The family Thyatiridae is one of the most compact large Macroheterocera families, comprising about 2 subfamilies, 45 genera, and 300 described species in the world (László et al. 2007). Thyatiridae has been treated as a member of the Geometroidea - Drepanoidea - Uranoidea phyletic trunk but its rank and position within this monophylum is variable in the different works. Recently, László et al. (2007) strongly suggested that it is not reasonable to relegate the Drepanidae, Thyatiridae, and Cyclidiidae as a subfamily of Drepanidae, and supported to retain the family ranks for them. Thus, we follow the system treating them as family ranks. In this study, we provided about the revised genus, species, subspecies name and synonyms of the Thyatiridae with the addition of the information mentioned.

This study presents the development of an elevated subsidence inversion over a surface low pressure system, which was formed along the Changma front or Meiu-Baiu front. The results of our analysis strongly suggest that the inversion is dissimilar to those formed in anticyclonic situations but is instead similar to the onion-shaped sounding found in wake low. The present analysis indicates that the observed elevated inversion resulted from the intrusion of stratospheric air associated with tropopause folding.

Sea surface wind field was retrieved from high-resolution SIR-C SAR data by using CMOD algorithms off the east coast of Korea. In order to extract wind direction information from SAR data, a two-dimensional spectral analysis method was applied to the normalized radar cross section of the image. An 180˚-ambiguity problem in the determination of wind direction was solved by selecting a direction nearest to the wind vector of the ECMWF reanalysis data. Comparison of the wind retrieval patterns with the ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR dataset showed RMS errors in the range of 1.30 to 1.72 ms-1. In contrast, comparison of wind directions revealed large errors of greater than 60˚, which is enormously higher than the permitted limit of about 20˚ for satellite scatterometer winds. Compared with wind speed results from different algorithms, wind vectors based on commonly-used CMOD4 algorithm showed good agreement with those derived by other algorithms such as CMODIFR2 and CMOD5, particularly at medium winds from 4 to 8 ms-1. However, apparent discrepancy appeared at low winds (〈 4 ms-1). This study also addressed an importance of accurate wind direction data to improve the accuracy of wind speed retrieval and discussed potential causes of wind retrieval errors from SAR data.

Some materials belonging to the Leptostrobus myeongamensis Kim were found in the Upper Triassic Amisan Formation, Nampo Group, Korea. This species is closely associated with the foliage of Czekanowskia ex gr. rigida Heer. Although none of Leptostrobus myeongamensis Kim has been found in organic connection with Czekanowskia leaves, it is considered that they belong to the same taxa based on their common occurrence. The occurrence of Leptostrobus myeongamensis Kim from the Late Triassic floras of Korea is one of the oldest records in the Mesozoic floras found in the world.

A highly porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) scaffold was fabricated by the sponge replica method with a microwave sintering technique. The BCP scaffold had interconnected pores ranging from 80 μm to 1000 μm, which were similar to natural cancellous bone. To enhance the mechanical properties of the porous scaffold, infiltration of polycaprolactone (PCL) was employed. The microstructure of the BCP scaffold was optimized using various volume percentages of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) for the infiltration process. PCL successfully infiltrated into the hollow space of the strut formed after the removal of the polymer sponge throughout the degassing and high pressure steps. The microstructure and material properties of the BCP scaffold (i.e., pore size, morphology of infiltrated and coated PCL, compressive strength, and porosity) were evaluated. When a 30 vol% of PMMA was used, the PCL-BCP scaffold showed the highest compressive strength. The compressive strength values of the BCP and PCL-BCP scaffolds were approximately 1.3 and 2MPa, respectively. After the PCL infiltration process, the porosity of the PCL-BCP scaffold decreased slightly to 86%, whereas that of the BCP scaffold was 86%. The number of pores in the 10 μm to 20 μm rage, which represent the pore channel inside of the strut, significantly decreased. The in-vitro study confirmed that the PCL-infiltrated BCP scaffold showed comparable cell viability without any cytotoxic behavior.

