Background : Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a member of the malvaceae family and has been prescribed in traditional folk medicine in Africa and India. It showed broad biologicas activities such as hepatoprotective activity, antioxidative activity and haematinic activity. Kenaf leaves contain a lot of vegetable calcium, protein, iron and vitamins, so have high potential as functional food. Thus, the present study purposed to analyze useful substances contained in kenaf leaves and their activities and look for their possibilities as the materials of food and medicine. Methods and Results :　We sowed the seeds of three varieties of kenaf, namely, Dowling, Everglade-41 and Tainung-2 at planting space of 20 × 20㎝ on the field and collected plants on the 98th , 127th and 141st days from sowing. The total polyphenol content was measured using a slightly modified Folin-Denis method, which uses the phenomenon that a phenolic substance turns blue by reaction with phosphomolybdate. Conclusion : We analyzed SOD enzyme activity related to the scavenging of superoxide anion radical (․O2-) through NBT reduction. As for the SOD activity of leaf extract by variety, the activity was 92.6%, 91.0% and 92.6%, respectively, in Tainung-2 on day 98, 127 and 141 from sowing, slightly higher than those in the other two varieties but not significantly different. The activity was slightly higher in the middle period of growth than in the harvest period, but not much different according to harvest time. As for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of leaf extract by variety, the activity was 80.87% and 80.71%, respectively, in Tainung-2 on day 98 (30th of October)and day127 (28th of September), slightly higher than the other two varieties.

Background : Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is an annual crop belonging to the polygonaceae family and cultivated in most of Asian and European countries. Nowadays, many people take interest in the utilization of buckwheat seed because of its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values. Especially, tartary buckwheat is drawing attention for its high rutin content, which is beneficial to health. Methods and Results :　Tartary buckwheat sprout (TBS) was powdered and two grams of powder was mixed with 4 ㎖ H2O in a glass petri disc (100 x 20 ㎜) and exposed to far infrared irradiation (FIR) at different temperature (80, 100, 120, 140, 160℃) for an hour each. Further, the FIR treated powdered sprout samples were suspended in 200 ㎖ of 80% ethanol (v/v) and kept overnight in a shaker at room temperature. The extracts were filtered through Advantec 5B Tokyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd., Japan and dried using a vacuum rotatory evaporator (EYLA N-1000, Tokyo, Japan) in a 40℃ water bath. Dried samples were weighed and kept at 4℃ for further analysis. Conclusion : Total polyphenol was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteau assay and total flavonoid by aluminum nitrate colorimetric assay, while antioxidant properties were evaluated based on DPPH free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating property and total antioxidant capacity. This study showed that FIR treatment to TBS caused a decrease in total antioxidant capacity and metal chelation property. However, there was a slight increase in total polyphenol and total flavonoid content from 80 to 120℃. Similarly, DPPH free radical scavenging activity also increased in the same way as TP and TF in TBS. The HPLC result revealed that quercetin production was directly proportional to temperature, and the production (average 14.87 ㎎/g dw) of quercetin was highest at 120℃ (an hour’s treatment), which was 13.54 times higher than the control in TBS.

Background : Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a member of the malvaceae family and has been prescribed in traditional folk medicine in Africa and India. It showed broad biologicas activities such as hepatoprotective activity, antioxidative activity and haematinic activity, Recently, immunomodulatory effect of kenaf extract has been elucidated. However, depigmenting activity from kenaf extract has not been evaluated. In the present study, the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of kenaf leaf extract was investigated before and after subjecting the extract to together with infrared(FIR) irradiation. Methods and Results :　FIR irradiation involves electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from 4 to 15 μM. It has been hypothesized that FIR treatment during extraction of polyphenols from plant cells stimulates exudation of chemical components in cells without destroying the cells by radiant heat and breaks covalent bonds of polymerized polyphenols resulting in the release of active, natural antioxidants with a low molecular weight. The purpose of this study was to evaluate not only the changes in antityrosinase activity but also the chemical transformation of kenaf extract exposed to FIR(Scheme 1). Conclusion: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of kenaf xtract was evaluated after far-infrared (FIR) irradiation. The ethanol extract of kenaf was prepared and its main component was analyzed as a kaempferitrin (kaempferol-3,7-O-a-dirhamnoside). Inhibitory activity of kenaf extract was not detected in tyrosinase assay. However, tyrosinase inhibitory activity was observed in kenaf extract treated with FIR irradiation. After 60 min of FIR irradiation onto kenaf extract at 60oC, a ethanolic extract was prepared and it showed significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50=3500ppm). According to HPLC analysis, kaempferol, afzelin and minor product were detected(. The inhibitory activity may be due to the existence of kaemperol, afzelin and minor product. This study showed that FIR irradiation method can be used as a convenient tool for deglycosylation of flavonoid glycoside.

