본 연구는 동백나무 재배에 대한 수익성을 분석하기 위해 수익성 분석지표인 NPV, B/C율, IRR을 적용하였다. 이를 위해 사업기간 30년 동안 수반되는 비용과 편익을 산정하였다. 특히, 편익은 현재 시장가격이 형성되어 있는 동백나무 종자만을 한정하여 산정하였다. 그리고 향후 임금상승과 동백나무 종자 가격 하락에 의한 수익성의 민감성을 분석하였다. 수익성 분석 결과, 사업 10년차에 NPV는 4,537,645원, B/C율은 1.084, IRR는 4.6%로 나타났다. 그리고 동백나무 재배기간이 장기화 될수록 사업의 수익성은 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 임금상승과 가격하락에 따른 감응도 분석결과 동백 나무 재배에 대한 수익성은 임금상승에 따른 영향보다 가격하락에 따른 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다.

국내자생 야생버섯의 항염증 활성검증을 위해 7월~8월에 채집된 버섯을 메탄올 추출하여 DMSO의 희석한 후 Nitric oxide 저해능을 분석하였다. 30여종의 버섯 추출물을 세포활력도를 측정하기 위해 MTT 분석결과 12개의 버섯추출물이 비교적 안정된 세포활력도를 보였으며, nitric oxide 저해능을 양성대조군(LPS)와 비교한 결과 Amanita virgineoides:흰가시광대버섯, Tylopilus neofelleus:제주쓴맛그물버섯, Armillariella tabescens:뽕나무버섯부치, Amanita abrupta:양파광대버섯, Agaricus subrutilescens:진갈색주름버섯, Boletus subvelutips 7종의 버섯은 18%이상의 우수한 nitric oxide저해능을 보였다.

Cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 is an enzyme engaged in the synthesis of prostaglandin(PG) and is upregulated by inflammation. It is related with the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in the angiogenesis of granulation tissue. By using immunohistochemical stains, the expressions for COX-2 and VEGF were evaluated according to the degree of inflammation and the type of lesion, and the correlation between the expressions were investigated in the 39 periapical lesions (7 periapical granulomas, 7 periapical granulomas with epithelium, 25 periapical cysts) and 13 dentigerous cysts. The expression rate of COX-2 in histiocytes of periapical lesions(97.4%) was significantly higher than that of dentigerous cysts(69.2%)(p=0.0032). The expression rate of VEGF was highest in plasma cells in the periapical lesions(69.4%) and in dentigerous cysts(69.2%). COX-2 expression rate in endothelium and VEGF expression rate in epithelium were significantly higher in the periapical cysts than in the periapical granuloma and. VEGF expression rate in endothelium of the periapical lesions was increased in cases with resolving inflammation. For the periapical lesions, epithelial expression of COX-2 and VEGF showed a positive relationship(p=0.0301), and endothelial COX-2 expression revealed positive relationship with VEGF expressions in epithelium(p=0.0008), in histiocytes(p=0.0136), and in endothelium(p=0.0439). According to these findings, as the periapical lesion progressed from granuloma to cyst, the expressions of COX-2 and VEGF were increased. COX-2 expression was significantly correlated with VEGF expression, which suggests that COX-2 seems to be involved in the progression of periapical lesion by inducing the expression of VEGF.

In odontogenic osteolytic lesions, the mechanism involved in inflammation 때d osteolysis is still under debate. We investigated the role 。OL-l ~ -1 ß, -4, -6, -8, TNF- a in the expansion of the odontogenic cysts, by using 50 cases of excised odontogenic cysts. The degrees of inflammation were graded into 2 groups and immunohistochernical stainings were performed, The cytoplasrnic reaction in squamous epithelial cells, stromal cells and infIitrating inflammatory cells was examined. The relationship between the expressions of IL-1 q -1 ß, -4, -6, -8, π-JF- aand the degree of inflammation and the correlation among them were analyzed. 까1e 비Stilαγtic expressions of IL-l ~ IL-l ß and TNF-awere 66.6%, 66.6% and 4O.00Al respeαively and the epithelial exp~않sions of IL-4, -6, -8 were 32.00Al, 38.00Al and 24.00Al respeαively. IL-4, -6 and 용 were positively stained in plasma cells in 38.00Al, endothelial cells in 40.00/0 and neutrophils in 24. 00Al respectively. The expresssion rate of IL-4 in plasma cells and IL-8 in epithelium and neutrophils were inα얹sed in ca않s with marked inflammation. 까1e exp!1않sion rate of IL-1 ßin 피해ocytes and IL-4 in plasma cells were positively correlated with the expæssion of TNF-1 ain histiocytes. π1e expression rate of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 in the epithelium were correlated with the expression of IL-6 in the epithelium and endothelial cells. A1though statistically insi.맑표ìcant， the expression rate of IL-6 were decreased in cases with marked inflammation and nega디vely correlated with IL-8, the proinflammatory cytokine, and the expressions of IL-4 and IL-6 in the epithelium can be considered as inhibiting the inflammatory reaction. These results suggest that the expressions of IL-4 and IL-6 suppress and IL-8 stimulates the inflammatory reaction in Odontogenic Cysts.

Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix, which is re lated to infiltrative growth and metastasis of tumor and are regulated by tisslle inhibitor of metalloproteinases(TIMPs) or cell adhesion molecllles such as E-cadherin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between MMP-2, MMP-9 expressions and clinico-pathologic factors, 끼MP-1 ， TIMP-2, EGFR and E-cadherin expressions. lmmunohistochemical stains were perfom1ed on 55 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the ordl cavity and the results were as follows. MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions were noted in 30(54.5%) and 22(40.0%) of 55 cases, TIMP-1 and πMP-2 in 21(38.2%) and 33(60.0%), and E-cadherin and EGFR expressions in 35(63.6%) and 26(47.3%) of 55 cases, respectively. MMP-2 expression rdte was slightly higher 띠 cases without recurrence, and 끼MP- 2 expression rate was slightly higher in cases showing more inftltrative growth pattem. 까1e expression rate of EGFR was higher in cases with well differentiation(p=0.OO47), but no posi디ve relationship between the expression rate of Ecadherin and histologic grade was found. Cases with positive reaction for MMP-9 showed an increasing tendency of nega디ve reaction for TIMP-1. π1e expression rate of MMP-2 was higher in cases with positive reaction for E-cadherin and EGFR with no statistical significance. 까1e expression rate of MMP-9 was significantly higher in cases with positive reaction for E-cadherin(p=0.022l). These results suggest that MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expressions are involved in the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas, but MMP-2, MMP-9, 끼MP-1 ， and 끼MP-2 expressions might not seem to be a useful prognostic factors because there were no significant relationship between clinicopathologic parameters. EGFR expression showed positive correlation with low histologic grade, so EGFR expression could be regarded as a good prognostic factor. In the progression of sqllamous cell

In the expansion of odontogenic cyst, degradation of extracellular matrix and resorp디on of bone are accompa띠ed ， but its mechanism is under debate. The degrees of inflammation and fibrosis were graded in 39 cases of odontogenic cysts. Cytoplasrnic expressions in various cell types according to them were analyzed using immunohistochemis띠， for MMPs and πMPs. In epithelial cells, MMP-2 expression was increased with marked fibrosis(p=O.018) and in stromal cells, MMP-2,-9 and TIMP-2 expressions were slightly higher in cases with mild inflammation and marked fibrosis. Tendencies of positive correlation were found between MMP-2,-9 and TIMP-2 expressions in epithelial cells and between MMP-l and MMP-9 expressions in stromal cells. These results suggest that MMP-l ,-2 ,-9 and TIMP-2 expression might be related to the expansion of odontogenic cysts, and the expression rate of them was different according to cell types and the degree of inflammation and fibrosis.

MMPs are catalytic enzymes involved in the degradation of extracellular marix, and associated with invasive growth and metastasis of malignant tumors along with angiogenesis. This study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of VEGF expression and microvessel density(MVD) and the relationship between VEGF expression, MVD and MMPs expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas(OSCC). The materials were from 52 cases of OSCC during a period from 1991 to 2001. Clinicopathologic parameters such as clinical stage, recurrence, histologic grade and invasion pattern were evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and CD34 were performed and statistical analyses between clinicopathologic parameters and VEGF expression and MVD were done. MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF expressions were noted in 30(57.7%), 21(40.1%) and 38(73.1%) of 52 cases, respectively. MVD was measurable in 35 cases, and cases with increased MVD more than average were 16(45.7%) of 35 cases. There was no significant relationship between clinicopathologic parameters and VEGF expression or MVD in OSCC, which suggests that VEGF expression and MVD can not be regarded as reliable prognostic factors. Cases with less infiltrative growth pattern showed a tendency of increased MVD, which can explain the possibility that neovascularization might be an early event of tumor invasion. Lack of significant relationship between MMPs, VEGF expressions and MVD might be due to limited number of cases, and positive correlation between MMP-2 and VEGF expression suggests that both factors might be involved in the process of angiogenesis in OSCC.