미국 정신장애 진단 분류지침서(DSM-III)가 1980년에 소개된 이래, 반응성 애착장애(RAD)는 오로지 유아들을 진단하기 위한 것이며 구체적인 병인이 제시 되어야 한다는 두 가지 이유로 딴 진단들로 부터 구분되어 왔다. 따라서 본 연구의 저자는 다음의 연구질문을 가지고 반응성 애착장애에 관해서 폭넓게 문헌조사를 하였다. 첫째, RAD의 정의는 한 가지 장애로 명시하기에 구체적이고 적절한가? 둘째, RAD는 과연 애착장애 인가? 셋째, 병원성 케어가 RAD를 유발하는 유일한 선행 조건인가?; 넷째, RAD를 진단하는데 있어서 단일 사정도구만으로도 가능한가? 다섯째, RAD를 가지고 있는 어린이들을 위한 가장 성공적인 치료법은 무엇인가? 이상의 질문에 관한 해답을 찾기 위해 1998년 이후에 발간된 책들과 전문지(애착장애 이론을 소개한 초기 논문들은 예외)를 Google Scholar, Psychological Abstracts, Social Work Abstracts 데이터 베이스 검색을 통해서 추출한 자료들을 문헌조사 범위로 삼았다. 반응성 애착장애는 인간애착에 관한 연구와, 병적 케어로 인해 발생 하는 것으로 여겨지는 애착장애에 관한 연구에서 파생 되었는데, 이 분야의 많은 전문가들은 반응성 애착장애는 애착장애와 근본적으로 다르다고 지적하고 있다. 즉, 반응성 애착장애를 가진 아이들은 애착의 질을 개선할 필요가 없으며, 반면에 애착관계를 형성할 수 있도록 이미 손상을 입은 그들의 애착 능력을 교정 해 줄 필요가 있다는 주장이다. 반응성 애착장애는 애착장애로 분류되어 있지만, 애착보다는 부적응 사회행동에 중점을 두고 있어서 그 분류 기준이 적절하지 못하다는 비난과, 몇 연구들에서 병적 케어가 반응성 애착장애의 원인이라는 증거를 찾지 못했으며, 반응성 애착장애를 애착장애의 하나로 보는 진단 타당성에 의문을 나타내고 있다.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is one of the artificial fertilization methods when only a few sperm are available for insemination, and an important tool for the preservation of genetic materials of endangered animal species, especially the male is infertile. Different from other species such as mice and pigs, the conventional ICSI method which uses spiked pipette for injection (Spike-ICSI) is exhibited low success rates in cattle because the bovinesperm head membrane is hard to break during injection procedure. We chose piezo-assisted ICSI (Piezo-ICSI) for the improvement of the injection procedure including sperm head membrane rupture and efficient puncture of the plasma membrane of the oocytes. In this experiment, we compared the efficacy of the bovine ICSI embryo production between the Piezo-ICSI and Spike-ICSI. The second polar body extrusion, pronuclear formation, cleavage and blastocyst formation were evaluated after implementation of two different ICSI techniques. The Piezo-ICSI tended to show comparably higher rates of the second polar body extrusion (41.7%), the pronuclei formation (42.9%) and the two-cell cleavage (41.4%) than Spike-ICSI does (33.3%, 28.6% and 23.5%, respectively) although there is no statistic significance between two groups. In addition, the blastocysts were only obtained from the Piezo-ICSI group (10.3%). Our finding shows that the Piezo-ICSI may be used as an artificial fertilization method in cattle when in vitro fertilization is not applicable.

Using a polyurethane foam replica method, porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds (PHS) were fabricated using conventional and microwave sintering techniques. The microstructure and material properties of the PHS, such as pore size, grain size, relative density and compressive strength, were investigated at different sintering temperatures and holding times to determine the optimal sintering conditions. There were interconnected pores whose sizes ranged between about 300 μm and 700 μm. At a conventional sintering temperature of 1100˚C, the scaffold had a porous microstructure, which became denser and saw the occurrence of grain growth when the temperature was increased up to 1300˚C. In the case of microwave sintering, even at low sintering temperature and short holding time the microstructure was much denser and had smaller grains. As the holding time of the microwave sintering was increased, higher densification was observed and also the relative density and compressive strength increased. The compressive strength values of PHS were 2.3MPa and 1.8MPa when conventional and microwave sintering was applied at 1300˚C, respectively.

The postmodernizing of Yeats had been a risky and tricky enterprise. As Naomi Schor in "Introduction" in Flaubert and Postmodernism (1984) points out, postmodernism in all its multiple manifestations is a moment "in" and "of" modernism. Daniel O'Hara, Paul A Bove, Geoffrey Hartman, Paul de Man, and J. Hillis Miller attempt such projects. Nevertheless, with very few exceptions, Yeats has been used by theorists mainly in examples within a longer theoretical argument, and very few works of book-length criticism have been studied. After that, I have been working since 1991 on postmodernizing Yeats from the perspective of Nietzschean postmodernism of genealogy which ranges from Nietzsche, Heidegger, Derrida, Foucault, and Lyotard, and from this critical standpoint I have been relating modernism with postmodernism in an intriguing doubleness so that rhetoric would be the anchor from which doubling strategies of postmodernism have been revealing and disrevealing. Yeats's poetry and poetics reveal such aspects of both modernism and postmodernism, just like his symbol or emblem of gyres, although the nature of postmodernism turns out to be extensive post-isms. However, my contention in the paper is that the Yeatsian transnational poetics in terms of the "transdiscursive position" of the Other will provide the lenses for rereading the modern and contemporary poetic texts as well as the topographical fluid intermappings of the poetic globe. By taking William Butler Yeats's poetics and poetry as an initiating analysis, the untranslability across the East/West divide will be left open by the space of the Other which "is something strange to me, although it is at the heart of me." The center of the subject is outside, therefore, ex-centric in the discourse of the Other. I would argue that the locus for this untranslability to be crossed over in terms of the “in-between” or “intersticies” is represented by cross-cultural/transcultural or transnational poetries in English. When translating from one language to another linguistically or culturally, there are often multiple meanings for a particular word, sentences, a poem, or a series of poems, the meanings which have been blocked in the contact zone or border zone of transnationalism to be transgressed, transmigrated, transported, and translated. Louise Bennet's poetry is one example of this transnational poetry.