본 연구는 지금까지 데이컴법에 기초한 직무분석을 통하여 국가기술자격시험 가운데 식물보호 기사의 직무영역과 수행능력을 검토하였으며, 이를 토대로 직무분석결과에 기초하여 식물보호기사의 국가기술자격 시험 과목과 도출되어진 시험과목에 대한 현장성, 통용성이 반영된 출제기준을 제시하였다.첫째, 식물보호기사의 직무는 식물보호에 관한 기술이론 및 지식을 가지고 식물피해의 진단 및 방제 등의 기술업무를 수행할 수 있어야 하며, 구체적으로는 식물에 발생하는 생물적(병, 해충, 잡초 등) 및 비생물적(기상, 영양결핍 등) 발생 원인을 파악･분석하고, 이에 따라 적절한 방제방법을 선정하며, 식물의 생육에 적합하도록 환경을 개선하여 식물이 가장 잘 자랄 수 있는 최적의 조건을 만드는 일을 수행하는 직무이다. 둘째, 식물보호기사의 책무는 크게 2가지로 설정하였으며, 첫째, 피해의 원인 파악(진단), 둘째, 개선 및 방제로 구성되었다. 이때 책무의 특성과 내용을 고려하여 하나의 책무(duty)당 5∼8개의 작업(task)이 도출되어 총 13개의 작업이 직무의 모형으로 설정되었다.셋째, 작업명세서에서는 식물보호 분야 각각의 작업명에 대한 성취수준, 작업요소(수행준거), 관련지식, 기술･기능 및 태도, 평가지침, 시설･장비 및 재료를 분석하여 A-1 작업에서부터 F-4까지 29개의 작업 명에 대한 분석이 이루어졌다. 넷째, 식물보호기사의 검정기준은 기주별 병･해충의 피해를 진단하고 동정, 잡초 식별, 화학적 방제, 기계적･물리적 방제, 생태학적(경종적) 방제, 생물학적 방제 및 종합적 방제를 할 수 있는 능력의 유무로 분석되었다. 다섯째, 식물보호기사의 시험과목은 2008년 이후 시행되어 왔던 식물병리학, 식물해충학, 재배학원론, 농약학, 잡초방제학, 식물보호 관련 실무 작업의 6과목으로 기존과 큰 변화 없이 구성 되었다.여섯째, 식물보호기사의 필기시험 5과목 중 식물병리학 과목 출제기준을 예로 주요항목 및 각각의 평가 비중에 대해 살펴보면 식물병리 일반(25%), 식물병의 원인(20%), 식물병의 발생(20%), 식물병의 진단(20%), 식물병의 방제(25%), 식물병 각론(25%) 등으로 구성되었다. 전체적으로 필기 과목의 변화는 식물병리학에서 진단 방법의 중복, 식물 방제법으로 재분류 작업이 진행되었고, 농약학에서 세부항목과 세세항목에서 현재 산업계에서 사용되고 있는 농약의 분류체계로 재분류하고 명칭을 변경, 잡초방제학에서는 농약학과 중복되는 내용인 제초제의 종류와 특성 부분을 삭제 하였다.일곱째, 산업체의 현장성 통용성을 반영시킬 수 있는 식물보호기사의 실기시험(식물보호 실무)의 주요항목을 살펴보면 크게 2가지로 분류 되었고 그 내용은 피해의 원인 파악(60%)과 방제(40%)로 조사 되었다. 실기보호 실무 내용의 변화는 전체적으로 한국산업인력공단에서 추진 중인 NCS양식을 활용한 내용으로 전체적으로 수정·보완되었다.본 연구는 테이컴법에 의한 직무분석을 통해 식물보호기사의 직무의 정의 및 직무와 관련된 세부사항을 현장 전문가들과 분석하여 보았으며, 도출된 시험과목과 출제기준은 향후 국가기술자격 시험의 문제 개발, 농업분야의 응시가능 학과의 교육과정 개발 및 교재개발, 기타 산업현장의 실무교육 적용 및 활용 등과 연계되어 식물보호 분야의 교육 및 평가가 보다 체계적으로 이루어질 수 있을 것이라고 기대한다.