Background: In the present study, we established an HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)-analysis method for the determination of marker compounds as a part of the material standardization for the development of health-functional foods from Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract. Methods and Results: The quantitative determination method of hispidulin as a marker compound was optimized by HPLC analysis using a YMC hydrosphere C18 column with a gradient elution system. This method was validated using specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision tests. It showed a high linearity in the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation (r2) of 0.999995. The method was fully validated, and was sensitive, with the limit of detection (LOD) at 0.09 ㎍• ㎖−1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) at 0.27 ㎍• ㎖−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the data from intra- and inter-day precision were 0.05 - 0.22% and 0.32 - 0.42%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day accuracy of hispidulin were 99.5 - 102.3% and 98.8 - 101.5%, respectively. The average content of hispidulin in Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract was 3.945 ㎎• g−1 (0.39%). Conclusions: These results suggest that the developed HPLC method is very efficient, and that it could contribute to the quality control of Salvia plebeia R. Br. extracts as a functional ingredient in health functional foods.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. ethanolic extract with differentaspects (stem/leaf and whole plant) on differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The morphologicalchanges and the degrees of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were measured by Oil Red O staining and intra-cellular trig-lyceride (TG) assay. The mRNA expressions of special peroxisome proliferation activated receptor- genes (PPAR), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were detected by reverse tran-scriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The 50% ethanolic extracts (100μg/mL) of stem and leaf (SALE) and 30%ethanolic extracts (100g/mL) of whole plant (SAE) from Salvia plebeia R. Br. were significantly attenuated lipid accumula-tion during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions (50μg/mL) significantly inhibited lipid dropletaccumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, SALE induced down-regulation of specific adipogenic transcriptional factors (C/EBPα and PPARγ) and target genes (FAS and LPL) during adipogenesis. Salvia plebeia R. Br. may be used as a safe and effi-cient natural substance to manage obesity.

This study has been conducted to establish the optimal extraction process and HPLC analysis method for thedetermination of marker compounds as a part of the materials standardization for the development of health functionalfood materials from Astragali radix. Five extraction conditions including the shaking extraction at room temperature andthe reflux extraction at 85℃ with 30%, 50% and 95% ethanol were evaluated. Reflux extraction with 50% ethanol showedthe highest extraction yield as 27.27±2.27%, while the extraction under reflux with 95% ethanol showed significantly thelowest yield of 10.55±0.24%. The quantitative determination methods of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin asmarker compounds of Astragali radix extracts were optimized by HPLC analysis using a Thermo Hypersil column(4.6×250㎜, 5㎛) with the gradient elution of water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.8mL min-¹and a detection wavelength of 230㎚. The HPLC/UV method was applied successfully to the quantification of two markercompounds in Astragali radix extracts after validation of the method with the linearity, accuracy and precision. The con-tents of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin in 50% ethanol extracts by reflux extraction were significantly higher as1,700.3±30.4 and 443.6±8.4㎍ g-1, respectively, comparing with those in other extracts. The results indicate that thereflux extraction with 50% ethanol at 85℃ is optimal for the extraction of Astragali radix, and the established HPLCmethod are very useful for the evaluation of marker compounds in Astragali radix extracts to develop the health functionalmaterial from Astragali radix.

This study investigates the effect of supercritical fluid extract (CMPB803-C) of Lithospermum erythrorhizon,shikonin and acetylshikonin isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon on IL-1β-induced chondrocytes and monosodiumiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis in rat. Shikonin (50μM) and acetylshikonin (3μM) treatment reduced signifi-cantly the mRNA expression and enzyme activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, −3 and −13 in IL-1β-inducedSW1353 chondrosarcoma cells. The chondro-protective effects of CMPB803-C and acetylshikonin were than analyzed in arat OA model using a single intra-articular injection of MIA (1㎎) in the right knee joint. CMPB803-C (200㎎/㎏) or ace-tylshikonin (5㎎/㎏) was orally administered daily for two weeks starting after 1 week of MIA injection. In the histologicalobservation, CMPB803-C and acetylshikonin clearly improved OA lesions being comparable to or better that control group.Our results demonstrated that CMPB803-C and acetylshikonin as active compound of Lithospermum erythrorhizon have astrong chondro-protective effect in OA rats, which likely attributes to its anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition ofMMPs production.