밀은 세계 3대 주요 작물이지만 우리나라는 대부분 수입에 의존하고 있으며, 자급률이 1%도 도달하지 못한 실정이다. 국내 밀 품종은 40여 종 이상으로 지속적으로 개발되고 있으며, 품종마다 용도와 농업적 특성이 달라 목표 형질에 맞는 적절한 품종을 선택하여 재배하는 것이 중요하다. 품종을 정확하고 빠르게 판별하기 위해선 분자 마커 기술이 필요하다. 분자 마커는 생육 환경과 시기에 영향을 받지 않고 다양한 품종을 신속하고 정확하게 구분할 수 있어 유전적 변이성, 농업 형질 등을 분석하기에 유용하다. 본 연구는 기존에 보고된 국내 밀 32품종에 대한 SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) 판별 마커를 재검정하여 재현성이 높은 마커를 선별하였으며, 기존에 검정되지 않은 국내 밀 9품종에 추가 적용하여 비교분석하였다. 15개의 마커 세트 중 6개의 마커가 재현성과 정확도가 높은 것으로 확인되었고, 최종적으로 국내 41품종 중 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12번 마커를 이용하여 다홍, 금강, 밀성, 조은, 수강, 한백, 조광, 영광을 판별할 수 있었다. 또한, 4번 마커를 통한 증폭산물의 염기서열 분석을 통해 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)를 발굴하여 ‘올밀’에 대한 새로운 품종 판별 마커인 SdHRM1과 SdHRM2를 개발하여 HRM (High Resolution Melts) 분석을 시행하여 육안으로 판단하기 어려운 SNP를 정확하게 판별할 수 있었다. 품종간의 SNP를 활용한 품종 마커 기술은 다양한 농업형질에 적용할 수 있으며, 분자 육종 프로그램에 실질적인 도움이 되는데 큰 기여를 할 것으로 사료된다.

본 논문에서는 영화에서 인물의 극적인 등장, 등장 인물 간의 관계를 효과적으로 표현하 고자 할 때 주로 사용하는 영화 촬영 기법 ‘아크 트래킹 샷’을 비주얼 노블 게임에 카메라 연출을 설계 및 구현하여 적용하였다. 비주얼 노블은 소설을 읽듯 이야기 진행에 중 점을 둔 게임의 한 장르로 이미지, 사운드 등 시청각적 요소를 첨가하여 이야기의 몰입을 돕는다. 그러나 기존 비주얼 노블의 카메라는 정적이며 움직임이 극히 제한되어 있어 플레이어의 이야기 몰입도를 높이기에는 어려움이 있다. 이를 극복하고자 이야기의 전달이 중요하다는 공통점을 가진 영화의 촬영 기법 아크 트래킹 샷을 3D 게임 엔진에 가상의 카메라 트래킹 레일을 만들고 카메라에 적용하는 과정을 통해 비주얼 노블의 카메라 연출에 적용하였다. 영화 연출 기법을 비주얼 노블 게임콘텐츠에 적용하면서 기존 비주 얼 노블 연출의 단점을 극복하고 역동적인 카메라 움직임은 플레이어에게 몰입을 유지 시키는 작용을 하며 제작자가 전달하고자 하는 감정과 의미를 더욱 효과적으로 전달할 수 있도록 구현하였다.

