강황 분말을 0, 2, 3, 4%를 첨가한 어묵을 제조하여 색도, 절곡검사, 조직감, 관능검사 등의 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 색도 변화는 L, a값은 강황 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였고 b값은 증가하였다. 어묵의 유연성과 탄력성을 나타내는 절곡검사에서는 대조군을 포함한 모든 시료에서 AA로 측정되어 강황 분말의 첨가에 관계없이 우수한 것으 로 나타났다. 강황 분말을 첨가한 어묵의 기계적 texture 특성은 강황 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 경도(hardness), 응 집성(cohesiveness), 탄력성(springiness)은 증가하였고, 검 성(gimminess)과 파쇄성(brittleness)은 감소하였다. 관능검 사 결과로 색깔(color), 향미(flavor), 조직감(texture), 맛 (taste), 전체적인 선호도(overall acceptance)는 3%의 첨가군 이 가장 높은 평가를 받았다. 따라서 강황 분말을 첨가한 기능성 강황 어묵의 가공 적성에 적절한 강황의 첨가량은 3%가 적당하다고 사료되며 강황을 함유한 고품질 어묵의 제조 가능성을 확인하였다.

The Earth’s outer radiation belt often suffers from drastic changes in the electron fluxes. Since the electrons can be a potential threat to satellites, efforts have long been made to model and predict electron flux variations. In this paper, we describe a prediction model for the outer belt electrons that we have recently developed at Chungbuk National University. The model is based on a one-dimensional radial diffusion equation with observationally determined specifications of a few major ingredients in the following way. First, the boundary condition of the outer edge of the outer belt is specified by empirical functions that we determine using the THEMIS satellite observations of energetic electrons near the boundary. Second, the plasmapause locations are specified by empirical functions that we determine using the electron density data of THEMIS. Third, the model incorporates the local acceleration effect by chorus waves into the one-dimensional radial diffusion equation. We determine this chorus acceleration effect by first obtaining an empirical formula of chorus intensity as a function of drift shell parameter L*, incorporating it as a source term in the one-dimensional diffusion equation, and lastly calibrating the term to best agree with observations of a certain interval. We present a comparison of the model run results with and without the chorus acceleration effect, demonstrating that the chorus effect has been incorporated into the model to a reasonable degree.

Whistler mode chorus wave is considered to play a critical role in accelerating and precipitating the electrons in the outer radiation belt. In this paper we test a conventional scenario of triggering chorus using THEMIS satellite observations of waves and particles. Specifically, we test if the chorus onset is consistent with development of anisotropy in the electron phase space density (PSD). After analyzing electron PSD for 73 chorus events, we find that, for ~80 % of them, their onsets are indeed associated with development of the positive anisotropy in PSD where the pitch angle distribution of electron velocity peaks at 90 degrees. This PSD anisotropy is prominent mainly at the electron energy range of ≤ ~20 keV. Interestingly, we further find that there is sometimes a time delay among energies in the increases of the anisotropy: A development of the positive anisotropy occurs earlier by several minutes for lower energy than for an adjacent higher energy.

Recently there are increasing numbers of people participating in sports activities. Accordingly, the rate of sports injuries is increasing as well. In this light, this study was conducted to investigate the extent of acute damage and its forms by examining the current state of patients with sports injuries. This research study was conducted between January of 2008 and December of 2010 in Chosun University Hospital through retrospective review of the medical records of patients with sportsrelated injuries. The total number of patients with sports injuries who visited the emergency center was 887. The number of male patients was 726 (81.85%), far more than the number of female patients (18.15%). More than half of the patients, accounting for 419 (47.23%), had injuries on their face; second and common parts, in which injuries occurred, were upper and lower body, accounting for 146 (16.45%) and 193 (21.75%), respectively. The majority of patients did not undergo surgical treatment. Only 113 (12.73%) patients underwent surgical treatment. In addition, more than 80% of them were not hospitalized but 170 of them needed to be hospitalized. Most sports injuries occurred in young male patients. This can interrupt participation in sports activities for a long time and result in lower quality of life. Hence proper preventative measures and scientific treatment methods are needed.

Fortification with vitamins in crops like rice is a continuing endeavor for geneticists and rice breeders. Tryptophan is one of the essential amino acids needed in human diet. In this study, we developed rice mutant lines using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment in Korean cv. Donganbyeo and candidate rice lines were selected by insensitivity to the tryptophan analog, 5-methyltryptophan. One of the mutants has a 20-25 fold higher tryptophan level in mature seeds than wild type. To identify the mutations in anthranilate synthase genes, OASA1 and OASA2 sequences were generated. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of tryptophan biosynthesis related genes were examined. To further qualify the tryptophan fortification in rice, comparative assessment of cooking and eating quality was conducted with mutant lines and wild type. The moisture, viscosity, taste quality, protein content, amylose content and amino acid composition were similar with wild type. However, tryptophan contents in the mutant lines were higher than wild type as we targeted. The mutation present in AS gene of 5MT resistant rice may prove useful for the generation of crops with increased tryptophan contents and the mutation differences in AS sequences can be used for selection of mutant lines with high tryptophan level from large population.