The early Ordovician graptolites from the upper part (Tumok Member) of the Mungok Formation of the Namaeri and Baeiljae sections at Yeongwol consist of five species belonging to five genera. They are Adelograptus cf. tenellus, Callograptus sp., Dendrograptus suni, Dictyonema sp., and Psigraptus jacksoni. Of these 5 species, Psigraptus is the most excellent index fossil for international correlation with the early Ordovician strata. Adelograptus cf. tenellus from the Mungok Formation of the Namaeri and Baeiljae sections is also recognized with especially short stipe relative to Adelograptus tenellus. Three graptolite zones (such as Adelograptus, Psigraptus, and Dendroid type zones) are correlated with those of Canada, Australia, and China, respectively. The upper part of the Mungok Formation is assigned to the late Tremadocian.

Cupressinocladus sp. found from the upper part of the Jinju Formation of the Shindong Group, Korea is described here based on the newly found leafy shoots. This species is characterized by the branched leafy shoot with decussate scale leaves. The presence of Cupressinocladus in the Jinju Formation indicates that the Early Cretaceous flora-sites in Eastern Eurasia are in a close association with territories of the mixed-type floras. The finding of this species records the first report for the Nakdong flora.

Three species of Pseudolarix including P. japonica, P. sp. A, and P. sp. B, all belonging to Pinaceae, are systematically described from the Middle Miocene Duho Formation of the Yeonil Group based on the detached seminiferous scales. The presence of Pseudolarix in the Yeonil flora indicates that various kinds of Pinaceae did flourish during the Middle Miocene. The occurrence of Pseudolarix is the first record in the Korean Tertiary flora.

Transparent ITO films were deposited on a polycarbonate substrate with RF magnetron sputtering in a pure argon(Ar) and oxygen (O2) gas atmosphere, and then post deposition electro annealed for 20 minutes in a 4×10-1Pa vacuum. Electronbombardment with an accelerating voltage of 100V increased the substrate temperature to 120oC. XRD analysis of the depositedITO films did not show any diffraction peaks, while electro annealed films indicated the growth of crystallites on the (211), (222),and (400) planes. The sheet resistance of ITO films decreased from 103 to 82Ω/□. The optical transmittance of ITO films inthe visible wavelength region increased from 85 to 87%. Observation of the work function demonstrated that the electro-annealingincreased the work function of ITO films from 4.4 to 4.6eV. The electro annealed films demonstrated a larger figure of meritof 3.0×10-3Ω-1 than that of as deposited films. Therefore, the electro annealed films had better optoelectrical performances thanas deposited ITO films.

2-dimensional silica-silica Continuous Fiber-reinforced Ceramic.matrix Composites (CFCCs) were fabricated by a sol-gel infilitration method that has a changing processing condition, such as the repetitions of infilitration. In order to investigate the relationship between the processing condition and the mechanical properties of composites, the mechanical properties of specimens were measured by means of a 4-point flexural strength test while the evidence of strength degradation were microstructurally characterized. There seemed to be a minimum density value that existed at which the delamination between the fabrics would not occur. In the case that the density of silica CFCCs exceeded 1.55 g/cm3, the flexural strength also exceeded approximately 18 MPa at least. By applying the Minimum Solid Area (MSA) analysis of the porous structure, the correlation between the relative density and the mechanical properties of composites will be discussed.

Freshwater green algae are one of the important sources of bioenergy in the future. Spirogyra is a conjugating filamentous zygnematacean green algal genus that is widely distributed worldwide with more than 400 species. Despite its widespread occurrence throughout the world, cytological studies of the genus have been limited. We investigated karyological features and chromosome numbers for seven Korean Spirogyra species. Most of the species examined in the present study showed significant karyological features, inner organization of nucleolus, heavily stainable nucleolar substance and the diffuse-centric nature of chromosomes, typical of the Conjugales. Chromosome number ranged from n=12 in S. varians to n=38 in S. africana. Aberrant cytokinesis resulted in binucleate and tetranucleate cells, which sometimes provide cytological explanation for different morphology and ploidal changes in clonal culture of Spirogyra or even different cells within the same filament. The present chromosome data also substantiates the earlier held assumption that aneuploidy must have been the chief driving force for speciation and evolution of the genus Spirogyra.

