좀개구리밥속(Lemna L.)이 속하는 개구리밥과(Lemnaceae Martinov)는 다년생 초본으로, 5속 약 40종이 극 지방을 제외한 전세계에 널리 분포한다. 좀개구리밥속 식물은 피자식물 중 크기가 가장 작고 형태가 단순한 부유성의 단자엽 수생식물로 영양번식이 매우 빨라 약 3일마다 배로 증가하는 특성을 보여 수환경 오염 피해 평가나 독성 시험에 이용되는 등 유용성이 큰 식물로 평가되고 있다. 우리나라의 좀개구리밥속 종 분포에 대해서는 학자별로 다른 학명을 쓰기도 하였으나 1종이 존재하는 것으로 여러 학자들이 보고해 왔다. 본 연구에서는 한국산 좀개구리밥속 식물에서 관찰된 외부 형태적 변이에 주목하여, 2종 이상일 가능성을 염두에 두고 그 실체를 규명하고자 분자계통학적 방법으로 연구를 수행하였다. 전국적으로 분포하는 좀개구리밥속 식물 37개체군의 엽록체 DNA atpF-H 구간 염기서열을 결정한 결과, 염기서열 길이는 463-483bp인 것으로 확인되었고 37개체군의 염기서열을 정렬한 길이는 488bp였으며, 47개 뉴클레오티드지점에서 변이가 나타났다. 한국산 좀개구리밥속 식물 37개체군의 엽록체 DNA atpF-H 구간 염기서열은 크게 두 개의 유형으로 나누어졌으며, 계통분석 결과에서도 최대절약계통수에서 두 개의 clade로 나누어졌고, 그 중 한 clade는 두 개의 subclade로 다시 나누어졌다. 이는 현재까지 우리나라에 1종만 분포한다고 알려진 것과는 다른 결과로 최소 2개 이상 분류군(L.aequinoctialis, L.minor)이 국내에 분포한다는 것을 의미한다.

Ultra thin films of Tetra-3-hexadecylsulphamoylcopperphthalocyanine(HDSM-CuPc) were formed on various substrates by Langmuir-Blodgett method, where HDSM-CuPc was synthesized by attaching long-chain alkylamine(hexa-decylamine) to CuPc. The reaction product was identified with FT-IR, UV-visible absorption spectroscopies, elemental analysis and thin layer chromatography. The formation of Ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) films of HDSM-CuPc was confirmed by FT-IR and UV-visible spectroscopies. A quartz piezoelectric crystal coated with LB films of HDSM-CuPc was examined as a gas sensor for N02 gas. HDSM-CuPc LB films were transferred to a quartz crystal microbalance(QCM) in the form of Z-type multilayers. Response characteristics of film-coated QCM to NO2 gas concentrations over a range of 100~600ppm have been tested with a thickness of 5~20 layers of HDSM-CuPc. Changes in frequency by adsorption of NO2 were increased With the number of LB layers and NO2 concentration, but the response time was slow.

Four novel amphoteric surfactants of N-alkoxyethylcarboxybetaine series were synthesized via Schotten-Baurnman reaction between four alkyl chlorides contaning 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms in their N-alkyl group and dimethylaminoethanol to give the intermediate products, alkoxyethyldimethylamine, Quaternization of these intermediates was permitted to form 2-(alkoxyethyldimethylarnmonio) acetates, whose structures were identified by elemental analysis. IR spectrophotometry and 1Hnmr spectrometry. The yield of the final products was shown in the range of 74~77% based on the yield of the intermediate products, Surface tension of the aqueous solution of the final products was measured. and the critical micelle concentrations(cmc) were shown in the range of 2.82×10-3~2.67×10-6mol/l, and the surface thension at erne was 35~43dyne/cm. Cmc was lowered gradually by the increase of carbon numbers in N-alkyl ether containing group. The isoelectric point was shown in the range of 4.08~6.03. It showed a tendency to lean toward the acidic site and its range was broadened as increase of the hydrophobic group length. A linear relationship between log erne and the number of carbon atoms(N) in the hydrophobic alkyl chain was shown in the relative equation of log cmc=2.49-0.50N.