본 연구는 옥수수 재배 시 환경에 영향을 미치는 노균병 저항성과 관련된 유전자 후보군을 탐색해서 노균병으로 인한 토양오염과 옥수수 생산량 감소를 해결하기 위하여 노균병 저항성 품종을 효율적으로 발굴하기 위한 연구이다. 옥수수의 6번 염색체의 152,892,333과 154,335,437 사이에 있는 노균병 저항성 유전자를 탐색하였으며 이 부분에 존재할 것으로 예상되는 전사체에서 38개의 프라이머 세트를 디자인하여 이 중 16개의 예측 전사체를 가려 내었다. 또한 RT-PCR을 수행하여 감염된 Ki11의 발현이 높은 7개의 전사체로 5개의 품종에 대하여 건강한 샘플과 감염된 샘플을 검정하였고 최종 5개의 후보 유전자군[알려지지 않은 미확인 유전자 2개, OFP transcription factor, bZIP transcription factor, pentatricopeptide repeat (Ppr)]이 발견 되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 추가적인 실험 설계를 통해 5개의 후보 유전자군에 대한 재검정을 통하여 확실한 노균병 저항성 유전자를 발굴하고 이를 노균병 저항성 품종 개발 및 방재에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 국내 염습지 해안 복원의 주요 식물인 갈대와 내건성 대표 식물인 억새의 지역별 유전자형 분석을 통해 지역별 복원종자 적용에 대한 타당성을 검증고자 하는 연구로서, SNP를 활용한 근연관계 분석 결과 억새는 홍성군 집단이 다른 지역과 상이한 유전적 변이를 보인 반면, 갈대는 모든 지역에서 동시다발적인 변이양상이 나타낸다. 이를 통하여 억새의 경우 우리나라 전역에 발생하는 건조지에서 억새시료를 사용할 때는 지역별로 수집한 종자를 활용하는 것이 합리적이나 부득이하게 다른 지역의 식물 자원을 사용한다고 해도 유전적인 교란이 크게 발생하지 않을것으로 보인다. 갈대의 경우 전 지역에서 유전적 변이가 다양하며 억새에 비하여 유전적 변이가 상대적으로 많이 나타나고 있기 때문에 염류 피해지의 복원에 활용할 수 있는 자원인 갈대의 경우 종자를 지역별로 수집하기 위한 다양한 인프라를 구축하여 향후 복원 사업에 대비하여야 한다.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is one of the world’s major pests. Economic cost to control this pest wasestimated between US$1.3 billion and US$2.3 billion based on management costs. Conservative estimate included yieldloss caused by 5% diamondback moth was estimated US$4 billion-US$5 billion. P. xylostella was managed by chemicalinsecticide such as organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. But insecticide resistance which is caused by repeatedapplication makes it difficult to control this pest. For environmental friendly control of diamondback moth, entomopathogenicfungi could be used as alternative. We conducted bioassay to select high virulent isolate to larva of diamondback mothwith forty six entomopathogenic fungi which were isolated from soil samples by insect-bait method. As a result of bioassaytwelve isolates was selected as candidate. We investigated control efficacy of these twelve isolates with potted Chinesecabbage at laboratory and greenhouse.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been used to control pest as alternative to chemical pesticide. To kill the pest entomopathogenicfungi penetrate cuticle of pest, reach the hemocoel and utilize nutrient of host pest. Finally fungi kill the host by consumingthe host nutrient and physically damaging the tissues. But these process of fungi to control pest is needed so much timeand this point is a disadvantage for fungi. Therefore we studied other application method of fungi to control pest. Weconducted behavior test of beet armyworm to Isaria fumosoroseus which is high virulent against beet armyworm. Adultof the beet armyworm avoided oviposition at Chinese cabbage treated with I. fumosoroseus compare to control and otherhigh pathogenic isolate, Metarhizium anisopliae and this repellency of I. fumosoroseus lasted for 5days in greenhouse.Behavior of larvae to I. fumosoroseus also investigated with choice and non-choice test. Third to fifth instar larvae detectedand avoided fungi. Repellent behavior of larvae to fungi was more noticeable in younger larvae. This result may be usedto prevent the infestation of moth in crop production.

Drought is one of important environmental stress for plant. Drought has deleterious effect to plant growth including maize (Zea mays L.) such as vegetative and/or reproductive growth, root extension, photosynthesis efficiency, flowering, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), fertilization, and grain filling. In this study, we screened drought tolerant maize in 21 cultivars from different sources, sixteen NAM parent lines (B73, CML103, CML228, CML247, CML277, CML322, CML333, CML69, Ki11, Ki3, Ky21, M37W, Mo18w, NC350, Oh43 and Tx303), four Korean hybrids (Cheongdaok, Gangdaok, Kwangpyeongok and Pyeonganok) and one Southeast Asian genotype (DK9955). Drought stress (DS) index was evaluated with leaf rolling score at seedling stage and ASI at silking date. The leaf rolling scoring of CML228, DK9955 and Ki11 were determined 1.28, 1.85, 1.86, respectively. However, M37W, Kwangpyeongok, B73 and NC350 were determined over the 3. ASI analysis revealed that CML228, CML103, Cheongdaok, NC350, B73, CML322, Kwangpyeongok and Ki11 are represented less than 5 days under DS and less than 3 days of difference between DS and well-watered (WW), but CML69, Ki3, Pyeonganok, M37W, Mo18w and Gangdaok were represented more than 10 days under DS and more than 8 days of difference between DS and WW. Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis determined CML228, Ki11, and CML322 were regarded as drought tolerance cultivars. Eventually, Ki11 showed genetic similarity with Korean cultivars by QTL analysis and MDS analysis. Ki11 has a potential for development of drought tolerance maize with Korean cultivars.