In Irish peasant dramas, the political movement for the emancipation of the farmers tended to idealize the rural world, which was made a symbol of Ireland and the new nation. In many of these plays Rutherford Mayne showed his interest in rural Ireland. His concern for agrarian matters was not only an intellectual or artistic one. He articulated his professional experiences with the inhabitants of rural Ireland and the redistribution of the land in his plays. The Troth is an historical play. It tries to evoke the mood of need and misery prevailing in the years of Famine. Several allusions give its setting a definite place in Irish history. The murder just seems to be a passionate act of revenge, disconnected from any effective political movement. The violence in Red Turf springs from a different source: the main character is placed in such a humiliating situation that he loses his patience at the climax of the conflict. In each of Rutherford Mayne’s plays the passionate reaction of the main character springs from circumstances which lie outside his own person and which he believes to be unable to cope with. The different motivations of the violent deeds are reflected in the structures of the two dramas. In the exposition of Rutherford Mayne's plays a situation is lined out which is not dramatic itself: The farmers are about to submit to a menace beyond their power; the cruelty of the landlord in one play and the ruthlessness of acquisitive neighbor in the other. In both plays it is the figure of a neighbor who brings the latent conflict to the surface. Passion and violence create a feeling of suffering which borders on tragedy.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cows parity and calving seasons on the subsequent reproductive performance of the herd of Korean native cows raised under the same condition. With the parity of the cows ranged 1 to 4 (mean: 1.9), significant associations were found between parity and calving interval (p<0.05). Calving interval of the primiparous cows group was 395.0 16.5 days, which was the longest calving interval among the four groups. On the other hand, calving interval of the second parity group was 333.7 3.6 days. The primiparous cows had tendencies that long interval from calving to conception and small number of service per conception relatively when compared with the multiparous cows. In the case of calving season, the interval from calving to first service was short in summer and winter relatively. The interval from calving to conception in summer was the shortest in four seasons. The number of service per conception was larger in spring and winter and smaller in summer and autumn. Calving in spring showed delayed reproductive performance and calving in summer showed desirable reproductive performance.

Serial ultrasonography was performed to measure the normal appearance of uterine during estrous cycle and to determine whether the unterine appearance was related to the sex hormone, progesterone and estrogen. The uterine appearances, shape, diameter and echogenicity were daily monitored with ultrasonography in 9 Miniature Schnauzer dogs undergoing II estrous cycles. During proestrus and estrous, the uterus became hypoechoic but developed hyperechoic luminal echo. In the longitudinal view, the shape of the uterus occasionally changed from rectangular to coiled or serpentine, compared to other stages of the cycle. The diameter of the uterus during proestrus and estrous was larger (range: 0.600.86 mm) than other stages (range: 0.480.62 mm) of the cycle. The rising estrogen concentrations (range: 14.5116.86 pg/ml) in plasma during proestrus correlated with changes in the uterus (p<0.05). Progesterone concentrations were 0.080.15 ng/ml at the onset of proestrus, but rose 1.061.26 ng/ml at the end of proestrus. There was no relation to progesterone concentration from onset of estrus (p>0.05). There was dramatical changes in normal uterus and sex hormone during estrous cycle. Especially, the appearance, shape and diameter of uterus were related to plasma estrogen concentration during proestrus, correlated with other stages of the cycle.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of kinetin on in vitro development of parthenogenetic porcine oocytes exposed to demecolcine prior to activation. In vitro matured metaphase II stage oocytes were incubated in 0 or 2 g/ml demecolcine supplemented defined culture medium for 3 h and the oocytes were activated electrically. The parthenogenetic porcine embryos were then cultured in 0 or 200 M kinetin supplemented defined culture medium for 7 days. Regardless of demecolcine treatment, kinetin supplementation increased blastocyst rates significantly (7.0% versus 12.1% and 4.9% versus 8.5%; Control versus Kinetin and Demecolcine versus Kinetin + Demecolcine, respectively, p<0.05). Demecolcine treatment before activation tended to decrease blastocyst rates regardless of kinetin supplementation although it is not statistically significant. Total cell numbers in the blastocysts also tended to be elevated in embryos when supplemented with kinetin, however only the result between Kinetin and Demecolcine groups is statistically significant (37.6 7.2 versus 28.1 9.5, respectively, p<0.05). In conclusion, the present report shows that kinetin enhances developmental competence of parthenogenetic porcine embryo regardless of demecolcine pre-treatment before parthenogenetic activation when they were developed in defined culture condition.