There is a great consideration on rice eating quality aside from improving its tolerance to various stresses. High yielding and pest and disease tolerant rice is highly desirable but it is more commercially important if it also has a high eating quality. There are various factors contributing to the good eating quality of rice. This study focuses on modifying the expression of GBSS1 genes which are responsible for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice by using RNAi and antisense techniques. We have developed 40 transgenic plants with RNAi-GBSS1 gene and 60 transgenic lines with antisense-GBSS1 gene. The transgenic plants show diverse amylose contents in rice seed. We selected candidate lines according to PCR, RNA expression and amylose contents. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to measure the expression level of GBSS1 gene at several time points after the flowering of transgenic plants. The expression level of GBSS1 gene in rice grains decreases over time and the mRNA expression among the transgenic plants were lower compare to its wild type. In the SEM analysis, the starch granule of wild type Gopumbyeo has very large structures accompanied with small ones around the area. However, the starch structures in transgenic plants were smaller and more uniform in size and shape throughout the viewing area

An increasing preference for good eating quality of rice among consumers has become one of the important considerations in rice breeding. Amylose content of starch is one of the important factors of rice eating quality. Amylose composition is determined by the relative activity of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). This study focuses on modifying the expression of SSS1 gene which is responsible for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice by using RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense technology. The transgenic rice plants showed various amylose content (9-17%) in rice seed. Candidate rice lines were selected according to PCR, RNA expression and amylose contents analyses. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to determine the expression level of SSS1 gene at several time points after the flowering of transgenic plants. Downregulation of SSS1 gene in transgenic rices was evident in the decreasing expression in rice grains over time. Accordingly, SEM micrographs analysis revealed uniform size with smooth curves starch granules in downregulation rice lines, in contrast with the non-uniform granules in wild type.

Since global climate changes drastically, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is expected to pose serious problems in rice production. CBL-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases (CIPKs) have been implicated to play important role in regulating various abiotic stresses such as cold, salinity and drought. In this study, to understand the function of this gene under pre-harvest sprouting in rice, a cDNA clone encoding CBL-interacting protein kinase 15 (CIPK15) was isolated from rice flowers. This gene is 2,818 bp long with 1,332 bp coding region that encodes a polypeptide of 443 amino acids. We constructed a recombinant vector carrying the OsCIPK15 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and Tnos terminator and transformed into rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Insertion of the gene was verified in transformants using HPT resistance test and genomic PCR. Transcriptional profiling using tissues of wild type, Gopum, revealed expression of the gene in whole plant tissues with level of expression highest in the seeds suggesting possible role in dormancy. Comparative expression analysis of the gene in transgenic and wild type through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR showed higher expression in transgenic rice lines. Moreover, screening in the mist chamber showed overexpression lines that were resistant to the PHS. This result suggests the involvement of OsCIPK15 in the regulation of pre-harvest sprouting.

In spite of the overwhelming number of cysteine proteases in plants, only a few were substantially investigated. Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are commonly implicated to disease immunity in some key pathosystems in plants, such as in tomato – Cladosporium fulvum, potato/tomato – phytopthora infestans, and Arabidopsis – Ralstonia solanacearum, among the few others. This study demonstrates the function of cysteine protease gene cloned form Brassica rapa (BrCP) related to resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in transgenic rice lines. The cysteine protease-encoding full-length cDNA was identified and characterized using web-based tools. The gene is 2,267 bp in size with an open reading frame of 1,365 bp that encodes predicted polypeptide of 455 amino acids. Blast analysis of the conserved domain of the gene confirmed its affinity to Peptidase_CIA family. Full-length cDNA of PLCP in Brassica rapa was then cloned and co-overexpressed in rice with HPT marker. Introgression of the gene was confirmed in the transformants through genomic PCR assay. RT-PCR analysis showed that the gene was constitutively expressed and present in all tissues. The overexpression rice lines exhibited an enhanced resistance when screened with four Korean Xoo isolates.

Amylopectin composition is determined by the relative activity of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). Soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzymes are major determinants for the synthesis of amylopectin while GBSS1 is responsible for amylose synthesis in vivo. The formers are made of linear and branched molecules and the latter is composed of highly branched molecules. To increase the palatability of rice, down-regulation of amylose synthesis by antisense and RNA interference (RNAi) could be excellent and powerful tools for controlling the starch composition which is responsible for grain eating quality. The goal of this study is to generate breeding lines with lower amylose content relative to its wild type. This study also reports the results of the two down-regulating technology in lowering the amylose content of rice grain. Furthermore, this study elucidates the effect of using antisense and RNAi for SSS1 and GBSS1.