As the result of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the surfactant mixture, the main surfactant of the fast biodegradable detergent which were derived from vegetable oil was Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. The Detergents contained sodium lauryl sulfate, nonionic surfactant, soap, etc, as the rest sufactants. Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate and alpha-Olefin Sulfonate which were derived from petroleum were not detected. The biodegradation rate of the detergent prepared from vegetable oil was faster than that of the detergent derived from petroleum stood in 7 days.

Four novel amphoteric surfactants of N-(2-alkylamidoethyl)-N, N-dimethyl ammonioacetates were synthesized. The each reaction between four saturated fatty acids containing 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms and N, N-dimethylethylene diamine permitted to give the intermediate products, N-(2-alkylamidoethyl)-N, N-dimethylamines. Quaterinzation of these intermediates was permitted to form N-(2-alkylamidoethyl)-N, N-dimethyl, ammonioacetates, whose sturctures were identified by CC, TLC, elemental analysis, IR pectrophotometry and 1HNMR spectrometry. The products yielded from 48% to 58%. The isoelectric points were shown in the range of 4.30~6.64. It showed a tendency to learn to the acidic site and its range was broadened as increase of the hydrophobic group length. Surface tensions of the aqueous solution in the 10-6~10-1mol/l of amidobetaines were measured. and the critical micell concentration(cmc) were shown in the range of 8.37×10-6~8.96×10-2mol/l, and γcmc were reduced to 32.3~38.2 dyne/cm. A linear relationship between log cmc and the number of carbon in the hydrophobic alkyl chain was presented by the formula of log cmc=2.38-0.5n, and the contribution-rate of n on the standard free energy change in micellization ɘ(δG0m)/ɘn, was calulated as -0.5RT.

The reactions of semicarbazide hydrochloride with aliphatic and alicyclic ketones were studied kinetically at 15, 25, 35 and 45℃ in 20% ethanol solution buffered at pH 2.9. The rate of cyclohexanone semicarbazone formation is 5.5 times as fast as that of cyclopentanone semicarbazone, while 3-pentanone semicarbazone is 4.7 times as slow as that of 2-pentanone, The activation energy of cyclohexanone, 2-pentanone, 2 hexanone, cyclopentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone and 3-pentanone semicarbazone formation are calculated 5.08, 7.52, 8.79, 9.59, 9.49, 11.59, respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ion but neutral molecules being progressed hydrogen bond between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst and concerted nucleophilic attack of free base on the carbonly compound. Dependence on pH of the rate of 2-pentanone semicarbozone formation is linear relationship below pH 4.60 and above pH 5.60. As a result of studing citric acid catalysis, second order constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration. As the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.10 mol/1 at pH 2.90, the rate constants increase 1.4 times, but slight increase is observed at pH 5.60. Conclusively, the rate-determining step is formation of tetrahedral interemediate below pH 4.65 and dehydration between pH 5.60 and pH 7.11. It is concluded that the formation reaction of cyclohexanone semicarbazone is faster than cyclopentanone semicarbazone due to the steric strain in the process of forming tetrahedral intermediate.

Semicarbazone formation of nine monosubstituted benzaldehydes was studied kinetically in 20% methanol buffer solution at 15, 25, 35, and 45circC. The rate of p-nitrobenzaldehyde semicarbazone formation is 2.7 times as fast as that of benzaldehyde, while p-hvdroxybenzaldehyde is 3.6 times as slow as that of benzaldehyde. Activation energies for p-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, p-methylbenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldshyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde semicarbazone formation are calculated as 5.80, 6.19, 6.57, 7.06, 8.03, and 6.46 kcal/mol respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ions but neutral molecules involving hydrogen bonding between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst, and concerted attack of the necleophilic reagent, free base on carbonyl compound. Also, the effect of solvent composition is small in 20% and 50% methanol (and ethanol) aqueous solutions. The σ-Σ plots for the rates of semicarbazone formation at pH 7.1 show a linear σ-Σ relationship (σ=0.14l, in contrast to that at pH 2.75 and pH 5.4 corresponding to σ-Σ correlations reparted by Jencks. The rate of semicarbazone formation at pH 5.4 show a relationship which is convex upward, resulting in a break in the curve but at pH 2.75, slight difference from a linear relationship. As a result of studying citric acid catalysis, second-order rate constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration and show a 2 times increase as the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.1 mol/1 at pH 2,9, but slight increase at pH 5.3. The rate-determining step is addition below pH 5 but is dehydration between pH 5 and 7. Conclusively, the rate-determining step of the reaction changes from dehydration to addition in respect to hydrogen ion activity near pH 5. The ortho: para rate ratio of the hydroxybenzaldehydes for semicarbazone formation is about 17 at 15℃. It is concluded that the results constitute strong evidence in favor of greater stabilization of p- than o-hydroxybenzaldehyde by substituent which donate electrons by resonance and is due to hydrogen bonding between the carbon-bound hydrogen of the-CHO group and the oxygen atom of the substituent.