Although chemical fertilizers have a quick effect and broad applicability to agricultural fields, they have caused many problems like increasing soil acidity or decreasing soil organic matters. Environmental-friendly agriculture has been attempted in various ways such as organic agriculture, natural farming, low input and sustainable agriculture. The common interest of all environmental-friendly systems is to decrease burden to agricultural environment by low input of agricultural labor and materials. This study was conducted to estimate overwintering capacity and genetic distance among Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus, CMV) collections based on morphological characteristics and AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis. Furthermore, the effect of CMV as green manure was observed in mix-cultured paddy fields with rice, sesame and sweet-potato. An another objective of this study was also to compare the pattern of weed occurrence in paddy fields with or without CMV and different rice transplanting times. The CMV collected from Paju district in central region of Korea was successively occurring through self-reseeding without artificial management. However, there was no noticeable difference in growth habit between Paju native CMV and introduced CMV from China which is currently used in farm fields. On the basis of multi-dimensional scaling and tree analyses, there are no significant difference of agricultural growth characteristics among Paju and chinese collections only excepting leaf angle and root length. The flowering time of Gurye collection was fast for 1 week as compared to other collections. AFLP that was commonly used for plant classfication, was applied to exam the genetic variation of CMV collections. Total 579 PCR products and 336 polymorphic fragments were generated using 8 primer pairs.

We screened the drought tolerant maize using seventeen maize genotypes from different sources, nine inbred genotypes from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (B73, CML103, CML228, CML277, CML322, CML69, Ki3, Ki11, and NC350), three Southeast Asian genotypes (DK9955, LVN-4, and 333), and five Korean hybrids (Cheongdaok, Gangdaok, Ilmichal, Kwangpyeongok, and Pyeonganok). We evaluated anthesis-silking interval (ASI), leaf senescence (LS), ears per plant (EPP), tassel length (TL), and fresh weight (FW) at silking date. According to ASI and LS examination, CML103 and Kill were drought tolerant genotypes, wheareas Ki3 and 333 were drought susceptible. EPP, TL, and FW differed according to drought resistance. Grain yield was correlated strongly with ASI, but moderately with LS. Difference in ASI between drought-stressed (DS) and well-watered (WW) conditions was less than three days in CML228, CML103, Cheongdaok, NC350, B73, Ki11, CML322, and Kwangpyeongok, whereas that of Ki3, Pyeonganok, and Gangdaok was more than 6.5 days. We concluded that CML228, CML103, Cheongdaok, NC350, B73, Ki11, CML322, and Kwangpyeongok are drought tolerant genotypes, whereas Ki3, Pyeonganok, and Gangdaok are drought susceptible.

Anther culture is useful and significant tool for producing haploid or doubled haploid (DH) plants in crop breeding system. Androgenesis is the way of inducing haploid and DH plants from anther (immature pollen) or microspore culture. In vitro androgenesis is efficient technique for introducing complete homozygous lines in one generation, thus less time and expense could be necessary than conventional plant breeding. In maize, anther culture is important system for shortening the breeding cycle and enhancing selection efficiency. Anther culture technique is also applicable to various researches such as molecular genetics, genetic engineering, genomics, and plant biotechnology. We review the past and present studies on anther culture and provide useful information for future researches on androgenesis in maize. The combination of androgenesis with other techniques such as molecular breeding and biotechnology is producing a variety of variety of maize species. In addition, we suggest strategy to develop androgenesis technique adapted to Korean research environment.

