaris vinegar was higher antihypertensive activity and anti tyrosinase activiy than that of brown rice vinegar. In addition, Pleurotus cornucopiae vinegar was showed the highest anti-gout activity.

Recent enactments of the Nagoya Protocol and UPOV convention precipitated international competition to secure biological resources. To address these challenges in the case of mushroom industry, collecting and preserving the genetic resources are urgently needed. Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticltural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, has operated mushroom resource management facilities which consist of eight separate rooms with automatic temperature and humidity controllers for the safe preservation of mycelial cultures or voucher herbarium specimens. During the past three years the liquid-nitrogen (LN) cryogenic system for the permanent/semi-permanent preservation of the strains commercially or scientifically important are successfully installed, and the computerized resource management system using QR code are adopted. Up to now, 1,586 strains of 261 species in 79 genus of edible and medicinal mushrooms were preserved.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality characteristics of blanched Capsella Bursa-pastoris with quick freezing, and thawing methods. Blanched Capsella bursa-pastoris was packed by vacuum packing (VP) and air containing packing (AP). After then, they were frozen at -20, -40, and 60℃ (immersion freezing). Then, they were stored at -20℃ during 1 week. They were thawed with normal (room temperature), running water and high frequency method. The pH and color of Capsella bursa-pastoris were not different before and after freezing. Likewise, total bacterial counts were shown without variation among them. The amount of drip from thawed Capsella bursa-pastoris was generally more in VP than AP. The cutting intensity of immersion freezing wes higher than that of other freezing methods (P<0.05). Therefore, we selected AP, immersion freezing and high frequency thawing methods for the high quality according to above results

The lesser paper wasp, Parapolybia varia, belongs to large subfamily Polistinae and is distributed in Middle East, the Indo-Papuan region and East Asia. P. varia is known to become aggressive when disturbed for defending their colonies, resulting in fatal envenomation. Vespid chemotactic peptide (VCP) and vespakinin have recently been determined to be the top two genes most abundantly transcribed in venom glands of P. varia. To investigate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of VCP and vespakinin, their antitumor, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. VCP exhibited a significantly high antitumor activity against ovarian tumor cell SK-OV-3 at 100 M. VCP also showed higher hemolytic activity than vespakinin. Antimicrobial activity was only observed with VCP against yeast Candida albicans at 1 mM. Since VCP showed a relatively low hemolytic activity but a considerable level of antitumor activity, it has further merits to be exploited as a potential antitumor agent with reduced side effects on normal cells.

We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular method for sexing and identification using sexual dimorphism between the Zinc Finger-X and -Y (ZFX-ZFY) gene and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome B (CYTB) gene in meat pieces and commercial sausages from animals of different origins. Sexual dimorphism based on the presence or absence of SINE-like sequence between ZFX and ZFY genes showed distinguishable band patterns between male and female DNA samples and were easily detected by PCR analyses. Male DNA had two PCR products appearing as distinct two bands (ZFX and ZFY), and female DNA had a single band (ZFX). Molecular identification was carried out using PCR-RFLP of CYTB gene, and showed clear species classification results. The results yielded identical information on the sexes and the species of the meat samples collected from providers without any records. The analyses for DNA isolated from commercial sausage showed that pig was the major source but several sausages originated from chicken and Atlantic cod. Applying this PCR-based molecular method was useful and yielded clear sex information and identified the species of various tissue samples originating from livestock.

Pleurotus eryngii, an edible white-rot fungus, is widespread in Eurasia and northern Africa. It has become a major cultivated mushroom in Asia, with a current global production rate of approximately 3 × 10 5 metrictons/yr. To improve the quality or productivity through breeding, a genetic linkage map is an important component. In this study, genetic linkage map of the P. eryngii was constructed using 98 monokaryotic progeny derived from dikaryon of parental KNR2312 strain derived from haploid meiotic spores. The whole genome sequence of P5 monokaryon from P. eryngii KNR2312 strain by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) strategy was used to design the SSR markers. 484 primers pairs were identified by SSR Locator I and tested polymorphism via PCR. A total of 241 loci were mapped using Joinmap 4.0, comprising 222 SSR markers, 2 mating type factors, and the 13 INDEL markers. The map consisted of 14 linkage groups spanning 1003 cM at an average marker interval of 4.2 cM. The mating loci, A and B were mapped on linkage groups 4 and 11, respectively. The established linkage map and the genetic information based on NGS could be used for QTL mapping of agronomic traits, marker-assisted breeding that may ultimately lead to outstanding phenotypic characteristics. [Supported by a grant from the IPET (213003-04-3-SBY20), MIFAFF, Republic of Korea.]

Differentiation of Pleurotus eryngii is laborious and time-consuming tasks especially in mycelial status. For development of a method for differentiation of P. eryngii cultivars, simple sequence repeats (SSR) from whole genomic DNA sequence analysis was used for genotyping and two multiplex-SSR primer sets were developed. These SSR primer sets were employed to distinguish 12 cultivars and strains. Five polymorphic markers were selected based on the genotypes. PCR with the each primer produced one to four distinct bands ranging in size from 200 to 300 bp. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the five markers were in range of 0.6627 to 0.6848 with an average of 0.6775. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean clustering analysis based on genetic distances using five SSR markers classified 12 cultivars into 2 clusters. Cluster I and II comprised of 4 and 8 cultivars, respectively. Two multiplex sets, Multi-1 (SSR312 and SSR366) and Multi-2 (SSR178 and SSR277) completely discriminated 12 cultivar and strains with 21 allele with a PIC value of 0.9090. These results might be useful to provide an efficient method for the identification of P. eryngii cultivars with separate PCR reactions. (This work was supported by a grant from the Gold Seed Project [Supported by a grant from the IPET (213003-04-3-WTI11), MIFAFF, Republic of Korea.]

For research and development of Silicon Carbide (SiC) mirrors, the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) and National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) have agreed to cooperate and share on polishing and measuring facilities, experience and human resources for two years (2014-2015). The main goals of the SiC mirror polishing are to achieve optical surface figures of less than 20 nm rms and optical surface roughness of less than 2 nm rms. In addition, Green Optics Co., Ltd (GO) has been interested in the SiC polishing and joined the partnership with KASI. KASI will be involved in the development of the SiC polishing and the optical surface measurement using three dierent kinds of SiC materials and manufacturing processes (POCOTM, CoorsTekTM and SSGTM corporations) provided by NOAO. GO will polish the SiC substrate within requirements. Additionally, the requirements of the optical surface imperfections are given as: less than 40 um scratch and 500 um dig. In this paper, we introduce the international collaboration and interim results for SiC mirror polishing and development.