Steroidal glycoalkaloids which serve the plant defense, are toxic secondary metabolites present in the plants of solanaceae family. The upper safe limit of glycoalkaloids for human consumption is 20mg/KG FW, excess of which may cause severe health disorders. Several factors like drought, high temperature, light exposure, and wounding increase tuber glycoalkaloid content. Among these, drought is an important factor which causes a rapid increase in potato glycoalkaloid content. Glycoalkaloid biosynthetic genes and their expression pattern need to be characterized to regulate the glycoalkaloid accumulation. Three key genes SGT1, SGT2 and SGT3 are demonstrated to be directly participated in the biosynthetic pathway for glycoalkaloid formation. Present study was focused on the study of expression pattern of key genes in GA pathway under drought stress in two different potato cultivars Atlantic and Haryoung which are low and high glycoalkaloid accumulating respectively. Drought stress was imposed by withholding water to the plants grown in pots and control plants kept irrigated. Expression analysis of SGT1, SGT2 and SGT3 was done from the leaf and tuber sample of three time intervals i.e 5, 10 and 20 days after imposing stress. Variation in the expression level of genes was observed in leaf and tuber where the fold increase in expression over control was higher in tuber sample compared to leaf. Expression levels also varied in leaf and tuber among two cultivars. However, expression of SGT1, SGT2 and SGT3 is significant indicating the involvement of these genes in glycoalkaloid accumulation under drought stress.

The change of quality characteristics with storage temperature (room (25°C), low (15°C) and cold (4°C) temperature) and period of unhulled foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv. cv. Samdame and Gyeongkwan 1), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L. cv. Hwanggeum-gijang and Manhongchal) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Hwanggeumchal and Donganme) were evaluated. The 1,000 grain weight, lightness, redness, yellowness and moisture content with storage temperature and period of unhulled foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum were not showed difference. Germination percent and milling recovery of foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum decreased with increasing storage temperature and period. Fat acidity of stored foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum was increased with increasing storage period, and the higher temperature increased more. The results of this study show that the storage of foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum at the low and cold temperature is better than the room temperature. Especially, in mind of the economics, the storage method is good low temperature than cold temperature.

In this paper I argue that the so-called gapless relative clause (GRC) in Korean actually has a syntactic gap, and thus, it is a variant of the externally headed regular gappy RC. I also argue that the surface structure of GRC is derived from the underlying structure where the cause-effect relation required in GRC constructions is fully realized via pragmatically conditioned ellipsis. Thus I suggest that the verbal effect part can be ellipted to the extent that this part is pragmatically recoverable in the presence of the head noun that denotes the same effect. The categorial status of the GRC is further claimed to be CP, which then hosts operator movement in its Spec in a usual way. So there is little anomaly in the RCs known as gapless RCs.

The maritime risk assessment is important not only to evaluate the safety level of the ports and waterways but also to reduce potential maritime accidents at sea in terms of the proactive measures of the maritime accidents. In this paper, the collision risk assessment in Mokpo waterways has been carried out based on the IALA recommended model, IWRAP. To evaluate the accident probabilities in Mokpo waterways, all data of vessels were collected from AIS and Radar observations data and the computer simulations were carried out. To assess the risk on the traffic, the scenario-base approach has been applied to the Mokpo waterway by using the maritime accident statics over the past 5 years.

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics of vinegars fermented from cereal crops such as glutinous and nonglutinous foxtail millet, proso millet, sorghum and adlay, and Incalgyun. The crude protein, minerals and P2O5 contents of vinegars fermented from cereal crops and Incalgyun were higher than circulation brown rice vinegar. Brix degree, turbidity and pH of vinegar fermented from cereal crops and Incalgyun were higher, and total acidity was lower than circulation brown rice vinegar. The glucose content of circulation brown rice vinegar was 4.89 mg/mL, and vinegars fermented from cereal crops were 0.00-5.62 mg/mL. The total organic acid content of circulation brown rice vinegar was 41.92 mg/mL, and vinegars fermented from cereal crops were 12.14-42.31 mg/mL. The major organic acids were acetic acid, succinic acid and citric acid. The total polyphenol content of circulation brown rice vinegar was 0.023 mg/mL, vinegars fermented from cereal crops were 0.286-0.413 mg/mL, and vinegars fermented from cereal crops and Incalgyun were 0.266-0.396 mg/mL. The ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities of vinegars fermented from cereal crops were higher than circulation brown rice vinegar.

When three cultivars, “Shinsunchalbyeo”, “Nokmi” and “GW-05-01”, which was collected from native glutinous rice, were exposed to increased salinity stress in exogenous solution and duration of salt stress, leaf relative water content (RWC), root water uptake and chlorophyll fluorescence were observed the significant decrease at ≥500mM NaCl concentration for 4 day stress. These decrease in leaf RWC showed 69%, 77% and 67% for Shinsunchalbeyo, Nokmi and GW-05-01, respectively, in water uptake these effects showed 84%, 85% and 91%. The difference in Fv/Fm of plants treated with 500mM NaCl showed 0.62, 0.68 and 0.78 compared with 0.78, 0.81 and 0.75 in control treatment. The effects of NaCl stress in rice seedlings indicate that the leaf RWC and photosynthetic capacity is more sensitive GW-05-01 in comparison with Shinsunchalbyeo and Nokmi, and water uptake in root is more resistant. Average plant height in Shisunchalbyeo, Nokmi and GW-05-01 showed 107, 102 and 111cm, and the 1000 grains weight were 25.5, 20.3 and 21.8, respectively.

dlm mutants controlling disease lesion mimic leaf trait may be useful in basic research of disease hypersensitive response and programmed cell death in soybean. The study on genetic relationship between dlm trait and other morphological C trait, position of dlm allele on classical linkage group, and a molecular marker linked to dlm allele was little reported. Two populations [T173 (ffDlmDlm) x T363 (FFdlmdlm), T363 (dlmdlmY9Y9) x T135 (DlmDlmy9y9)] were made to find independent assortment or linkage between dlm locus and f locus or between dlm locus and y9 locus. The segregation ratios of 3 : 1 were observed in the F2 population and the Chi-square values suggested that the disease lesion mimic leaf, fasciation stem, and chlorophyll-deficient leaf traits were controlled by a single recessive gene. Segregation ratios of 78 Dlm_F_: 19 Dlm_ff: 17 dlmdlmF_ : 3 dlmdlmff based on F2 phenotype showed that dlm allele was inherited independently with the f allele controlling fasciation stem trait in soybean. Also, segregation ratios of from 149 Dlm_Y9_: 41 Dlm_y9y9: 38 dlmdlmY9_ : 5 dlmdlmy9y9 based on F2 phenotype confirmed that dlm allele was inherited independently with the y9 allele controlling chlorophyll- deficient leaf trait in soybean. From these results, dlm allele would not be located on linkage group 11 (molecular linkage group: D1b+W) and linkage group 14 (molecular linkage group: E) in soybean. This results will helpful to attempt to position the Dlm locus on the soybean molecular linkage map.