This study was conducted to evaluate maize downy mildew resistance using spreader row technique in Cambodia. A total of forty maize lines were used in this experiment. Seven Korean varieties and seven breeding lines showed high infection rates (80~100%) and highly susceptible (HS) to downy mildew disease in both spring and fall. Also most of nested association mapping (NAM) parent lines were highly susceptible (HS). Meanwhile three inbred lines, Ki3, Ki11, and CML228, showed highly resistant (HR) or resistant (R) in spring and moderately resistant (MR) in fall. These three lines were already known as resistant inbred lines against downy mildew disease. It appears that spreader row technique was suitable for selection of maize downy mildew resistance in Cambodia. The incidence of downy mildew was influenced by weather conditions, especially relative humidity and temperature. Among several inoculation methods to screen for downy mildew resistance, this spreader row technique is effectively and easily used in the field of Southeast Asia.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is the precocious germination condition of grains while the spike is still in the mother plant. Because PHS in wheat drastically reduced the quality and economic value of wheat grain, the improving PHS wheat is one of the most important breeding goal in Korean wheat breeding program In this study, we evaluated PHS and germination index (GI) in 33 Korean wheat cultivars, and performed transcriptome analysis between Keumkang (susceptible) and Woori (tolerance). A total of 33 Korean wheat cultivars were used for PHS (28 cultivars) and GI assessment in greenhouse. The DAF (Day After Fertilization) 35 of keumkang and Woori spikes were harvested to perform transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing. Each transcriptome was compared with PHS or ABA treated DAF 35 Keumkang and Woori spikes. The PHS in 28 Korean cultivars and GI in 33 cultivars were ranged from 1.33% to 87.44% and from 0.01% to 2.41%, respectively. Woori was demonstrated the second lowest PHS and the lowest GI, however, Keumkang was 23th of 28 cultivars in PHS and 13th of 33 cultivars in GI analysis. Six cDNA library from the DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori wheat grain, PHS treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori, and ABA treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori were constructed and sequenced. A total of 53.37 Gb of high-quality reads were obtained using HiSeq 2500. The average mapping rate of assembled transcripts were 88.98%. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) revealed total 332 DEG (105 annotated) were upregulated in DAF 35 Woori library, total 5694 DEG (4623 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library in comparison with DAF 35 Keumkang library. A total of 86 DEG (51 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Woori library in comparison with PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library. The Gene ontology and further analysis will be discussed.

The maize genome is complex with exceeding the levels of intra-specific variation, repetitive DNA content, and allelic content observed between many species. Because of tremendous diversity and variants, maize is considered as a forefront crop development and estimation of molecular markers for agricultural trait in genetics and breeding. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker assisted breeding (MAS), molecular breeders are able to development of drought tolerance and grain yield in maize genotype. To study QTL congruency, a meta QTL analysis including results from eight-teen QTL publications for grain yield and drought tolerance were considered. Among them, we assembled 420 QTLs for abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, anthesis silking interval (ASI), days to flower, days to silk, ear number, kernel number, grain number and grain yields, involved in drought tolerance and grain yield. The meta QTL analysis revealed significant evidence for linkage of these traits to 39 different segments as candidates regions on maize genome. A total of 571 marker was selected as QTL or integrated QTL markers for narrowing down the QTL region into specific functionally relevant candidates. The results of meta QTL analysis helped to refine the genomic regions of agricultural traits, interest described and provided the closest flanking markers.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. ethanolic extract with differentaspects (stem/leaf and whole plant) on differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The morphologicalchanges and the degrees of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were measured by Oil Red O staining and intra-cellular trig-lyceride (TG) assay. The mRNA expressions of special peroxisome proliferation activated receptor- genes (PPAR), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were detected by reverse tran-scriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The 50% ethanolic extracts (100μg/mL) of stem and leaf (SALE) and 30%ethanolic extracts (100g/mL) of whole plant (SAE) from Salvia plebeia R. Br. were significantly attenuated lipid accumula-tion during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions (50μg/mL) significantly inhibited lipid dropletaccumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, SALE induced down-regulation of specific adipogenic transcriptional factors (C/EBPα and PPARγ) and target genes (FAS and LPL) during adipogenesis. Salvia plebeia R. Br. may be used as a safe and effi-cient natural substance to manage obesity.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the drought tolerance in maize seedling using leaf rolling. Nineteen maize resources, seven Nested Association Mapping parents lines, six Korean commercial cultivars, and six Southeast Asia commercial cultivars, were used to examine drought tolerance. The leaf rolling scores were measured on each leaf in three stress conditions with moderate drought (10%), severe drought (7%), and extreme drought (5%). Generally leaf rolling score of seedlings increased at the lower soil water potentials (5~7%). As a result, drought-tolerant cultivars showed lower leaf rolling score (below 2.5) than the drought sensitive cultivars (above 3.5). Nine varieties, NK4043, CML322, DK9955, NK4300, Ki11, DK8868, CML228, LVN99, and LVN10, have been selected for tolerance to drought stress. These results suggest that the leaf rolling score in maize seedling has been made available to indirect index for drought tolerance.