Using the quarternary ammonium salts as phase transfer catalyst, the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1-chlorooctane with sodium-cyanide was investigate kinetically with respect to the formation of octanenitrile. The product was analyzed with gas chromatograph, and quantity of octanenitrile was measured. The reaction condition was considered by the effect of the reaction temperature, of the species and the amount of catalyst, of the speed of strirring, and of the concentration of reactants. The reaction was carried out in the first order on the concentration of 1-chlorooctane and sodium cyanide, respectively. The over-all order was 2nd. The activation energies for the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1-chlorooctane and 1-bromooctane under tetrabutylammonium hydrogen-sulfate were calculated as 2.05 and 10.08kcal/mol, respectively. The effect of various caltalysts was decreased in the order of tetrabutylammonium bromide, terabutylammonium, tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate, and tetrabutylammonium iodide. The reaction rate was dependent on the concentration of sodium-cyanide dissolved in the aqueous phase, and the good result was shown when the mol ratio between 1-chlorooctane and sodium cyanide was one per three.

The adsorptions of 2-(dimethylalkylammonio)propanoates with straight chain alkyl group having from 12 to 16 carbon atoms on the liquid-air interface were decreased while lowering the surface tensions at critical micelle concentrations. In micellization, the standard free energy changes per methylene in alkyl group were found to make same contribution to the micelle formation of corresponding C-alkylcarboxybetaines, and the standard enthalpy and entropy changes were studied within the range of temperature from 30 to 50℃.

Five novel amphoteric surfactants of N-acyloxyethylcarboxybetaine series were synthesized via Schotten-Baumman reaction between five acid chlorides containing 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms in their N-alkyl groups and dimethylaminoethanol to give the intermediate products, 2-dimethylaminoethylalkanoates(2). Quaternization of these products(2) was permitted to from 2-(acyloxyethyldimethylammonic)- acetates(3), whose structures were identified by elemental analysis, IR spectrophotometry and 1Hnmr spectrometry. The yield of the final products was shown in the range of 77-80% based on the intermediate products. The surface tension of the aqueous solution of (3) was measured, and the critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were shown in the range of 2.1 × 10-3 - 3.3 × 10-4mol/l, and the surface tension at cmc was 28-36 dyne/cm. Cmc was lowered gradually by the increment of the length of N-alkyl ester containing group. The isoelectric point was shown in the range of 4.44-5.20. It showed a tendency to lean toward the acidic site and its range was broadened as increase of the hydrophobic group length. A linear relationship between log cmc and the number of carbon atoms(N) in the hydrophobic alkyl chain was shown in the relative equation of log cmc=-1.75-0.1N, and the contribution rate of N on the standard free energy change in micellization, △(△G˚m)/△N, was calculated as -0.23 RT.

본 연구에서는 1980년대 표준설계도면에 의해서 건설된 국내 학교건물을 대상으로 일본 내진진단 기준, 비선형 정적 및 동적해석을 수행하여 내진안전성을 평가하였다. 내진진단 결과, 구조내진지표(IS)는 0.2~0.4로 평가 되었으며, 이 결과는 150gal정도의 지진 규모에서 중규모 이상의 지진피해를 받을 가능성이 있다고 판단된다. 비선형 정적해석결과, 장변방향은 부재각 R=1/150rad., 단변방향은 1/100rad.에서 각각 항복하였으며, 비선형 동적해석결과, Hachinohe. EW(200gal)입력지진동에서 대상건물 1층 장변방향 19.85cm 및 단변방향 23.3cm의 최대 지진응답변위를 각각 나타내었다. 지진피해도 판정법을 이용하여 1980년대 국내 학교건물의 내진안전성을 최종적으로 평가한 결과에 의하면 150gal이상의 지진에서 중규모 지진피해가 발생할 가능성이 예측되며, 내진보강 등 실제적인 지진대책이 시급하다고 판단된다.