UDP-glucose 4-epimerase catalyzes the reversible conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. The gene, named BrUGE1, isolated from a Chinese cabbage composes of a total length of 1,328 bp that contains a single open reading frame (ORF) of 1,056 bp which encodes a polypeptide of 351 amino acid residues with a calculated mass of 39.0 kDa. Expression analysis showed that BrUGE1 is tissue specific and highly expressed in stem of rice plant. Interestingly, BrUGE1 mRNA was highly accumulated by drought stress with significantly higher amount of soluble sugar. Morphological evaluation showed an increase in yield and yield components compared to the wild type. Moreover, a better growth performance on galactose as well as higher UGE1 expression was observed in transgenic rice lines than in wild type. In the Ubi-1::BrUGE1 lines, the increase of UGE1 expression was apparently sufficient to overcome the toxic effects of galactose. Taken together, the Ubi-1::BrGUE1 rice lines increased yield probably by increasing the rate of filled grains. The enhanced drought tolerance may be due to the induction of soluble sugar which may act as osmolyte to compensate dehydration during drought stress.

Bacterial blight is a serious problem of rice in irrigated and rainfed lowlands. It is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) which is represented by many pathotypes, making it difficult to control. Plant proteases are important players in immunity acting either in the execution of attack, in signaling cascade or in perception of invader. This study demonstrates the response of cysteine protease (CP) upon interaction with the pathogen. The cysteine protease encoding full-length cDNA was identified and characterized using web-based tools. Conserved domain of the gene revealed its affinity to Peptidase_CIA family. The full-length cDNA of CP in Brassica rapa was then cloned and overexpressed in rice. Insertion of gene was verified in the transformants through PCR assay. Spatiotemporal expression of the gene was performed in transgenic rice. To evaluate the resistance of CP-overexpression lines to Xoo, transgenic plants were inoculated with two races of Xoo. In planta analysis of enzymatic activity of CP was also performed before and after infection by the pathogen.

This study deals with the design of a spring backboned soft arm, which will be employed for generation of human gesture as an effective means of Human‐Robot interaction. The special features of the proposed mechanism are the light weight and the flexibility of the whole mechanism by using a spring backbone. Thus, even in the case of collision with human, this device is able to absorb the impact structurally. The kinematics and the design for the soft arm are introduced. The performance of this mechanism was shown through experiment emulating several human gestures expressing human emotion and some service contents. Finally, this soft arm was implemented as the wing mechanism of a penguin robot.

네일락카와 헤어스프레이 같은 화장품에 존재하는 미량의 프탈레이트를 정량분석하기 위하여, 가스크로마토그래피와 질량분석기를 사용한 효과적이면서 환경친화적인 분석방법을 개발하였다. 이들 화장품들은 다량의 유기용매를 함유되어 프탈레이트를 분석하기 위하여 널리 사용되는 시료의 클린업 방법이 적합하지 않았다. 더군다나 미량의 프탈 레이트 분석시에는 실험과정 중에서의 오염으로 인해 실제보다 높은 분석값을 산출하게 되는 경우가 매우 많다. 이에 정확한 함량분석 및 이차오염을 방지하기 위해 유기용매를 사용하여 시료를 직접 희석하는 시료 전처리를 적용하였다.이 분석방법은 높은 정확성, 분석감도, 그리고 시료전처리를 간략히 할 수 있는 이점을 가진다. 화장품에서의 검출되는 빈도가 높고, 사람과 동물에 영향을 미치는 환경호르몬으로 보고되는 dibutyl phthalate (DBP)와 di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 두 종의 프탈레이트를 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 정량시 그 정확도 향상을 위해서 내부표준물질로두 물질의 중수소치환체인 DBP-d4,와 DEHP-d4를 사용하였다. 시험법의 유효화를 시행한 결과 본 시험법이 ppm 농도의 프탈레이트 정량분석에 적합함을 확인하였으며, 네일락카와 헤어스프레이 제품에 약 25 μg/g의 농도로 표준물질을 첨가하여 분석한 회수율은 95 ∼ 106.1 % 범위였고, % 상대표준편차 값은 3.9 % 이하였다.

Riptortus clavatus, one of the many insects in major crops, damages pods and seeds, which reduces seed vigor and viability in soybeans. This study was conducted to examine the effect of diversely damaged seeds by R. clavatus on seed germination and seedling emergence and to determine the association of damaged seed with quality and yield of soybean sprouts. All seeds damaged by R. clavatus significantly (P<0.05) reduced seed vigor as measured by the rates of seed germination, germination speed, and seedling emergence. Mean seed germination rate of non-damaged seeds in sprout-soybean varieties was 97.8%, whereas the rates of seeds damaged at different levels, 31-50% and 51-80%, were 23.0 and 5.4%, respectively. The rates of seedling rot and abnormal, incomplete germination significantly (P<0.05) increased as the amount of seeds damaged by R. clavatus increased to 5, 10 and 15% against the total seeds for sprout production. Yield of soybean sprouts from seeds damaged at different levels decreased up to 13% as compared to that in normal seeds. In customer preferences on soybean sprout produce, 84% of customers participated in survey preferred to purchase sprouts from seeds with 5% of damaged seeds, but sprouts produced from seeds with 15% of damaged seeds were intended to purchase only by 22% of the customers. Areas of the seed damaged by R. clavatus were readily infected by pathogens as the seed germinated, resulted in deteriorated quality and reduced yield of sprout produce.