Transcription factors are essential for the regulation of gene expression in plant. They are binding to either enhancer or promoter region of DNA adjacent to the gene and are related to basal transcription regulation, differential enhancement of transcription, development, response to intercellular signals or environment, and cell cycle control. The mechanism in controlling gene expression of transcription can be understood through the assessment of the complete sequence for the maize genome. It is possible that the maize genome encodes 4,000 or more transcription factors because it has undergone whole duplication in the past. Previously, several transcription factors of maize have been characterized. In this review article, the transcription factors were selected using Pfam database, including many family members in comparison with other family and listed as follows: ABI3 / VP1, AP2/EREBP, ARF, ARID, AS2, Aux/IAA, BES1, bHLH, bZIP, C2C2-CO-like, C2C2-Dof, C2C2-GATA, C2C2- YABBY, C2H2, E2F/DP, FHA, GARP-ARR-B, GeBP, GRAS, HMG, HSF, MADS, MYB, MYB-related, NAC, PHD, and WRKY family. For analyzing motifs, each amino acid sequence has been aligned with ClustalW and the conserved sequence was shown by sequence logo. This review article will contribute to further study of molecular biological analysis and breeding using the transcription factor of maize as a strategy for selecting target gene.

Genome sequencing researches for considerable numbers of crops and wild plants are being developed. Cytogenetic researches according to chromosome number and size are essential to confirm and comprehend ploidy level and genome size before genome sequencing project is actually conducted. Cytogenetic researches on six food crop plants were carried out by DAPI staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench showed 2n=2x=16, each chromosome length of 1.42㎛ to 1.77㎛, total chromosome length of 13.31㎛, and karyotypic formula of 2n=8m; Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight, 2n=2x=22, 2.01㎛ to 3.84㎛, total 28.03㎛, 2n=9m+2sm, Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara, 2n=2x=40, 1.73㎛ to 2.76㎛, total 44.36㎛, 2n=5m+13sm+2st. Chromosome sizes of the other three species such as, Panicum miliaceum L., 2n=2x=36, total chromosome length of 30.83㎛, Sesamum indicum L., 2n=2x=26, 27.39㎛, lpomoea batatas L., 2n=2x=30, total 33.51㎛ were too small for each chromosome type to be identified and analyzed. The result of FISH analysis using 5S and 45S rDNA probe showed species-specific chromosome locations in the genome. These preliminary analyses were carried out to decide which food crop to prioritize for genome sequencing. This work was supported by the “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (No.PJ009837), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Maize is one of the most important food and feed crops in the world including Southeast Asia. In spite of numberous efforts with conventional breeding, the maize productions remain low and the loss of yields by drought and downy mildew are still severe in Asia. Genetic improvement of maize has been performed with molecular marker and genetic engineering. Because maize is one of the most widely studied crop for its own genome and has tremendous diversity and variant, maize is considered as a forefront crop in development and estimation of molecular markers for agricultural useful trait in genetics and breeding. Using QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) and MAS (Marker Assisted Breeding), molecular breeders are able to accelerate the development of drought tolerance or downy mildew resistance maize genotype. The present paper overviews QTL/MAS approaches towards improvement of maize production against drought and downy mildew. We also discuss here the trends and importance of molecular marker and mapping population in maize breeding.

Brachypodium distachyon is a temperate annual grass that has a short life cycle, a small genome size, self fertility, and a small physical stature. The relationship with major cereal crop including wheat, Brachypodium is considered as a monocot model plant. Recently, the cell wall composition of Brachypodium is reported closely related with maize and Miscanthus giganteus. Therefore, Brachypodium is emrging as a powerful model plant for bioethanol production. Here, Brachypodium was chronically irradiated with the doses of 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200Gy, 250Gy, and 300 Gy. Plant height and fresh weight were observed dosage-dependent negative effect. However, tiller number and internode diameter were found to be increased their value as compared to control. The cell wall yield showed a decreased tendency with dosage-dependent negative, but cell wall yield of 50 Gy and 200 Gy were detected higher than control. The lignin content of irradiated Brachypodium stem was reduced with dosage incease The ratios of lignin content to control were 97.6% (50 Gy), 91.9 (100 Gy), 87.3% (150 Gy), 89.4% (200 Gy), 81.6% (250 Gy), 85.2% (300 Gy). SEM image analysis demonstrated that cell size of 300 Gy plant was decreased by 45% of control. RT-PCR was performed to analyze transcript accumulation of lignin pathway related genes with irradiated Brachypodium stem. CCR, PAL, C4H, and 4CL were detected at least 2 times higher expression than control at 150 Gy, 200 Gy, 250 Gy. The preteatment and enzyme hydrolysis will be discussed for bioethanol production.